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Hubbard TL. Setting the scene for boundary extension: Methods, findings, connections, and theories. Psychon Bull Rev 2024:10.3758/s13423-024-02545-w. [PMID: 39103707 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02545-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
A previously viewed scene is often remembered as containing a larger extent of the background than was actually present, and information that was likely present just outside the boundaries of that view is often incorporated into the representation of that scene. This has been referred to as boundary extension. Methodologies used in studies on boundary extension (terminology, stimulus presentation, response measures) are described. Empirical findings regarding effects of characteristics of the stimulus (whether the stimulus depicts a scene, semantics of the scene, view angle, object size, object cropping, object orientation, object color, number of objects, depth of field, object distance, viewpoint production, scene orientation, motion, faces, emotions, modality, whether the scene is multimodal), characteristics of the display (aperture shape, aperture size, target duration, retention interval), and characteristics of the observer (allocation of attention, imagination, age, expectations and strategies, eye fixation, eye movements, monocular or binocular view, vantage point, confinement, prior exposure, expertise, arousal, pathology) on boundary extension are reviewed. Connections of boundary extension to other cognitive phenomena and processes (evolutionary adaptation, Gestalt principles, illusions, psychophysics, invariant physical principles, aesthetics, temporal boundary extension, normalization) are noted, and theories and theoretical considerations regarding boundary extension (multisource model, boundary transformation, mental imagery, 4E cognition, cognitive modularity, neurological mechanisms of scene representation) are discussed.
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Hwang MJ, Lee SA. Scene construction processes in the anterior hippocampus during temporal episodic memory retrieval. Hippocampus 2024. [PMID: 39096199 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Although the hippocampus has been implicated in both the temporal organization of memories and association of scene elements, some theoretical accounts posit that the role of the hippocampus in episodic memory is largely atemporal. In this study, we set out to explore this discrepancy by identifying hippocampal activity patterns related to scene construction while participants performed a temporal order memory task. Participants in the fMRI scanner were shown a sequence of photographs, each consisting of a central object and a contextual background scene. On each retrieval trial, participants were shown a pair of the original photographs (FULL), objects from the scenes without the background (OBJ), or background contexts without the main foreground object (BACK). In the temporal order judgment (TOJ) task, participants judged the temporal order of the pair of scenes; in the Viewing trials, two identical scenes were shown without any task. First, we found that the anterior hippocampus-particularly the CA1 and subiculum-showed similar patterns of activation between the BACK and OBJ conditions, suggesting that scene construction occurred spontaneously during both TOJ and Viewing. Furthermore, neural markers of scene construction in the anterior hippocampus did not apply to incorrect trials, showing that successful temporal memory retrieval was functionally linked to scene construction. In the cortex, time-processing areas, such as the supplementary motor area and the precuneus, and scene-processing areas, such as the parahippocampal cortex, were activated and functionally connected with the hippocampus. Together, these results support the view that the hippocampus is concurrently involved in scene construction and temporal organization of memory and propose a model of hippocampal episodic memory that takes both processes into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jieun Hwang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Ah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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3
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Palombo DJ, Jones D, Strang C, Verfaellie M. Verbal recall in amnesia: Does scene construction matter? Neuropsychologia 2023; 184:108543. [PMID: 36931459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays a critical role in episodic memory and imagination. One theoretical model posits that the hippocampus is important for scene construction, namely, the ability to conjure and maintain a scene-based representation in one's mind. To test one idea put forth by this view, we examined whether amnesia is associated with more severe impairment in memory when the to-be-remembered content places high demands on scene construction. To do so, we examined free recall performance for abstract (i.e., low scene imagery) and concrete, high scene-imagery single words in seven amnesic patients with hippocampal lesions and concomitant scene-construction deficits, and compared their performance to demographically matched healthy controls. As expected, amnesic patients were severely impaired in their free recall performance; however, their impairment did not differ as a function of word type. That is, their impairment was equally severe for words that evoke high versus low scene imagery. These findings suggest that the role of the hippocampus in verbal memory extends to content that does not place high demands on scene construction. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominoe Jones
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, USA
| | - Caroline Strang
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, USA
| | - Mieke Verfaellie
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, USA.
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4
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Zhao J, Wang W, Yan K, Zhao H, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhu W, Chen S. RNA-seq reveals Nup62 as a potential regulator for cell division after traumatic brain injury in mice hippocampus. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14913. [PMID: 36908815 PMCID: PMC10000302 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hippocampus impairment is a common condition encountered in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Several studies have investigated this phenomenon. However, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Methods In this study, Illumina RNA-seq technology was used to determine the gene expression profile in mice hippocampus after TBI. We then conducted bioinformatics analysis to identify the altered gene expression signatures and mechanisms related to TBI-induced pathology in the hippocampus. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot were adopted to verify the sequencing results. Results The controlled cortical impact was adopted as the TBI model. Hippocampal specimens were removed for sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis identified 27 upregulated and 17 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in post-TBI mouse models. Potential biological functions of the genes were determined via Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA)-based Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, which suggested a series of functional changes in the nervous system. Specifically, the nucleoporin 62 (Nup62) DEG was discussed and verified. Gene ontology biological process enriched analysis suggests that the cell division was upregulated significantly. The present study may be helpful for the treatment of impaired hippocampus after TBI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenyu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shiwen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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5
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Fan CL, Sokolowski HM, Rosenbaum RS, Levine B. What about "space" is important for episodic memory? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2023; 14:e1645. [PMID: 36772875 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Early cognitive neuroscientific research revealed that the hippocampus is crucial for spatial navigation in rodents, and for autobiographical episodic memory in humans. Researchers quickly linked these streams to propose that the human hippocampus supports memory through its role in representing space, and research on the link between spatial cognition and episodic memory in humans has proliferated over the past several decades. Different researchers apply the term "spatial" in a variety of contexts, however, and it remains unclear what aspect of space may be critical to memory. Similarly, "episodic" has been defined and tested in different ways. Naturalistic assessment of spatial memory and episodic memory (i.e., episodic autobiographical memory) is required to unify the scale and biological relevance in comparisons of spatial and mnemonic processing. Limitations regarding the translation of rodent to human research, human ontogeny, and inter-individual variability require greater consideration in the interpretation of this literature. In this review, we outline the aspects of space that are (and are not) commonly linked to episodic memory, and then we discuss these dimensions through the lens of individual differences in naturalistic autobiographical memory. Future studies should carefully consider which aspect(s) of space are being linked to memory within the context of naturalistic human cognition. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina L Fan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - R Shayna Rosenbaum
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Levine
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Martin L, Jaime K, Ramos F, Robles F. Bio-inspired cognitive architecture of episodic memory. COGN SYST RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu H, Hou H, Li F, Zheng R, Zhang Y, Cheng J, Han S. Structural and Functional Brain Changes in Patients With Classic Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Combination of Voxel-Based Morphometry and Resting-State Functional MRI Study. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:930765. [PMID: 35844235 PMCID: PMC9277055 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Brain structural and functional abnormalities have been separately reported in patients with classic trigeminal neuralgia (CTN). However, whether and how the functional deficits are related to the structural alterations remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the anatomical and functional deficits in patients with CTN and explore their association. Methods A total of 34 patients with CTN and 29 healthy controls (HCs) with age- and gender-matched were recruited. All subjects underwent structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning and neuropsychological assessments. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was applied to characterize the alterations of gray matter volume (GMV). The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) method was used to evaluate regional intrinsic spontaneous neural activity. Further correlation analyses were performed between the structural and functional changes and neuropsychological assessments. Results Compared to the HCs, significantly reduced GMV was revealed in the right hippocampus, right fusiform gyrus (FFG), and temporal-parietal regions (the left superior/middle temporal gyrus, left operculo-insular gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, and right inferior temporal gyrus) in patients with CTN. Increased functional activity measured by zALFF was observed mainly in the limbic system (the bilateral hippocampus and bilateral parahippocampal gyrus), bilateral FFG, basal ganglia system (the bilateral putamen, bilateral caudate, and right pallidum), left thalamus, left cerebellum, midbrain, and pons. Moreover, the right hippocampus and FFG were the overlapped regions with both functional and anatomical deficits. Furthermore, GMV in the right hippocampus was negatively correlated with pain intensity, anxiety, and depression. GMV in the right FFG was negatively correlated with illness duration. The zALFF value in the right FFG was positively correlated with anxiety. Conclusion Our results revealed concurrent structural and functional changes in patients with CTN, indicating that the CTN is a brain disorder with structural and functional abnormalities. Moreover, the overlapping structural and functional changes in the right hippocampus and FFG suggested that anatomical and functional changes might alter dependently in patients with CTN. These findings highlight the vital role of hippocampus and FFG in the pathophysiology of CTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiman Hou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiping Zheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhang,
