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Suresh V, Muralidharan B, Pradhan SJ, Bose M, D’Souza L, Parichha A, Reddy PC, Galande S, Tole S. Regulation of chromatin accessibility and gene expression in the developing hippocampal primordium by LIM-HD transcription factor LHX2. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010874. [PMID: 37594984 PMCID: PMC10482279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian cerebral cortex, the hippocampal primordium (Hcp) occupies a discrete position in the dorsal telencephalic neuroepithelium adjacent to the neocortical primordium (Ncp). We examined transcriptomic and chromatin-level features that distinguish the Hcp from the Ncp in the mouse during the early neurogenic period, embryonic day (E)12.5. ATAC-seq revealed that the Hcp was more accessible than the Ncp at this stage. Motif analysis of the differentially accessible loci in these tissues revealed LHX2 as a candidate transcription factor for modulating gene regulatory networks (GRNs). We analyzed LHX2 occupancy profiles and compared these with transcriptomic data from control and Lhx2 mutant Hcp and Ncp at E12.5. Our results revealed that LHX2 directly regulates distinct genes in the Hcp and Ncp within a set of common pathways that control fundamental aspects of development namely pluripotency, axon pathfinding, Wnt, and Hippo signaling. Loss of Lhx2 caused a decrease in accessibility, specifically in hippocampal chromatin, suggesting that this factor may play a unique role in hippocampal development. We identified 14 genes that were preferentially enriched in the Hcp, for which LHX2 regulates both chromatin accessibility and mRNA expression, which have not thus far been examined in hippocampal development. Together, these results provide mechanistic insight into how LHX2 function in the Hcp may contribute to the process by which the hippocampus acquires features distinct from the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Suresh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Bhavana Muralidharan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Saurabh J. Pradhan
- Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, Biology department, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, India
| | - Mahima Bose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Leora D’Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Arpan Parichha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Puli Chandramouli Reddy
- Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, Biology department, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Delhi NCR, India
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, Biology department, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Delhi NCR, India
| | - Shubha Tole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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Patterning the cerebral cortex into distinct functional domains during development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102698. [PMID: 36893490 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is compartmentalized into multiple regions, including the newly evolved neocortex and evolutionarily older paleocortex and archicortex. These broad cortical regions can be further subdivided into different functional domains, each with its own unique cytoarchitecture and distinct set of input and output projections to perform specific functions. While many excitatory projection neurons show region-specific gene expression profiles, the cells are derived from the seemingly uniform progenitors in the dorsal telencephalon. Much progress has been made in defining the genetic mechanisms involved in generating the morphological and functional diversity of the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of mouse corticogenesis and discuss key events involved in cortical patterning during early developmental stages.
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Wang CF, Yang JW, Zhuang ZH, Hsing HW, Luhmann HJ, Chou SJ. Activity-dependent feedback regulation of thalamocortical axon development by Lhx2 in cortical layer 4 neurons. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1693-1707. [PMID: 35512682 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing neuronal circuits requires interactions between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. While presynaptic neurons were shown to play instructive roles for the postsynaptic neurons, how postsynaptic neurons provide feedback to regulate the presynaptic neuronal development remains elusive. To elucidate the mechanisms for circuit formation, we study the development of barrel cortex (the primary sensory cortex, S1), whose development is instructed by presynaptic thalamocortical axons (TCAs). In the first postnatal weeks, TCA terminals arborize in layer (L) 4 to fill in the barrel center, but it is unclear how TCA development is regulated. Here, we reported that the deletion of Lhx2 specifically in the cortical neurons in the conditional knockout (cKO) leads to TCA arborization defects, which is accompanied with deficits in sensory-evoked and spontaneous cortical activities and impaired lesion-induced plasticity following early whisker follicle ablation. Reintroducing Lhx2 back in L4 neurons in cKO ameliorated TCA arborization and plasticity defects. By manipulating L4 neuronal activity, we further demonstrated that Lhx2 induces TCA arborization via an activity-dependent mechanism. Additionally, we identified the extracellular signaling protein Sema7a as an activity-dependent downstream target of Lhx2 in regulating TCA branching. Thus, we discovered a bottom-up feedback mechanism for the L4 neurons to regulate TCA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fang Wang
- Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica (NPAS), Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zi-Hui Zhuang
- Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica (NPAS), Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Wei Hsing
- Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica (NPAS), Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica (NPAS), Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cai L, Yang JW, Wang CF, Chou SJ, Luhmann HJ, Karayannis T. Identification of a Developmental Switch in Information Transfer between Whisker S1 and S2 Cortex in Mice. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4435-4448. [PMID: 35501157 PMCID: PMC9172289 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2246-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The whiskers of rodents are a key sensory organ that provides critical tactile information for animal navigation and object exploration throughout life. Previous work has explored the developmental sensory-driven activation of the primary sensory cortex processing whisker information (wS1), also called barrel cortex. This body of work has shown that the barrel cortex is already activated by sensory stimuli during the first postnatal week. However, it is currently unknown when over the course of development these stimuli begin being processed by higher-order cortical areas, such as secondary whisker somatosensory area (wS2). Here we investigate the developmental engagement of wS2 by whisker stimuli and the emergence of corticocortical communication from wS1 to wS2. Using in vivo wide-field imaging and multielectrode recordings in control and conditional KO mice of either sex with thalamocortical innervation defects, we find that wS1 and wS2 are able to process bottom-up information coming from the thalamus from birth. We also identify that it is only at the end of the first postnatal week that wS1 begins to provide functional excitation into wS2, switching to more inhibitory actions after the second postnatal week. Therefore, we have uncovered a developmental window when information transfer between wS1 and wS2 reaches mature function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT At the end of the first postnatal week, the primary whisker somatosensory area starts providing excitatory input to the secondary whisker somatosensory area 2. This excitatory drive weakens during the second postnatal week and switches to inhibition in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbi Cai