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, Zhengzhou, China
- Jingliang Cheng,
| | - Shaoqiang Han
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Brain Function Development and Application, Zhengzhou, China
- Shaoqiang Han,
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Wilson NA, Ahmed RM, Piguet O, Irish M. Putting the Pieces Together: Mental Construction of Semantically Congruent and Incongruent Scenes in Dementia. Brain Sci 2021; 12:brainsci12010020. [PMID: 35053763 PMCID: PMC8773466 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scene construction refers to the process by which humans generate richly detailed and spatially cohesive scenes in the mind’s eye. The cognitive processes that underwrite this capacity remain unclear, particularly when the envisaged scene calls for the integration of various types of contextual information. Here, we explored social and non-social forms of scene construction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD; n = 11) and the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD; n = 15) relative to healthy older control participants (n = 16) using a novel adaptation of the scene construction task. Participants mentally constructed detailed scenes in response to scene–object cues that varied in terms of their sociality (social; non-social) and congruence (congruent; incongruent). A significant group × sociality × congruence interaction was found whereby performance on the incongruent social scene condition was significantly disrupted in both patient groups relative to controls. Moreover, bvFTD patients produced significantly less contextual detail in social relative to non-social incongruent scenes. Construction of social and non-social incongruent scenes in the patient groups combined was significantly associated with independent measures of semantic processing and visuospatial memory. Our findings demonstrate the influence of schema-incongruency on scene construction performance and reinforce the importance of episodic–semantic interactions during novel event construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki-Anne Wilson
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (N.-A.W.); (R.M.A.); (O.P.)
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Rebekah M. Ahmed
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (N.-A.W.); (R.M.A.); (O.P.)
- Memory and Cognition Clinic, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (N.-A.W.); (R.M.A.); (O.P.)
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Muireann Irish
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (N.-A.W.); (R.M.A.); (O.P.)
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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9
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Martin L, Rosales JH, Jaime K, Ramos F. Affective Episodic Memory System for Virtual Creatures: The First Step of Emotion-Oriented Memory. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 2021:7954140. [PMID: 34721565 PMCID: PMC8550857 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7954140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory and emotions are considered essential functions in human cognition. Both allow us to acquire new knowledge from the environment, ranging from the objects around us to how we feel towards them. These qualities make them crucial functions for systems trying to create human-like behaviour. In the field of cognitive architectures (CAs), there are multiple studies covering memory and emotions. However, most of them treat these subjects in an isolated manner, considering emotions only as a reward signal unrelated to a retrieved experience. To address this lack of direct interaction, we propose a computational model that covers the common processes that are related to memory and emotions. Specifically, this proposal focuses on affective evaluations of episodic memories. Neurosciences and psychology are the bases of this model. That is, the model's components and the processes that they carry out on the information they receive are designed based on evidence from these cognitive sciences. The proposed model is a part of Cuáyóllótl, a cognitive architecture for cybernetic entities such as virtual creatures and robots. Case studies validate our proposal. They show the relevance of the integration of emotions and memory in a virtual creature. The virtual creature endowed with our emotional episodic model improves its learning and modifies its behaviour according to planning and decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martin
- Department of Computer Science, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Zapopan 45019, Mexico
| | - Jonathan H. Rosales
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Autonomous University of Guadalajara, Zapopan 45129, Mexico
| | - Karina Jaime
- Department of Computer Science, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Zapopan 45019, Mexico
| | - Felix Ramos
- Department of Computer Science, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Zapopan 45019, Mexico
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10
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Argyropoulos GPD, Dell’Acqua C, Butler E, Loane C, Roca-Fernandez A, Almozel A, Drummond N, Lage-Martinez C, Cooper E, Henson RN, Butler CR. Functional Specialization of the Medial Temporal Lobes in Human Recognition Memory: Dissociating Effects of Hippocampal versus Parahippocampal Damage. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1637-1652. [PMID: 34535797 PMCID: PMC9016283 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A central debate in the systems neuroscience of memory concerns whether different medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures support different processes in recognition memory. Using two recognition memory paradigms, we tested a rare patient (MH) with a perirhinal lesion that appeared to spare the hippocampus. Consistent with a similar previous case, MH showed impaired familiarity and preserved recollection. When compared with patients with hippocampal lesions appearing to spare perirhinal cortex, MH showed greater impairment on familiarity and less on recollection. Nevertheless, the hippocampal patients also showed impaired familiarity compared with healthy controls. However, when replacing this traditional categorization of patients with analyses relating memory performance to continuous measures of damage across patients, hippocampal volume uniquely predicted recollection, whereas parahippocampal, rather than perirhinal, volume uniquely predicted familiarity. We consider whether the familiarity impairment in MH and our patients with hippocampal lesions arises from "subthreshold" damage to parahippocampal cortex (PHC). Our data provide the most compelling neuropsychological support yet for dual-process models of recognition memory, whereby recollection and familiarity depend on different MTL structures, and may support a role for PHC in familiarity. Our study highlights the value of supplementing single-case studies with examinations of continuous brain-behavior relationships across larger patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios P D Argyropoulos
- Address correspondence to Georgios P. D. Argyropoulos, Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Carola Dell’Acqua
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK,Department of General Psychology and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Emily Butler
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Clare Loane
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK,Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Department, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, 5 Cutcombe Rd, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Adriana Roca-Fernandez
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Azhaar Almozel
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Nikolas Drummond
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Carmen Lage-Martinez
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK,Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Elisa Cooper
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Richard N Henson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Christopher R Butler
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK,Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernando O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Treadmill Exercise Ameliorates Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Possibly by Adjusting the APP Proteolytic Pathway in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179570. [PMID: 34502477 PMCID: PMC8431648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder known to cause cognitive impairment among the elderly worldwide. Although physical exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) improves cognition, understanding its underlying molecular mechanisms requires further investigation using AD mouse models. In this present work, we subjected amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PS1 mice to a 12-week aerobic treadmill exercise to investigate AHN and its potential mechanisms. We divided 3-month-old littermates wild-type and APP/PS1 transgenic male mice into four groups, and the exercise groups performed 12-week treadmill exercise. Next, we evaluated the influence of treadmill exercise on learning and memory capacity, AHN, and APP proteolytic pathway-related factors. As per our results, the treadmill exercise was able to improve the hippocampal microenvironment in APP/PS1 mice probably by regulating various neurotrophic factors and secretases resulting in APP cleavage through a non-amyloidogenic pathway, which seems to further promote new cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis. All of these effects ameliorate learning and memory capacity. This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for understanding AHN in an AD mouse model, which is beneficial for preventing and treating AD.
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12
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Effects of Mind-Body Exercise on Brain Structure and Function: A Systematic Review on MRI Studies. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020205. [PMID: 33562412 PMCID: PMC7915202 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mind–body exercise has been proposed to confer both physical and mental health benefits. However, there is no clear consensus on the neural mechanisms underlying the improvements in health. Herein, we conducted a systematic review to reveal which brain region or network is regulated by mind–body exercise. PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were systematically searched to identify cross-sectional and intervention studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to explore the effect of mind–body exercise on brain structure and function, from their inception to June 2020. The risk of bias for cross-sectional studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist, whereas that of interventional studies was analyzed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. Our analysis revealed that mind–body exercise modulated brain structure, brain neural activity, and functional connectivity, mainly in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus/medial temporal lobe, lateral temporal lobe, insula, and the cingulate cortex, as well as the cognitive control and default mode networks, which might underlie the beneficial effects of such exercises on health. However, due to the heterogeneity of included studies, more randomized controlled trials with rigorous designs, similar measured outcomes, and whole-brain analyses are warranted.
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Anan’ina T, Kisel A, Kudabaeva M, Chernysheva G, Smolyakova V, Usov K, Krutenkova E, Plotnikov M, Khodanovich M. Neurodegeneration, Myelin Loss and Glial Response in the Three-Vessel Global Ischemia Model in Rat. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176246. [PMID: 32872364 PMCID: PMC7504277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Although myelin disruption is an integral part of ischemic brain injury, it is rarely the subject of research, particularly in animal models. This study assessed for the first time, myelin and oligodendrocyte loss in a three-vessel model of global cerebral ischemia (GCI), which causes hippocampal damage. In addition, we investigated the relationships between demyelination and changes in microglia and astrocytes, as well as oligodendrogenesis in the hippocampus; (2) Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (n = 15) underwent complete interruption of cerebral blood flow for 7 min by ligation of the major arteries supplying the brain or sham-operation. At 10 and 30 days after the surgery, brain slices were stained for neurodegeneration with Fluoro-Jade C and immunohistochemically to assess myelin content (MBP+ percentage of total area), oligodendrocyte (CNP+ cells) and neuronal (NeuN+ cells) loss, neuroinflammation (Iba1+ cells), astrogliosis (GFAP+ cells) and oligodendrogenesis (NG2+ cells); (3) Results: 10 days after GCI significant myelin and oligodendrocyte loss was found only in the stratum oriens and stratum pyramidale. By the 30th day, demyelination in these hippocampal layers intensified and affected the substratum radiatum. In addition to myelin damage, activation and an increase in the number of microglia and astrocytes in the corresponding layers, a loss of the CA1 pyramidal neurons, and neurodegeneration in the neocortex and thalamus was observed. At a 10-day time point, we observed rod-shaped microglia in the substratum radiatum. Parallel with ongoing myelin loss on the 30th day after ischemia, we found significant oligodendrogenesis in demyelinated hippocampal layers; (4) Conclusions: Our study showed that GCI-simulating cardiac arrest in humans—causes not only the loss of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 field, but also the myelin loss of adjacent layers of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Anan’ina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.A.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (K.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Alena Kisel
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.A.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (K.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Marina Kudabaeva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.A.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (K.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Galina Chernysheva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Blood Circulation, E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lenina Ave., 634028 Tomsk, Russia; (G.C.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Vera Smolyakova
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Blood Circulation, E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lenina Ave., 634028 Tomsk, Russia; (G.C.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Konstantin Usov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.A.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (K.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Elena Krutenkova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.A.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (K.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Mark Plotnikov
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Blood Circulation, E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lenina Ave., 634028 Tomsk, Russia; (G.C.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Marina Khodanovich
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.A.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (K.U.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Lynch K, Keane MM, Verfaellie M. The status of semantic memory in medial temporal lobe amnesia varies with demands on scene construction. Cortex 2020; 131:114-122. [PMID: 32836086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Semantic memory is typically preserved in medial temporal lobe (MTL) amnesia. However, there are instances of impairment, such as in the recall of semantic narratives. As some forms of semantic knowledge play out in a spatial context, one possible explanation is that semantic memory impairments, when observed, relate to demands on scene construction - the ability to bind and maintain spatial information in a coherent representation. To investigate whether semantic memory impairments in MTL amnesia can be understood with reference to a deficit in scene construction, the current study examined knowledge of scripts that vary in the extent to which they play out in a scene context in nine patients with MTL amnesia and eighteen healthy control subjects. Scripts are routine activities characterized by an ordered set of actions, including some that are essential for completing the activity. Comparing performance on scene-based scripts (e.g., buying groceries at the grocery store) and object-based scripts (e.g., addressing a letter), we found that patients generated the same number of total action steps as controls for both types of script, but patients were selectively impaired at generating essential actions steps for scene-based scripts. Furthermore, patients made more sequencing and idiosyncratic errors than controls in the scene-based, but not in the object-based, scripts. These findings demonstrate that the hippocampus plays a critical role in the retrieval of semantic knowledge about everyday activities when such retrieval entails scene construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Lynch
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Margaret M Keane
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Psychology, Wellesley College, USA
| | - Mieke Verfaellie
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University School of Medicine, USA.
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15
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Mahr JB. The dimensions of episodic simulation. Cognition 2020; 196:104085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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16
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Cell-to-Cell Communication in Learning and Memory: From Neuro- and Glio-Transmission to Information Exchange Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010266. [PMID: 31906013 PMCID: PMC6982255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most aspects of nervous system development and function rely on the continuous crosstalk between neurons and the variegated universe of non-neuronal cells surrounding them. The most extraordinary property of this cellular community is its ability to undergo adaptive modifications in response to environmental cues originating from inside or outside the body. Such ability, known as neuronal plasticity, allows long-lasting modifications of the strength, composition and efficacy of the connections between neurons, which constitutes the biochemical base for learning and memory. Nerve cells communicate with each other through both wiring (synaptic) and volume transmission of signals. It is by now clear that glial cells, and in particular astrocytes, also play critical roles in both modes by releasing different kinds of molecules (e.g., D-serine secreted by astrocytes). On the other hand, neurons produce factors that can regulate the activity of glial cells, including their ability to release regulatory molecules. In the last fifteen years it has been demonstrated that both neurons and glial cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) of different kinds, both in physiologic and pathological conditions. Here we discuss the possible involvement of EVs in the events underlying learning and memory, in both physiologic and pathological conditions.