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Assembly, Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Assembly, Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Chia-Fang Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Theofanis Karayannis
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Assembly, Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
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Singh N, Singh D, Bhide A, Sharma R, Sahoo S, Jolly MK, Modi D. Lhx2 in germ cells suppresses endothelial cell migration in the developing ovary. Exp Cell Res 2022; 415:113108. [PMID: 35337816 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
LIM-homeobox genes play multiple roles in developmental processes, but their roles in gonad development are not completely understood. Herein, we report that Lhx2, Ils2, Lmx1a, and Lmx1b are expressed in a sexually dimorphic manner in mouse, rat, and human gonads during sex determination. Amongst these, Lhx2 has female biased expression in the developing gonads of species with environmental and genetic modes of sex determination. Single-cell RNAseq analysis revealed that Lhx2 is exclusively expressed in the germ cells of the developing mouse ovaries. To elucidate the roles of Lhx2 in the germ cells, we analyzed the phenotypes of Lhx2 knockout XX gonads. While the gonads developed appropriately in Lhx2 knockout mice and the somatic cells were correctly specified in the developing ovaries, transcriptome analysis revealed enrichment of genes in the angiogenesis pathway. There was an elevated expression of several pro-angiogenic factors in the Lhx2 knockout ovaries. The elevated expression of pro-angiogenic factors was associated with an increase in numbers of endothelial cells in the Lhx2-/- ovaries at E13.5. Gonad recombination assays revealed that the increased numbers of endothelial cells in the XX gonads in absence of Lhx2 was due to ectopic migration of endothelial cells in a cell non-autonomous manner. We also found that, there was increased expression of several endothelial cell-enriched male-biased genes in Lhx2 knockout ovaries. Also, in absence of Lhx2, the migrated endothelial cells formed an angiogenic network similar to that of the wild type testis, although the coelomic blood vessel did not form. Together, our results suggest that Lhx2 in the germ cells is required to suppress vascularization in the developing ovary. These results suggest a need to explore the roles of germ cells in the control of vascularization in developing gonads. Preprint version of the article is available on BioRxiv at https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.07.483280.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), JM Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Domdatt Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), JM Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Anshul Bhide
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), JM Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Richa Sharma
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), JM Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Sarthak Sahoo
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Rd, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Rd, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Deepak Modi
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), JM Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
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Tocco C, Bertacchi M, Studer M. Structural and Functional Aspects of the Neurodevelopmental Gene NR2F1: From Animal Models to Human Pathology. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:767965. [PMID: 34975398 PMCID: PMC8715095 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.767965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly and maturation of the mammalian brain result from an intricate cascade of highly coordinated developmental events, such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Any impairment of this delicate multi-factorial process can lead to complex neurodevelopmental diseases, sharing common pathogenic mechanisms and molecular pathways resulting in multiple clinical signs. A recently described monogenic neurodevelopmental syndrome named Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf Optic Atrophy Syndrome (BBSOAS) is caused by NR2F1 haploinsufficiency. The NR2F1 gene, coding for a transcriptional regulator belonging to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily, is known to play key roles in several brain developmental processes, from proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors to migration and identity acquisition of neocortical neurons. In a clinical context, the disruption of these cellular processes could underlie the pathogenesis of several symptoms affecting BBSOAS patients, such as intellectual disability, visual impairment, epilepsy, and autistic traits. In this review, we will introduce NR2F1 protein structure, molecular functioning, and expression profile in the developing mouse brain. Then, we will focus on Nr2f1 several functions during cortical development, from neocortical area and cell-type specification to maturation of network activity, hippocampal development governing learning behaviors, assembly of the visual system, and finally establishment of cortico-spinal descending tracts regulating motor execution. Whenever possible, we will link experimental findings in animal or cellular models to corresponding features of the human pathology. Finally, we will highlight some of the unresolved questions on the diverse functions played by Nr2f1 during brain development, in order to propose future research directions. All in all, we believe that understanding BBSOAS mechanisms will contribute to further unveiling pathophysiological mechanisms shared by several neurodevelopmental disorders and eventually lead to effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tocco
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
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7
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Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of temporal patterning in neural progenitors. Dev Biol 2021; 481:116-128. [PMID: 34666024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During development, neural progenitors undergo temporal patterning as they age to sequentially generate differently fated progeny. Temporal patterning of neural progenitors is relatively well-studied in Drosophila. Temporal cascades of transcription factors or opposing temporal gradients of RNA-binding proteins are expressed in neural progenitors as they age to control the fates of the progeny. The temporal progression is mostly driven by intrinsic mechanisms including cross-regulations between temporal genes, but environmental cues also play important roles in certain transitions. Vertebrate neural progenitors demonstrate greater plasticity in response to extrinsic cues. Recent studies suggest that vertebrate neural progenitors are also temporally patterned by a combination of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms in response to extracellular signaling to regulate neural fate specification. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the study of temporal patterning of neural progenitors in Drosophila and vertebrates. We also discuss the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms, specifically the Polycomb group complexes and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, in the temporal patterning of neural progenitors.