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Todorov OS, Weisbecker V, Gilissen E, Zilles K, de Sousa AA. Primate hippocampus size and organization are predicted by sociality but not diet. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191712. [PMID: 31662078 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is well known for its roles in spatial navigation and memory, but it is organized into regions that have different connections and functional specializations. Notably, the region CA2 has a role in social and not spatial cognition, as is the case for the regions CA1 and CA3 that surround it. Here, we investigated the evolution of the hippocampus in terms of its size and organization in relation to the evolution of social and ecological variables in primates, namely home range, diet and different measures of group size. We found that the volumes within the whole cornu ammonis coevolve with group size, while only the volume of CA1 and subiculum can also be predicted by home range. On the other hand, diet, expressed as a shift from folivory towards frugivory, was shown to not be related to hippocampal volume. Interestingly, CA2 was shown to exhibit phylogenetic signal only against certain measures of group size, but not with ecological factors. We also found that sex differences in the hippocampus are related to body size sex dimorphism. This is in line with reports of sex differences in hippocampal volume in non-primates that are related to social structure and sex differences in behaviour. Our findings support the notion that in primates, the hippocampus is a mosaic structure evolving in line with social pressures, where certain subsections evolve in line with spatial ability too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlin S Todorov
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vera Weisbecker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Gilissen
- Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium.,Laboratory of Histology and Neuropathology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karl Zilles
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Jülich, Germany
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18
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Di Liegro CM, Schiera G, Proia P, Di Liegro I. Physical Activity and Brain Health. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090720. [PMID: 31533339 PMCID: PMC6770965 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) has been central in the life of our species for most of its history, and thus shaped our physiology during evolution. However, only recently the health consequences of a sedentary lifestyle, and of highly energetic diets, are becoming clear. It has been also acknowledged that lifestyle and diet can induce epigenetic modifications which modify chromatin structure and gene expression, thus causing even heritable metabolic outcomes. Many studies have shown that PA can reverse at least some of the unwanted effects of sedentary lifestyle, and can also contribute in delaying brain aging and degenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer’s Disease, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Most importantly, PA improves cognitive processes and memory, has analgesic and antidepressant effects, and even induces a sense of wellbeing, giving strength to the ancient principle of “mens sana in corpore sano” (i.e., a sound mind in a sound body). In this review we will discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of PA on brain health, focusing on hormones, neurotrophins, and neurotransmitters, the release of which is modulated by PA, as well as on the intra- and extra-cellular pathways that regulate the expression of some of the genes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Proia
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement (Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche, dell'Esercizio fisico e della Formazione), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata) (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
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19
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Ménétrier E, Iralde L, Le Bohec L. Spatial layout extrapolation in aging: underlying cognitive and executive mechanisms. VISUAL COGNITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2019.1634663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Ménétrier
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire UPRES EA 4638, SFR Confluences, Université d’Angers - Maison de la recherche Germaine Tillion, Angers, France
| | - Lydie Iralde
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire UPRES EA 4638, SFR Confluences, Université d’Angers - Maison de la recherche Germaine Tillion, Angers, France
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20
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Argyropoulos GPD, Loane C, Roca-Fernandez A, Lage-Martinez C, Gurau O, Irani SR, Butler CR. Network-wide abnormalities explain memory variability in hippocampal amnesia. eLife 2019; 8:e46156. [PMID: 31282861 PMCID: PMC6639076 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with hippocampal amnesia play a central role in memory neuroscience but the neural underpinnings of amnesia are hotly debated. We hypothesized that focal hippocampal damage is associated with changes across the extended hippocampal system and that these, rather than hippocampal atrophy per se, would explain variability in memory between patients. We assessed this hypothesis in a uniquely large cohort of patients (n = 38) after autoimmune limbic encephalitis, a syndrome associated with focal structural hippocampal pathology. These patients showed impaired recall, recognition and maintenance of new information, and remote autobiographical amnesia. Besides hippocampal atrophy, we observed correlatively reduced thalamic and entorhinal cortical volume, resting-state inter-hippocampal connectivity and activity in posteromedial cortex. Associations of hippocampal volume with recall, recognition, and remote memory were fully mediated by wider network abnormalities, and were only direct in forgetting. Network abnormalities may explain the variability across studies of amnesia and speak to debates in memory neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios PD Argyropoulos
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare Loane
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Adriana Roca-Fernandez
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Carmen Lage-Martinez
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Valdecilla Biomedical Research InstituteUniversity Hospital Marqués de ValdecillaSantanderSpain
| | - Oana Gurau
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher R Butler
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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21
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Vaculik MF, Noorani A, Hung PSP, Hodaie M. Selective hippocampal subfield volume reductions in classic trigeminal neuralgia. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 23:101911. [PMID: 31491821 PMCID: PMC6616529 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) is a chronic neuropathic pain syndrome characterized by paroxysmal unilateral shock-like pains in the trigeminal territory most frequently attributed to neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve at its root entry zone. Recent advances in the study of TN suggest a possible central nervous system (CNS) role in modulation and maintenance of pain. TN and other chronic pain patients commonly experience alterations in cognition and affect, as well as abnormalities in CNS volume and microstructure in regions associated with pain perception, emotional modulation, and memory consolidation. However, the microstructural changes in the hippocampus, an important structure within the limbic system, have not been previously studied in TN patients. Here, we use grey matter analysis to assess whether TN pain is associated with altered hippocampal subfield volume in patients with classic TN. Anatomical magnetic resonance (MR) images of twenty-two right-sided TN patients and matched healthy controls underwent automated segmentation of hippocampal subfields using FreeSurfer v6.0. Right-sided TN patients had significant volumetric reductions in ipsilateral cornu ammois 1 (CA1), CA4, dentate gyrus, molecular layer, and hippocampus-amygdala transition area - resulting in decreased whole ipsilateral hippocampal volume, compared to healthy controls. Overall, we demonstrate selective hippocampal subfield volume reduction in patients with classic TN. These changes occur in subfields implicated as neural circuits for chronic pain processing. Selective subfield volume reduction suggests aberrant processes and circuitry reorganization, which may contribute to development and/or maintenance of TN symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frantisek Vaculik
- Dalhousie Medical School, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alborz Noorani
- Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Shih-Ping Hung
- Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mojgan Hodaie
- Division of Brain, Imaging, and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Humans are remarkably adept at perceiving and understanding complex real-world scenes. Uncovering the neural basis of this ability is an important goal of vision science. Neuroimaging studies have identified three cortical regions that respond selectively to scenes: parahippocampal place area, retrosplenial complex/medial place area, and occipital place area. Here, we review what is known about the visual and functional properties of these brain areas. Scene-selective regions exhibit retinotopic properties and sensitivity to low-level visual features that are characteristic of scenes. They also mediate higher-level representations of layout, objects, and surface properties that allow individual scenes to be recognized and their spatial structure ascertained. Challenges for the future include developing computational models of information processing in scene regions, investigating how these regions support scene perception under ecologically realistic conditions, and understanding how they operate in the context of larger brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell A Epstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Chris I Baker
- Section on Learning and Plasticity, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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Verfaellie M, Wank AA, Reid AG, Race E, Keane MM. Self-related processing and future thinking: Distinct contributions of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobes. Cortex 2019; 115:159-171. [PMID: 30826623 PMCID: PMC6513722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Episodic future thinking depends on a core network of regions that involves, in addition to the medial temporal lobes (MTL), the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Neuroimaging studies suggest that vmPFC is particularly involved when future thinking requires consideration of self-relevant information, but lesion evidence for a special role of vmPFC in constructing self-relevant scenarios is limited. To clarify the involvement of vmPFC in future thinking, eight patients with vmPFC lesions were asked to imagine future events pertaining to the self or to another person, and their performance was contrasted with that of eight patients with MTL lesions. Patients with vmPFC lesions were no more detailed in their description of future events pertaining to the self than of events pertaining to another person. In contrast, like controls, patients with MTL lesions showed a self-benefit, despite impoverished performance overall. These findings accord with evidence from neuroimaging studies and elucidate the distinct contributions of vmPFC and MTL to future thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Verfaellie
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Aubrey A Wank
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Allison G Reid
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Elizabeth Race
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Psychology, Tufts University, USA
| | - Margaret M Keane
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Psychology, Wellesley College, USA
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24
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Urgolites ZJ, Hopkins RO, Squire LR. Spared Perception of the Structure of Scenes after Hippocampal Damage. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:1260-1269. [PMID: 31135253 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To explore whether the hippocampus might be important for certain spatial operations in addition to its well-known role in memory, we administered two tasks in which participants judged whether objects embedded in scenes or whether scenes themselves could exist in 3-D space. Patients with damage limited to the hippocampus performed as well as controls in both tasks. A patient with large medial-temporal lobe lesions had a bias to judge objects in scenes and scenes themselves as possible, performing well with possible stimuli but poorly with impossible stimuli in both tasks. All patients were markedly impaired at remembering the tasks. The hippocampus appears not to be essential for judging the structural coherence of objects in scenes or the coherence of scenes. The findings conform to what is now a sizeable literature emphasizing the importance of the hippocampus for memory. We discuss our results in light of findings that other patients have sometimes been reported to be disadvantaged by spatial tasks like the ones studied here, despite less hippocampal damage and milder memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisen J Urgolites
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System.,University of California, San Diego
| | - Ramona O Hopkins
- Brigham Young University.,Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT
| | - Larry R Squire
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System.,University of California, San Diego
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25
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The nature of recollection across months and years and after medial temporal lobe damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4619-4624. [PMID: 30792351 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820765116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the narrative recollections of memory-impaired patients with medial temporal lobe (MTL) damage who took a 25-min guided walk during which 11 planned events occurred. The recollections of the patients, recorded directly after the walk, were compared with the recollections of controls tested directly after the walk (C1), after one month (C2), or after 2.6 years (C3). With respect to memory for the walk, the narrative recollections of the patients were impoverished compared with C1 but resembled the recollections of volunteers tested after long delays (C2 and C3). In addition, how language was used by the patients in their recollections resembled how language was used by groups C2 and C3 (higher-frequency words, less concrete words, fewer nouns, more adverbs, more pronouns, and more indefinite articles). These findings appear to reflect how individuals, either memory-impaired patients or controls, typically speak about the past when memory is weak and lacks detail and need not have special implications about language use and MTL function beyond the domain of memory. A notable exception to the similarity between patient narratives and the narratives of C2 and C3 was that the control groups reported the events of the walk in correct chronological order, whereas the order in which patients reported events bore no relationship to the order in which events occurred. We suggest that the MTL is especially important for accessing global information about events and the relationships among their elements.
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26
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Miloyan B, McFarlane KA, Suddendorf T. Measuring mental time travel: Is the hippocampus really critical for episodic memory and episodic foresight? Cortex 2019; 117:371-384. [PMID: 30832993 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mental time travel is an adaptive capacity that enables humans to engage in deliberate, prudent action on the basis of remembering past episodes (episodic memory) and simulating future scenarios (episodic foresight). This capacity has become a popular and rapidly growing topic of interdisciplinary research. Perhaps the most influential and frequently tested neuroscientific hypothesis in this domain is that the hippocampus is a hub in a critical neural network for mental time travel, support for which is now commonly assumed by most researchers in the area. In light of recent findings revealing limitations with existing measures of episodic foresight, we critically evaluate the available evidence for this hypothesis and find that it is inconclusive. We suggest that this is due in significant part to the exclusive and widespread reliance on noisy verbal measures and discuss this case as an example of a more general issue pertaining to the measurement of episodic foresight. Accordingly, we suggest that an essential focus of future research should concern the development of objective measures that capture capacity differences by requiring people to put foresight not just into words, but into action.
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Multhaup KS, Munger MP, Smith KC. Boundary Extension Is Sensitive to Hand Position in Young and Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2018; 73:622-629. [PMID: 26988866 PMCID: PMC6018955 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbw011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Based on preliminary reports, we expected an age-related increase in boundary extension (BE), a phenomenon in which people falsely remember seeing more of a scene than was presented. Given recent data suggesting hand-centered attentional frames in young adults contrasted with body-centered attentional frames in older adults, we predicted hand-position effects on BE in young adults only. Method Participants (59 young, 60 older adults) viewed photographs of complex scenes (e.g., a market) and answered yes/no questions about each. Half answered with key presses while their hands were framing the computer monitor; half while their hands were on a lapdesk. At test, participants indicated whether photographs were the same as, or at a closer or wider angle than at study. Results Both age groups demonstrated BE. When study-test angles were the same, participants rated test pictures as closer than at study. When study-test angles differed, older adults showed less BE than young adults. For both same- and different-angle conditions, there was a main effect of hand position (less BE when hands framed the monitor than when on participants' laps). Discussion The data confirm older adults show BE but show no age-related increase. Surprisingly, both young and older adults showed hand-centered attention.