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Pal S, Dwivedi D, Pramanik T, Godbole G, Iwasato T, Jabaudon D, Bhalla US, Tole S. An Early Cortical Progenitor-Specific Mechanism Regulates Thalamocortical Innervation. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6822-6835. [PMID: 34193558 PMCID: PMC8360687 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0226-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical subplate is critical in regulating the entry of thalamocortical sensory afferents into the cortex. These afferents reach the subplate at embryonic day (E)15.5 in the mouse, but "wait" for several days, entering the cortical plate postnatally. We report that when transcription factor LHX2 is lost in E11.5 cortical progenitors, which give rise to subplate neurons, thalamocortical afferents display premature, exuberant ingrowth into the E15.5 cortex. Embryonic mutant subplate neurons are correctly positioned below the cortical plate, but they display an altered transcriptome and immature electrophysiological properties during the waiting period. The sensory thalamus in these cortex-specific Lhx2 mutants displays atrophy and by postnatal day (P) 7, sensory innervation to the cortex is nearly eliminated leading to a loss of the somatosensory barrels. Strikingly, these phenotypes do not manifest if LHX2 is lost in postmitotic subplate neurons, and the transcriptomic dysregulation in the subplate resulting from postmitotic loss of LHX2 is vastly distinct from that seen when LHX2 is lost in progenitors. These results demonstrate a mechanism operating in subplate progenitors that has profound consequences on the growth of thalamocortical axons into the cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Thalamocortical nerves carry sensory information from the periphery to the cortex. When they first grow into the embryonic cortex, they "wait" at the subplate, a structure critical for the guidance and eventual connectivity of thalamic axons with their cortical targets. How the properties of subplate neurons are regulated is unclear. We report that transcription factor LHX2 is required in the progenitor "mother" cells of the cortical primordium when they are producing their "daughter" subplate neurons, in order for the thalamocortical pathway to wait at the subplate. Without LHX2 function in subplate progenitors, thalamocortical axons grow past the subplate, entering the cortical plate prematurely. This is followed by their eventual attrition and, consequently, a profound loss of sensory innervation of the mature cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suranjana Pal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Deepanjali Dwivedi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, 560001, India
| | - Tuli Pramanik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Geeta Godbole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Upinder S Bhalla
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, 560001, India
| | - Shubha Tole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
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Iguchi T, Oka Y, Yasumura M, Omi M, Kuroda K, Yagi H, Xie MJ, Taniguchi M, Bastmeyer M, Sato M. Mutually Repulsive EphA7-EfnA5 Organize Region-to-Region Corticopontine Projection by Inhibiting Collateral Extension. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4795-4808. [PMID: 33906900 PMCID: PMC8260171 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0367-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of skilled movements and motor planning relies on the formation of regionally restricted brain circuits that connect cortex with subcortical areas during embryonic development. Layer 5 neurons that are distributed across most cortical areas innervate the pontine nuclei (basilar pons) by protrusion and extension of collateral branches interstitially along their corticospinal extending axons. Pons-derived chemotropic cues are known to attract extending axons, but molecules that regulate collateral extension to create regionally segregated targeting patterns have not been identified. Here, we discovered that EphA7 and EfnA5 are expressed in the cortex and the basilar pons in a region-specific and mutually exclusive manner, and that their repulsive activities are essential for segregating collateral extensions from corticospinal axonal tracts in mice. Specifically, EphA7 and EfnA5 forward and reverse inhibitory signals direct collateral extension such that EphA7-positive frontal and occipital cortical areas extend their axon collaterals into the EfnA5-negative rostral part of the basilar pons, whereas EfnA5-positive parietal cortical areas extend their collaterals into the EphA7-negative caudal part of the basilar pons. Together, our results provide a molecular basis that explains how the corticopontine projection connects multimodal cortical outputs to their subcortical targets.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our findings put forward a model in which region-to-region connections between cortex and subcortical areas are shaped by mutually exclusive molecules to ensure the fidelity of regionally restricted circuitry. This model is distinct from earlier work showing that neuronal circuits within individual cortical modalities form in a topographical manner controlled by a gradient of axon guidance molecules. The principle that a shared molecular program of mutually repulsive signaling instructs regional organization-both within each brain region and between connected brain regions-may well be applicable to other contexts in which information is sorted by converging and diverging neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuichi Iguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, Fukui 910-3190, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Oka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Misato Yasumura
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Minoru Omi
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kuroda
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hideshi Yagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Min-Jue Xie
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Manabu Taniguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Makoto Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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10
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How the Barrel Cortex Became a Working Model for Developmental Plasticity: A Historical Perspective. J Neurosci 2021; 40:6460-6473. [PMID: 32817388 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0582-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For half a century now, the barrel cortex of common laboratory rodents has been an exceptionally useful model for studying the formation of topographically organized maps, neural patterning, and plasticity, both in development and in maturity. We present a historical perspective on how barrels were discovered, and how thereafter, they became a workhorse for developmental neuroscientists and for studies on brain plasticity and activity-dependent modeling of brain circuits. What is particularly remarkable about this sensory system is a cellular patterning that is induced by signals derived from the sensory receptors surrounding the snout whiskers and transmitted centrally to the brainstem (barrelettes), the thalamus (barreloids), and the neocortex (barrels). Injury to the sensory receptors shortly after birth leads to predictable pattern alterations at all levels of the system. Mouse genetics have increased our understanding of how barrels are constructed and revealed the interplay of the molecular programs that direct axon growth and cell specification, with activity-dependent mechanisms. There is an ever-rising interest in this sensory system as a neurobiological model to study development of somatotopy, patterning, and plasticity at both the morphologic and physiological levels. This article is part of a group of articles commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Society for Neuroscience.