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McCormick C, Ciaramelli E, De Luca F, Maguire EA. Comparing and Contrasting the Cognitive Effects of Hippocampal and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Damage: A Review of Human Lesion Studies. Neuroscience 2018; 374:295-318. [PMID: 28827088 PMCID: PMC6053620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) are closely connected brain regions whose functions are still debated. In order to offer a fresh perspective on understanding the contributions of these two brain regions to cognition, in this review we considered cognitive tasks that usually elicit deficits in hippocampal-damaged patients (e.g., autobiographical memory retrieval), and examined the performance of vmPFC-lesioned patients on these tasks. We then took cognitive tasks where performance is typically compromised following vmPFC damage (e.g., decision making), and looked at how these are affected by hippocampal lesions. Three salient motifs emerged. First, there are surprising gaps in our knowledge about how hippocampal and vmPFC patients perform on tasks typically associated with the other group. Second, while hippocampal or vmPFC damage seems to adversely affect performance on so-called hippocampal tasks, the performance of hippocampal and vmPFC patients clearly diverges on classic vmPFC tasks. Third, although performance appears analogous on hippocampal tasks, on closer inspection, there are significant disparities between hippocampal and vmPFC patients. Based on these findings, we suggest a tentative hierarchical model to explain the functions of the hippocampus and vmPFC. We propose that the vmPFC initiates the construction of mental scenes by coordinating the curation of relevant elements from neocortical areas, which are then funneled into the hippocampus to build a scene. The vmPFC then engages in iterative re-initiation via feedback loops with neocortex and hippocampus to facilitate the flow and integration of the multiple scenes that comprise the coherent unfolding of an extended mental event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia McCormick
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Elisa Ciaramelli
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Centro studi e ricerche di Neuroscienze Cognitive, Cesena, Italy
| | - Flavia De Luca
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Centro studi e ricerche di Neuroscienze Cognitive, Cesena, Italy
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Robin J. Spatial scaffold effects in event memory and imagination. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2018; 9:e1462. [PMID: 29485243 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatial context is a defining feature of episodic memories, which are often characterized as being events occurring in specific spatiotemporal contexts. In this review, I summarize research suggesting a common neural basis for episodic and spatial memory and relate this to the role of spatial context in episodic memory. I review evidence that spatial context serves as a scaffold for episodic memory and imagination, in terms of both behavioral and neural effects demonstrating a dependence of episodic memory on spatial representations. These effects are mediated by a posterior-medial set of neocortical regions, including the parahippocampal cortex, retrosplenial cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and angular gyrus, which interact with the hippocampus to represent spatial context in remembered and imagined events. I highlight questions and areas that require further research, including differentiation of hippocampal function along its long axis and subfields, and how these areas interact with the posterior-medial network. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Memory Neuroscience > Cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Robin
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
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30
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Hodgetts CJ, Shine JP, Lawrence AD, Downing PE, Graham KS. Evidencing a place for the hippocampus within the core scene processing network. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 37:3779-3794. [PMID: 27257784 PMCID: PMC5082524 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies have identified several “core” brain regions that are preferentially activated by scene stimuli, namely posterior parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), and transverse occipital sulcus (TOS). The hippocampus (HC), too, is thought to play a key role in scene processing, although no study has yet investigated scene‐sensitivity in the HC relative to these other “core” regions. Here, we characterised the frequency and consistency of individual scene‐preferential responses within these regions by analysing a large dataset (n = 51) in which participants performed a one‐back working memory task for scenes, objects, and scrambled objects. An unbiased approach was adopted by applying independently‐defined anatomical ROIs to individual‐level functional data across different voxel‐wise thresholds and spatial filters. It was found that the majority of subjects had preferential scene clusters in PHG (max = 100% of participants), RSC (max = 76%), and TOS (max = 94%). A comparable number of individuals also possessed significant scene‐related clusters within their individually defined HC ROIs (max = 88%), evidencing a HC contribution to scene processing. While probabilistic overlap maps of individual clusters showed that overlap “peaks” were close to those identified in group‐level analyses (particularly for TOS and HC), inter‐individual consistency varied across regions and statistical thresholds. The inter‐regional and inter‐individual variability revealed by these analyses has implications for how scene‐sensitive cortex is localised and interrogated in functional neuroimaging studies, particularly in medial temporal lobe regions, such as the HC. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3779–3794, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Hodgetts
- Wales Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom. .,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - J P Shine
- Wales Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - A D Lawrence
- Wales Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - P E Downing
- Wales Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - K S Graham
- Wales Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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31
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Axelrod V, Rees G, Bar M. The default network and the combination of cognitive processes that mediate self-generated thought. Nat Hum Behav 2017; 1:896-910. [PMID: 30035236 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-017-0244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Self-generated cognitions, such as recalling personal memories or empathizing with others, are ubiquitous and essential for our lives. Such internal mental processing is ascribed to the Default Mode Network, a large network of the human brain, though the underlying neural and cognitive mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that our mental experience is mediated by a combination of activities of multiple cognitive processes. Our study included four functional MRI experiments with the same participants and a wide range of cognitive tasks, as well as an analytical approach that afforded the identification of cognitive processes during self-generated cognition. We showed that several cognitive processes functioned simultaneously during self-generated mental activity. The processes had specific and localized neural representations, suggesting that they support different aspects of internal processing. Overall, we demonstrate that internally directed experience may be achieved by pooling over multiple cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Axelrod
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Geraint Rees
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Moshe Bar
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Abstract
Boundary extension is a common false memory error, in which people confidently remember
seeing a wider angle view of the scene than was viewed. Previous research found that
boundary extension is scene-specific and did not examine this phenomenon in nonscenes. The
present research explored boundary extension in cropped face images. Participants
completed either a short-term or a long-term condition of the task. During the encoding,
they observed photographs of faces, cropped either in a forehead or in a chin area, and
subsequently performed face recognition through a forced-choice selection. The recognition
options represented different degrees of boundary extension and boundary restriction
errors. Eye-tracking and performance data were collected. The results demonstrated
boundary extension in both memory conditions. Furthermore, previous literature reported
the asymmetry in amounts of expansion at different sides of an image. The present work
provides the evidence of asymmetry in boundary extension. In the short-term condition,
boundary extension errors were more pronounced for forehead, than for chin face areas.