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Yang H, Kim J, Kim Y, Jang SW, Sestan N, Shim S. Cux2 expression regulated by Lhx2 in the upper layer neurons of the developing cortex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:874-879. [PMID: 31708105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The laminar structure, a unique feature of the mammalian cerebrum, is formed by a number of genes in a highly complex process. The pyramidal neurons that make up each layer of the cerebrum are functionally characterized by specific gene expressions. In particular, Cux1 and Cux2, which are specifically expressed in layer II-IV neurons, are known to regulate dendritic branching, spine morphology, and synapse formation. However, it is still unknown how their expression is regulated transcriptionally. Here we constructed Cux2-mCherry transgenic mice that reproduce the cortical layer II-IV-specific expression of Cux2, a member of the Cut/Cux/CDP family, using BAC transgenesis and a variety of coordinated cortical layer markers that are known to date. Our immunohistochemistry analysis shows that mCherry was expressed in cortical layer II-IV and the corpus callosum in the same way as endogenous Cux2 without ectopic expression. We also identified a region of 220 bp that is highly conserved in mammals and controls specific cerebral expression of Cux2, using comparative genome analysis and in vivo reporter assays. Furthermore, we confirm that Lhx2, whose expression in cortical layer II-IV is similar to that of the Cux2 enhancer, can act as a transcriptional activator. These results suggest that cortical layer II-IV expression of Cux2 can be regulated by the interaction of Cux2-E1 and Lhx2, and that their failure to co-regulate is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wuk Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Sungbo Shim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Abbott CW, Rohac DJ, Bottom RT, Patadia S, Huffman KJ. Prenatal Ethanol Exposure and Neocortical Development: A Transgenerational Model of FASD. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2908-2921. [PMID: 29106518 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, or FASD, represent a range of adverse developmental conditions caused by prenatal ethanol exposure (PrEE) from maternal consumption of alcohol. PrEE induces neurobiological damage in the developing brain leading to cognitive-perceptual and behavioral deficits in the offspring. Alcohol-mediated alterations to epigenetic function may underlie PrEE-related brain dysfunction, with these changes potentially carried across generations to unexposed offspring. To determine the transgenerational impact of PrEE on neocortical development, we generated a mouse model of FASD and identified numerous stable phenotypes transmitted via the male germline to the unexposed third generation. These include alterations in ectopic intraneocortical connectivity, upregulation of neocortical Rzrβ and Id2 expression accompanied by both promoter hypomethylation of these genes and decreased global DNA methylation levels. DNMT expression was also suppressed in newborn PrEE cortex, providing further insight into how ethanol perturbs DNA methylation leading to altered regulation of gene transcription. These PrEE-induced, transgenerational phenotypes may be responsible for cognitive, sensorimotor, and behavioral deficits seen in humans with FASD. Thus, understanding the possible epigenetic mechanisms by which these phenotypes are generated may reveal novel targets for therapeutic intervention of FASD and lead to advances in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Abbott
- Department of Psychology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside, CA, USA
| | - David J Rohac
- Department of Psychology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Riley T Bottom
- Department of Psychology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Sahil Patadia
- Department of Psychology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kelly J Huffman
- Department of Psychology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside, CA, USA
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13
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Magrou L, Barone P, Markov NT, Killackey HP, Giroud P, Berland M, Knoblauch K, Dehay C, Kennedy H. How Areal Specification Shapes the Local and Interareal Circuits in a Macaque Model of Congenital Blindness. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:3017-3034. [PMID: 29850900 PMCID: PMC6041985 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is little understanding of the structural underpinnings of the functional reorganization of the cortex in the congenitally blind human. Taking advantage of the extensive characterization of the macaque visual system, we examine in macaque the influence of congenital blindness resulting from the removal of the retina during in utero development. This effectively removes the normal influence of the thalamus on cortical development leading to an induced hybrid cortex (HC) combining features of primary visual and extrastriate cortex. Retrograde tracers injected in HC reveal a local, intrinsic connectivity characteristic of higher order areas and show that the HC receives a uniquely strong, purely feedforward projection from striate cortex but no ectopic inputs, except from subiculum, and entorhinal cortex. Statistical modeling of quantitative connectivity data shows that HC is relatively high in the cortical hierarchy and receives a reinforced input from ventral stream areas while the overall organization of the functional streams are conserved. The directed and weighted anophthalmic cortical graph from the present study can be used to construct dynamic and structural models. These findings show how the sensory periphery governs cortical phenotype and reveal the importance of developmental arealization for understanding the functional reorganization in congenital blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Magrou
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Pascal Barone
- Université De Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Centre De Recherche Cerveau & Cognition, CNRS, UMR 5549, Toulouse, France
| | - Nikola T Markov
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Herbert P Killackey
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pascale Giroud
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Michel Berland
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Kenneth Knoblauch
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Colette Dehay
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Henry Kennedy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France.,Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS, Shanghai, China
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14
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Arai Y, Cwetsch AW, Coppola E, Cipriani S, Nishihara H, Kanki H, Saillour Y, Freret-Hodara B, Dutriaux A, Okada N, Okano H, Dehay C, Nardelli J, Gressens P, Shimogori T, D’Onofrio G, Pierani A. Evolutionary Gain of Dbx1 Expression Drives Subplate Identity in the Cerebral Cortex. Cell Rep 2019; 29:645-658.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
Brain organoids are self-assembled three-dimensional aggregates generated from pluripotent stem cells with cell types and cytoarchitectures that resemble the embryonic human brain. As such, they have emerged as novel model systems that can be used to investigate human brain development and disorders. Although brain organoids mimic many key features of early human brain development at molecular, cellular, structural and functional levels, some aspects of brain development, such as the formation of distinct cortical neuronal layers, gyrification, and the establishment of complex neuronal circuitry, are not fully recapitulated. Here, we summarize recent advances in the development of brain organoid methodologies and discuss their applications in disease modeling. In addition, we compare current organoid systems to the embryonic human brain, highlighting features that currently can and cannot be recapitulated, and discuss perspectives for advancing current brain organoid technologies to expand their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Qian
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Abdolmaleky HM, Gower AC, Wong CK, Cox JW, Zhang X, Thiagalingam A, Shafa R, Sivaraman V, Zhou JR, Thiagalingam S. Aberrant transcriptomes and DNA methylomes define pathways that drive pathogenesis and loss of brain laterality/asymmetry in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:138-149. [PMID: 30468562 PMCID: PMC6386618 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the loss of brain laterality is one of the most consistent modalities in schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), its molecular basis remains elusive. Our limited previous studies indicated that epigenetic modifications are key to the asymmetric transcriptomes of brain hemispheres. We used whole-genome expression microarrays to profile postmortem brain samples from subjects with SCZ, psychotic BD [BD[+]] or non-psychotic BD [BD(-)], or matched controls (10/group) and performed whole-genome DNA methylation (DNAM) profiling of the same samples (3-4/group) to identify pathways associated with SCZ or BD[+] and genes/sites susceptible to epigenetic regulation. qRT-PCR and quantitative DNAM analysis were employed to validate findings in larger sample sets (35/group). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) demonstrated that BMP signaling and astrocyte and cerebral cortex development are significantly (FDR q < 0.25) coordinately upregulated in both SCZ and BD[+], and glutamate signaling and TGFβ signaling are significantly coordinately upregulated in SCZ. GSEA also indicated that collagens are downregulated in right versus left brain of controls, but not in SCZ or BD[+] patients. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis predicted that TGFB2 is an upstream regulator of these genes (p = .0012). While lateralized expression of TGFB2 in controls (p = .017) is associated with a corresponding change in DNAM (p ≤ .023), lateralized expression and DNAM of TGFB2 are absent in SCZ or BD. Loss of brain laterality in SCZ and BD corresponds to aberrant epigenetic regulation of TGFB2 and changes in TGFβ signaling, indicating potential avenues for disease prevention/treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, BIDMC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Corresponding Authors: Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky () and Sam Thiagalingam ()
| | - Adam Chapin Gower
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Chen Khuan Wong
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jiayi Wu Cox
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Arunthathi Thiagalingam
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | | | - Vadivelu Sivaraman
- Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jin-Rong Zhou
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, BIDMC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sam Thiagalingam
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,Corresponding Authors: Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky () and Sam Thiagalingam ()
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17
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Ma Q, Xu Z, Lu H, Xu Z, Zhou Y, Yuan B, Ci W. Distal regulatory elements identified by methylation and hydroxymethylation haplotype blocks from mouse brain. Epigenetics Chromatin 2018; 11:75. [PMID: 30594220 PMCID: PMC6311040 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is an oxidation product of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), and adjacent CpG sites in mammalian genome can be co-methylated and co-hydroxymethylated due to the processivity of DNMT and TET enzymes. Results We applied TAB-seq and oxBS-seq to selectively detect 5hmC and 5mC at base resolution in the mouse cortex, olfactory bulb and cerebellum tissues. We found that majority of the called 5hmC CpG sites frequently have 5mC modification simultaneously and are enriched in gene body regions of neuron development-related genes in brain tissues. Strikingly, by a systematic search of regions that show highly coordinated methylation and hydroxymethylation (MHBs and hMHBs), we found that MHBs significantly overlapped with hMHBs in gene body regions. Moreover, using a metric called methylation haplotype load, we defined a subset of 1361 tissue-specific MHBs and 3818 shared MHBs. Shared MHBs with low MHL correspond with developmental enhancers, and tissue-specific MHBs resemble the regulatory elements for tissue identity. Conclusions Our results provide new insights into the role of coordinately oxidized 5mC to 5hmC as distal regulatory elements may involve in regulating tissue identity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-018-0248-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhengzheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ziying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Bifeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Weimin Ci
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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18
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Simi A, Studer M. Developmental genetic programs and activity-dependent mechanisms instruct neocortical area mapping. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 53:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Bertacchi M, Parisot J, Studer M. The pleiotropic transcriptional regulator COUP-TFI plays multiple roles in neural development and disease. Brain Res 2018; 1705:75-94. [PMID: 29709504 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are expressed in a dynamic fashion both in time and space during brain development, and exert their roles by activating a cascade of multiple target genes. This implies that understanding the precise function of a transcription factor becomes a challenging task. In this review, we will focus on COUP-TFI (or NR2F1), a nuclear receptor belonging to the superfamily of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptors, and considered to be one of the major transcriptional regulators orchestrating cortical arealization, cell-type specification and maturation. Recent data have unraveled the multi-faceted functions of COUP-TFI in the development of several mouse brain structures, including the neocortex, hippocampus and ganglionic eminences. Despite NR2F1 mutations and deletions in humans have been linked to a complex neurodevelopmental disease mainly associated to optic atrophy and intellectual disability, its role during the formation of the retina and optic nerve remains unclear. In light of its major influence in cortical development, we predict that its haploinsufficiency might be the cause of other cognitive diseases, not identified so far. Mouse models offer a unique opportunity of dissecting COUP-TFI function in different regions during brain assembly; hence, the importance of comparing and discussing common points linking mouse models to human patients' symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bertacchi