Finally, this research examined the relationships between the measures of boundary
extension, imagery, and emotion. The results suggest that individual differences in
emotional ability and object, but not spatial, imagery could be associated with boundary
extension in face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Blazhenkova
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Panoz-Brown D, Carey LM, Smith AE, Gentry M, Sluka CM, Corbin HE, Wu JE, Hohmann AG, Crystal JD. The chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel selectively impairs reversal learning while sparing prior learning, new learning and episodic memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 144:259-270. [PMID: 28811227 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is widely used to treat patients with systemic cancer. The efficacy of cancer therapies is frequently undermined by adverse side effects that have a negative impact on the quality of life of cancer survivors. Cancer patients who receive chemotherapy often experience chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment across a variety of domains including memory, learning, and attention. In the current study, the impact of paclitaxel, a taxane derived chemotherapeutic agent, on episodic memory, prior learning, new learning, and reversal learning were evaluated in rats. Neurogenesis was quantified post-treatment in the dentate gyrus of the same rats using immunostaining for 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and Ki67. Paclitaxel treatment selectively impaired reversal learning while sparing episodic memory, prior learning, and new learning. Furthermore, paclitaxel-treated rats showed decreases in markers of hippocampal cell proliferation, as measured by markers of cell proliferation assessed using immunostaining for Ki67 and BrdU. This work highlights the importance of using multiple measures of learning and memory to identify the pattern of impaired and spared aspects of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Panoz-Brown
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Lawrence M Carey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Alexandra E Smith
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Meredith Gentry
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Christina M Sluka
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Hannah E Corbin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Jie-En Wu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Andrea G Hohmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States; Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| | - Jonathon D Crystal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
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Sadelli K, Stamegna JC, Girard SD, Baril N, Escoffier G, Brus M, Véron AD, Khrestchatisky M, Roman FS. Global cerebral ischemia in rats leads to amnesia due to selective neuronal death followed by astroglial scar formation in the CA1 layer. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 141:168-178. [PMID: 28438578 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Global Cerebral Ischemia (GCI) occurs following cardiac arrest or neonatal asphyxia and leads to harmful neurological consequences. In most cases, patients who survive cardiac arrest develop severe cognitive and motor impairments. This study focused on learning and memory deficits associated with brain neuroanatomical reorganization that appears after GCI. The four-vessel occlusion (4VO) model was performed to produce a transient GCI. Hippocampal lesions in ischemic rats were visualized using anatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (aMRI). Then, the learning and memory abilities of control and ischemic (bilaterally or unilaterally) rats were assessed through the olfactory associated learning task. Finally, a "longitudinal" histological study was carried out to highlight the cellular reorganizations occurring after GCI. We demonstrated that the imaging, behavioral and histological results are closely related. In fact, aMRI revealed the appearance of hyper-intense signals in the dorsal hippocampus at day 3 post-GCI. Consequently, we showed a rise in cell proliferation (Ki 67+ cells) and endogenous neurogenesis especially in the dentate gyrus (DG) at day 3 post-GCI. Then, hyper-intense signals in the dorsal hippocampus were confirmed by strong neuronal losses in the CA1 layer at day 7 post-GCI. These results were linked with severe learning and memory impairments only in bilaterally ischemic rats at day 14 post-GCI. This amnesia was accompanied by huge astroglial and microglial hyperactivity at day 30 post-GCI. Finally, Nestin+ cells and astrocytes gave rise to astroglial scars, which persisted 60days post-GCI. In the light of these results, the 4VO model appears a reliable method to produce amnesia in order to study and develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nathalie Baril
- Aix Marseille Univ, Fédération de recherche 3C, FR 3512, Marseille, France
| | | | - Maïna Brus
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, NICN, Marseille, France
| | - Antoine D Véron
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, NICN, Marseille, France; IRSEA, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology, 84400 Apt, France
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Spanò G, Intraub H, Edgin JO. Testing the "Boundaries" of boundary extension: Anticipatory scene representation across development and disorder. Hippocampus 2017; 27:726-739. [PMID: 28329909 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that Boundary Extension (BE), a scene construction error, may be linked to the function of the hippocampus. In this study, we tested BE in two groups with variations in hippocampal development and disorder: a typically developing sample ranging from preschool to adolescence and individuals with Down syndrome. We assessed BE across three different test modalities: drawing, visual recognition, and a 3D scene boundary reconstruction task. Despite confirmed fluctuations in memory function measured through a neuropsychological assessment, the results showed consistent BE in all groups across test modalities, confirming the near universal nature of BE. These results indicate that BE is an essential function driven by a complex set of processes, that occur even in the face of delayed memory development and hippocampal dysfunction in special populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Spanò
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721.,Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - H Intraub
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - J O Edgin
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721.,Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721.,Sonoran University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
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36
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Ultra-High-Field fMRI Reveals a Role for the Subiculum in Scene Perceptual Discrimination. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3150-3159. [PMID: 28213445 PMCID: PMC5373110 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3225-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent "representational" accounts suggest a key role for the hippocampus in complex scene perception. Due to limitations in scanner field strength, however, the functional neuroanatomy of hippocampal-dependent scene perception is unknown. Here, we applied 7 T high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) alongside a perceptual oddity task, modified from nonhuman primate studies. This task requires subjects to discriminate highly similar scenes, faces, or objects from multiple viewpoints, and has revealed selective impairments during scene discrimination following hippocampal lesions. Region-of-interest analyses identified a preferential response in the subiculum subfield of the hippocampus during scene, but not face or object, discriminations. Notably, this effect was in the anteromedial subiculum and was not modulated by whether scenes were subsequently remembered or forgotten. These results highlight the value of ultra-high-field fMRI in generating more refined, anatomically informed, functional accounts of hippocampal contributions to cognition, and a unique role for the human subiculum in discrimination of complex scenes from different viewpoints.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There is increasing evidence that the human hippocampus supports functions beyond just episodic memory, with human lesion studies suggesting a contribution to the perceptual processing of navigationally relevant, complex scenes. While the hippocampus itself contains several small, functionally distinct subfields, examining the role of these in scene processing has been previously limited by scanner field strength. By applying ultra-high-resolution 7 T fMRI, we delineated the functional contribution of individual hippocampal subfields during a perceptual discrimination task for scenes, faces, and objects. This demonstrated that the discrimination of scenes, relative to faces and objects, recruits the anterior subicular region of the hippocampus, regardless of whether scenes were subsequently remembered or forgotten.
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37
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Abstract
Episodic memory has been analyzed in a number of different ways in both philosophy and psychology, and most controversy has centered on its self-referential, 'autonoetic' character. Here, we offer a comprehensive characterization of episodic memory in representational terms, and propose a novel functional account on this basis. We argue that episodic memory should be understood as a distinctive epistemic attitude taken towards an event simulation. On this view, episodic memory has a metarepresentational format and should not be equated with beliefs about the past. Instead, empirical findings suggest that the contents of human episodic memory are often constructed in the service of the explicit justification of such beliefs. Existing accounts of episodic memory function that have focused on explaining its constructive character through its role in 'future-oriented mental time travel' neither do justice to its capacity to ground veridical beliefs about the past nor to its representational format. We provide an account of the metarepresentational structure of episodic memory in terms of its role in communicative interaction. The generative nature of recollection allows us to represent and communicate the reasons for why we hold certain beliefs about the past. In this process, autonoesis corresponds to the capacity to determine when and how to assert epistemic authority in making claims about the past. A domain where such claims are indispensable are human social engagements. Such engagements commonly require the justification of entitlements and obligations, which is often possible only by explicit reference to specific past events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Mahr
- Department of Cognitive Science,Cognitive Development Center,Central European University,Budapest,Hungary
| | - Gergely Csibra
- Department of Cognitive Science,Cognitive Development Center,Central European University,Budapest,Hungary
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38
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McCormick C, Rosenthal CR, Miller TD, Maguire EA. Deciding what is possible and impossible following hippocampal damage in humans. Hippocampus 2017; 27:303-314. [PMID: 27997994 PMCID: PMC5324536 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is currently much debate about whether the precise role of the hippocampus in scene processing is predominantly constructive, perceptual, or mnemonic. Here, we developed a novel experimental paradigm designed to control for general perceptual and mnemonic demands, thus enabling us to specifically vary the requirement for constructive processing. We tested the ability of patients with selective bilateral hippocampal damage and matched control participants to detect either semantic (e.g., an elephant with butterflies for ears) or constructive (e.g., an endless staircase) violations in realistic images of scenes. Thus, scenes could be semantically or constructively 'possible' or 'impossible'. Importantly, general perceptual and memory requirements were similar for both types of scene. We found that the patients performed comparably to control participants when deciding whether scenes were semantically possible or impossible, but were selectively impaired at judging if scenes were constructively possible or impossible. Post-task debriefing indicated that control participants constructed flexible mental representations of the scenes in order to make constructive judgements, whereas the patients were more constrained and typically focused on specific fragments of the scenes, with little indication of having constructed internal scene models. These results suggest that one contribution the hippocampus makes to scene processing is to construct internal representations of spatially coherent scenes, which may be vital for modelling the world during both perception and memory recall. © 2016 The Authors. Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia McCormick