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
| | - Josephine Parisot
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Michèle Studer
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
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20
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The logistics of afferent cortical specification in mice and men. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 76:112-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Abstract
A hundred years after Lhx2 ortholog apterous was identified as a critical regulator of wing development in Drosophila, LIM-HD gene family members have proved to be versatile and powerful components of the molecular machinery that executes the blueprint of embryogenesis across vertebrate and invertebrate species. Here, we focus on the spatio-temporally varied functions of LIM-homeodomain transcription factor LHX2 in the developing mouse forebrain. Right from its earliest known role in telencephalic and eye field patterning, to the control of the neuron-glia cell fate switch, and the regulation of axon pathfinding and dendritic arborization in late embryonic stages, LHX2 has been identified as a fundamental, temporally dynamic, always necessary, and often sufficient factor in a range of critical developmental phenomena. While Lhx2 mutant phenotypes have been characterized in detail in multiple brain structures, only recently have we advanced in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which this factor acts. Common themes emerge from how this multifunctional molecule controls a range of developmental steps in distinct forebrain structures. Examining these shared features, and noting unique aspects of LHX2 function is likely to inform our understanding of how a single factor can bring about a diversity of effects and play central and critical roles across systems and stages. The parallels in LHX2 and APTEROUS functions, and the protein complexes they participate in, offer insights into evolutionary strategies that conserve tool kits and deploy them to play new, yet familiar roles in species separated by hundreds of millions of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ju Chou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shubha Tole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India.
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22
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Wang CF, Hsing HW, Zhuang ZH, Wen MH, Chang WJ, Briz CG, Nieto M, Shyu BC, Chou SJ. Lhx2 Expression in Postmitotic Cortical Neurons Initiates Assembly of the Thalamocortical Somatosensory Circuit. Cell Rep 2017; 18:849-856. [PMID: 28122236 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical neurons must be specified and make the correct connections during development. Here, we examine a mechanism initiating neuronal circuit formation in the barrel cortex, a circuit comprising thalamocortical axons (TCAs) and layer 4 (L4) neurons. When Lhx2 is selectively deleted in postmitotic cortical neurons using conditional knockout (cKO) mice, L4 neurons in the barrel cortex are initially specified but fail to form cellular barrels or develop polarized dendrites. In Lhx2 cKO mice, TCAs from the thalamic ventral posterior nucleus reach the barrel cortex but fail to further arborize to form barrels. Several activity-regulated genes and genes involved in regulating barrel formation are downregulated in the Lhx2 cKO somatosensory cortex. Among them, Btbd3, an activity-regulated gene controlling dendritic development, is a direct downstream target of Lhx2. We find that Lhx2 confers neuronal competency for activity-dependent dendritic development in L4 neurons by inducing the expression of Btbd3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fang Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Wei Hsing
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Hui Zhuang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuan Wen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Carlos G Briz
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Marta Nieto
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Bai Chuang Shyu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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23
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Artegiani B, Lyubimova A, Muraro M, van Es JH, van Oudenaarden A, Clevers H. A Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Study Reveals Cellular and Molecular Dynamics of the Hippocampal Neurogenic Niche. Cell Rep 2017; 21:3271-3284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Dmrt5, a Novel Neurogenic Factor, Reciprocally Regulates Lhx2 to Control the Neuron-Glia Cell-Fate Switch in the Developing Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11245-11254. [PMID: 29025924 PMCID: PMC5688529 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1535-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the neuron-glia cell-fate switch is a critical step in the development of the CNS. Previously, we demonstrated that Lhx2 is a necessary and sufficient regulator of this process in the mouse hippocampal primordium, such that Lhx2 overexpression promotes neurogenesis and suppresses gliogenesis, whereas loss of Lhx2 has the opposite effect. We tested a series of transcription factors for their ability to mimic Lhx2 overexpression and suppress baseline gliogenesis, and also to compensate for loss of Lhx2 and suppress the resulting enhanced level of gliogenesis in the hippocampus. Here, we demonstrate a novel function of Dmrt5/Dmrta2 as a neurogenic factor in the developing hippocampus. We show that Dmrt5, as well as known neurogenic factors Neurog2 and Pax6, can each not only mimic Lhx2 overexpression, but also can compensate for loss of Lhx2 to different extents. We further uncover a reciprocal regulatory relationship between Dmrt5 and Lhx2, such that each can compensate for loss of the other. Dmrt5 and Lhx2 also have opposing regulatory control on Pax6 and Neurog2, indicating a complex bidirectionally regulated network that controls the neuron-glia cell-fate switch.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We identify Dmrt5 as a novel regulator of the neuron-glia cell-fate switch in the developing hippocampus. We demonstrate Dmrt5 to be neurogenic, and reciprocally regulated by Lhx2: loss of either factor promotes gliogenesis; overexpression of either factor suppresses gliogenesis and promotes neurogenesis; each can substitute for loss of the other. Furthermore, each factor has opposing effects on established neurogenic genes Neurog2 and Pax6 Dmrt5 is known to suppress their expression, and we show that Lhx2 is required to maintain it. Our study reveals a complex regulatory network with bidirectional control of a fundamental feature of CNS development, the control of the production of neurons versus astroglia in the developing hippocampus.Finally, we confirm that Lhx2 binds a highly conserved putative enhancer of Dmrt5, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved regulatory relationship between these factors. Our findings uncover a complex network that involves Lhx2, Dmrt5, Neurog2, and Pax6, and that ensures the appropriate amount and timing of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the developing hippocampus.
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25
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Zic-Proteins Are Repressors of Dopaminergic Forebrain Fate in Mice and C. elegans. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10611-10623. [PMID: 28972122 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3888-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the postnatal forebrain regionalized neural stem cells along the ventricular walls produce olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons with varying neurotransmitter phenotypes and positions. To understand the molecular basis of this region-specific variability we analyzed gene expression in the postnatal dorsal and lateral lineages in mice of both sexes from stem cells to neurons. We show that both lineages maintain transcription factor signatures of their embryonic site of origin, the pallium and subpallium. However, additional factors, including Zic1 and Zic2, are postnatally expressed in the dorsal stem cell compartment and maintained in the lineage that generates calretinin-positive GABAergic neurons for the OB. Functionally, we show that Zic1 and Zic2 induce the generation of calretinin-positive neurons while suppressing dopaminergic fate in the postnatal dorsal lineage. We investigated the evolutionary conservation of the dopaminergic repressor function of Zic proteins and show that it is already present in C. elegansSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The vertebrate brain generates thousands of different neuron types. In this work we investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this variability. Using a genomics approach we identify the transcription factor signatures of defined neural stem cells and neuron populations. Based thereon we show that two related transcription factors, Zic1 and Zic2, are essential to control the balance between two defined neuron types in the postnatal brain. We show that this mechanism is conserved in evolutionary very distant species.
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26
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LHX2 Interacts with the NuRD Complex and Regulates Cortical Neuron Subtype Determinants Fezf2 and Sox11. J Neurosci 2017; 37:194-203. [PMID: 28053041 PMCID: PMC5214630 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2836-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing cerebral cortex, sequential transcriptional programs take neuroepithelial cells from proliferating progenitors to differentiated neurons with unique molecular identities. The regulatory changes that occur in the chromatin of the progenitors are not well understood. During deep layer neurogenesis, we show that transcription factor LHX2 binds to distal regulatory elements of Fezf2 and Sox11, critical determinants of neuron subtype identity in the mouse neocortex. We demonstrate that LHX2 binds to the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase histone remodeling complex subunits LSD1, HDAC2, and RBBP4, which are proximal regulators of the epigenetic state of chromatin. When LHX2 is absent, active histone marks at the Fezf2 and Sox11 loci are increased. Loss of LHX2 produces an increase, and overexpression of LHX2 causes a decrease, in layer 5 Fezf2 and CTIP2-expressing neurons. Our results provide mechanistic insight into how LHX2 acts as a necessary and sufficient regulator of genes that control cortical neuronal subtype identity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The functional complexity of the cerebral cortex arises from an array of distinct neuronal subtypes with unique connectivity patterns that are produced from common progenitors. This study reveals that transcription factor LHX2 regulates the numbers of specific cortical output neuron subtypes by controlling the genes that are required to produce them. Loss or increase in LHX2 during neurogenesis is sufficient to increase or decrease, respectively, a particular subcerebrally projecting population. Mechanistically, LHX2 interacts with chromatin modifying protein complexes to edit the chromatin landscape of its targets Fezf2 and Sox11, which regulates their expression and consequently the identities of the neurons produced. Thus, LHX2 is a key component of the control network for producing neurons that will participate in cortical circuitry.
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Moreno-Juan V, Filipchuk A, Antón-Bolaños N, Mezzera C, Gezelius H, Andrés B, Rodríguez-Malmierca L, Susín R, Schaad O, Iwasato T, Schüle R, Rutlin M, Nelson S, Ducret S, Valdeolmillos M, Rijli FM, López-Bendito G. Prenatal thalamic waves regulate cortical area size prior to sensory processing. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14172. [PMID: 28155854 PMCID: PMC5296753 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is organized into specialized sensory areas, whose initial territory is determined by intracortical molecular determinants. Yet, sensory cortical area size appears to be fine tuned during development to respond to functional adaptations. Here we demonstrate the existence of a prenatal sub-cortical mechanism that regulates the cortical areas size in mice. This mechanism is mediated by spontaneous thalamic calcium waves that propagate among sensory-modality thalamic nuclei up to the cortex and that provide a means of communication among sensory systems. Wave pattern alterations in one nucleus lead to changes in the pattern of the remaining ones, triggering changes in thalamic gene expression and cortical area size. Thus, silencing calcium waves in the auditory thalamus induces Rorβ upregulation in a neighbouring somatosensory nucleus preluding the enlargement of the barrel-field. These findings reveal that embryonic thalamic calcium waves coordinate cortical sensory area patterning and plasticity prior to sensory information processing. How sensory maps are formed in the brain is only partially understood. Here the authors describe spontaneous calcium waves that propagate across different sensory nuclei in the embryonic thalamus; disrupting the wave pattern triggers thalamic gene expression changes and eventually alters the size of cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Moreno-Juan
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Anton Filipchuk
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Noelia Antón-Bolaños
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Cecilia Mezzera
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henrik Gezelius
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Belen Andrés
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Luis Rodríguez-Malmierca
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Rafael Susín
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Olivier Schaad
- NCCR frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Department of Biochemistry, Sciences II, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics (NIG), Mishima 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Roland Schüle
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Standort Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rutlin
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, HHMI, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Sacha Nelson
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Sebastien Ducret
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Valdeolmillos
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guillermina López-Bendito
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
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28
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Stocker AM, O’Leary DDM. Emx1 Is Required for Neocortical Area Patterning. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149900. [PMID: 26901526 PMCID: PMC4762677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing appropriate area patterning in the neocortex is a critical developmental event, and transcription factors whose expression is graded across the developing neural axes have been implicated in this process. While previous reports suggested that the transcription factor Emx1 does not contribute to neocortical area patterning, those studies were performed at perinatal ages prior to the emergence of primary areas. We therefore examined two different Emx1 deletion mouse lines once primary areas possess mature features. Following the deletion of Emx1, the frontal and motor areas were expanded while the primary visual area was reduced, and overall the areas shifted posterio-medially. This patterning phenotype was consistent between the two Emx1 deletion strategies. The present study demonstrates that Emx1 is an area patterning transcription factor and is required for the specification of the primary visual area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Stocker
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dennis D. M. O’Leary
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States of America
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29
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Kawaguchi D, Sahara S, Zembrzycki A, O'Leary DDM. Generation and analysis of an improved Foxg1-IRES-Cre driver mouse line. Dev Biol 2016; 412:139-147. [PMID: 26896590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foxg1 expression is highly restricted to the telencephalon and other head structures in the early embryo. This expression pattern has been exploited to generate conditional knockout mice, based on a widely used Foxg1-Cre knock-in line (Foxg1(tm1(cre)Skm)), in which the Foxg1 coding region was replaced by the Cre gene. The utility of this line, however, is severely hampered for two reasons: (1) Foxg1-Cre mice display ectopic and unpredictable Cre activity, and (2) Foxg1 haploinsufficiency can produce neurodevelopmental phenotypes. To overcome these issues, we have generated a new Foxg1-IRES-Cre knock-in mouse line, in which an IRES-Cre cassette was inserted in the 3'UTR of Foxg1 locus, thus preserving the endogenous Foxg1 coding region and un-translated gene regulatory sequences in the 3'UTR, including recently discovered microRNA target sites. We further demonstrate that the new Foxg1-IRES-Cre line displays consistent Cre activity patterns that recapitulated the endogenous Foxg1 expression at embryonic and postnatal stages without causing defects in cortical development. We conclude that the new Foxg1-IRES-Cre mouse line is a unique and advanced tool for studying genes involved in the development of the telencephalon and other Foxg1-expressing regions starting from early embryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Kawaguchi
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Setsuko Sahara
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andreas Zembrzycki
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis D M O'Leary
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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30
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Zembrzycki A, Stocker AM, Leingärtner A, Sahara S, Chou SJ, Kalatsky V, May SR, Stryker MP, O'Leary DD. Genetic mechanisms control the linear scaling between related cortical primary and higher order sensory areas. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26705332 PMCID: PMC4739755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the neocortical layout consists of few modality-specific primary sensory areas and a multitude of higher order ones. Abnormal layout of cortical areas may disrupt sensory function and behavior. Developmental genetic mechanisms specify primary areas, but mechanisms influencing higher order area properties are unknown. By exploiting gain-of and loss-of function mouse models of the transcription factor Emx2, we have generated bi-directional changes in primary visual cortex size in vivo and have used it as a model to show a novel and prominent function for genetic mechanisms regulating primary visual area size and also proportionally dictating the sizes of surrounding higher order visual areas. This finding redefines the role for intrinsic genetic mechanisms to concomitantly specify and scale primary and related higher order sensory areas in a linear fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zembrzycki
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Adam M Stocker
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Axel Leingärtner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Setsuko Sahara
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Valery Kalatsky
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francsisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Scott R May
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Michael P Stryker
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francsisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Dennis Dm O'Leary
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
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31
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Golonzhka O, Nord A, Tang PLF, Lindtner S, Ypsilanti AR, Ferretti E, Visel A, Selleri L, Rubenstein JLR. Pbx Regulates Patterning of the Cerebral Cortex in Progenitors and Postmitotic Neurons. Neuron 2015; 88:1192-1207. [PMID: 26671461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate using conditional mutagenesis that Pbx1, with and without Pbx2(+/-) sensitization, regulates regional identity and laminar patterning of the developing mouse neocortex in cortical progenitors (Emx1-Cre) and in newly generated neurons (Nex1-Cre). Pbx1/2 mutants have three salient molecular phenotypes of cortical regional and laminar organization: hypoplasia of the frontal cortex, ventral expansion of the dorsomedial cortex, and ventral expansion of Reelin expression in the cortical plate of the frontal cortex, concomitant with an inversion of cortical layering in the rostral cortex. Molecular analyses, including PBX ChIP-seq, provide evidence that PBX promotes frontal cortex identity by repressing genes that promote dorsocaudal fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Golonzhka
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Acetylon Pharmaceuticals, 70 Fargo Street, Suite 205, Boston, MA 02210, USA.
| | - Alex Nord
- Departments of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Paul L F Tang
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Athena R Ypsilanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA; The Danish Stem Cell Center, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel Visel
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Licia Selleri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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