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clive R Rosenthal
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D Miller
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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39
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Douglas D, Thavabalasingam S, Chorghay Z, O'Neil EB, Barense MD, Lee ACH. Perception of Impossible Scenes Reveals Differential Hippocampal and Parahippocampal Place Area Contributions to Spatial Coherency. Hippocampus 2016; 27:61-76. [PMID: 27770465 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Surprisingly little is known about how the brain combines spatial elements to form a coherent percept. Regions that may underlie this process include the hippocampus (HC) and parahippocampal place area (PPA), regions central to spatial perception but whose role in spatial coherency has not been explored. Participants were scanned with functional MRI while they judged whether Escher-like scenes were possible or impossible. Univariate analyses revealed differential HC and PPA involvement, with greater HC activity during spatial incoherency detection and more PPA activity during spatial coherency detection. Recognition and eye-tracking data ruled out long- or short-term memory confounds. Multivariate statistics demonstrated spatial coherency-dependent functional connectivity for the HC, but not PPA, with greater HC connectivity to various brain regions including lateral occipital complex during spatial incoherency detection. We suggest the PPA is preferentially involved during the perception of spatially coherent scenes, whereas the HC binds distinct features to create coherent representations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Douglas
- Psychology (Scarborough, St George), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Zahraa Chorghay
- Psychology (Scarborough, St George), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward B O'Neil
- Psychology (Scarborough, St George), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morgan D Barense
- Psychology (Scarborough, St George), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Psychology (Scarborough, St George), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Direct and indirect parieto-medial temporal pathways for spatial navigation in humans: evidence from resting-state functional connectivity. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1945-1957. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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41
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Physical exercise induces hippocampal neurogenesis and prevents cognitive decline. Behav Brain Res 2016; 317:332-339. [PMID: 27702635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from animal and human research indicate that adult hippocampal neurogenesis plays a key role in cognition. Meanwhile, cognitive decline is well known to associate with ageing-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, prevention of hippocampal neurogenesis reduction should be critical for these diseases. Physical exercise, a potent enhancer of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, has emerged as a potential therapy or an adjunctive therapeutic strategy for cognitive decline. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on hippocampal neurogenesis and the incorporation of new born neurons into the neuronal network in humans and in rodents. By focusing on hippocampal neurogenesis, we illustrate the role and possible mechanisms of physical exercise in cognition preservation.
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Wiener M, Michaelis K, Thompson JC. Functional correlates of likelihood and prior representations in a virtual distance task. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:3172-87. [PMID: 27167875 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial navigation is an imperative cognitive function, in which individuals must interact with their environment in order to accurately reach a destination. Previous research has demonstrated that, when traveling a predetermined distance, humans must balance between noise in the measurement process and the prior history of traveled distances. This tradeoff has recently been formally described using Bayesian estimation; however, the neural correlates of Bayesian estimation during distance reproduction have yet to be investigated. Here, human subjects performed a virtual reality distance reproduction task during functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), in which they were required to reproduce various traveled distances in the absence of overt navigational cues. As previously demonstrated, subjects exhibited a central tendency effect, wherein reproduced distances gravitated to the mean of the stimulus set. fMRI activity during this task revealed distance-sensitive activity in a network of regions, including prefrontal and hippocampal regions. Using a computational index of central tendency, we found that activity in the retrosplenial cortex, a region highly implicated in spatial navigation, negatively covaried between subjects with the degree of central tendency observed; conversely, we found that activity in the anterior hippocampus/amygdala complex was positively correlated with the central tendency effect of gravitating to the average reproduced distance. These findings suggest dissociable roles for the retrosplenial cortex and hippocampal complex during distance reproduction, with both regions coordinating with the prefrontal cortex the influence of prior history of the environment with present experience. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3172-3187, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiener
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Kelly Michaelis
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - James C Thompson
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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Zeidman P, Maguire EA. Anterior hippocampus: the anatomy of perception, imagination and episodic memory. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:173-82. [PMID: 26865022 PMCID: PMC5358751 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The brain creates a model of the world around us. We can use this representation to perceive and comprehend what we see at any given moment, but also to vividly re-experience scenes from our past and imagine future (or even fanciful) scenarios. Recent work has shown that these cognitive functions--perception, imagination and recall of scenes and events--all engage the anterior hippocampus. In this Opinion article, we capitalize on new findings from functional neuroimaging to propose a model that links high-level cognitive functions to specific structures within the anterior hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zeidman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Eleanor A. Maguire
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Tao J, Liu J, Egorova N, Chen X, Sun S, Xue X, Huang J, Zheng G, Wang Q, Chen L, Kong J. Increased Hippocampus-Medial Prefrontal Cortex Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Memory Function after Tai Chi Chuan Practice in Elder Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:25. [PMID: 26909038 PMCID: PMC4754402 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies provide evidence that aging is associated with the decline of memory function and alterations in the hippocampal (HPC) function, including functional connectivity to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). In this study, we investigated if longitudinal (12-week) Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin practice can improve memory function and modulate HPC resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC). Memory function measurements and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) were applied at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The results showed that (1) the memory quotient (MQ) measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale-Chinese Revision significantly increased after Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin practice as compared with the control group, and no significant difference was observed in MQ between the Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin groups; (2) rs-FC between the bilateral hippocampus and mPFC significantly increased in the Tai Chi Chuan group compared to the control group (also in the Baduanjin group compared to the control group, albeit at a lower threshold), and no significant difference between the Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin groups was observed; (3) rs-FC increases between the bilateral hippocampus and mPFC were significantly associated with corresponding memory function improvement across all subjects. Similar results were observed using the left or right hippocampus as seeds. Our results suggest that both Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin may be effective exercises to prevent memory decline during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation of Technology, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiao Liu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Natalia Egorova
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiangli Chen
- The School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sharon Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiehua Xue
- Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia Huang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation of Technology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zheng
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lidian Chen
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation of Technology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Chersi F, Burgess N. The Cognitive Architecture of Spatial Navigation: Hippocampal and Striatal Contributions. Neuron 2016; 88:64-77. [PMID: 26447573 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spatial navigation can serve as a model system in cognitive neuroscience, in which specific neural representations, learning rules, and control strategies can be inferred from the vast experimental literature that exists across many species, including humans. Here, we review this literature, focusing on the contributions of hippocampal and striatal systems, and attempt to outline a minimal cognitive architecture that is consistent with the experimental literature and that synthesizes previous related computational modeling. The resulting architecture includes striatal reinforcement learning based on egocentric representations of sensory states and actions, incidental Hebbian association of sensory information with allocentric state representations in the hippocampus, and arbitration of the outputs of both systems based on confidence/uncertainty in medial prefrontal cortex. We discuss the relationship between this architecture and learning in model-free and model-based systems, episodic memory, imagery, and planning, including some open questions and directions for further experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Chersi
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience & Institute of Neurology, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK.
| | - Neil Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience & Institute of Neurology, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK.
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Moscovitch M, Cabeza R, Winocur G, Nadel L. Episodic Memory and Beyond: The Hippocampus and Neocortex in Transformation. Annu Rev Psychol 2016; 67:105-34. [PMID: 26726963 PMCID: PMC5060006 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen dramatic technological and conceptual changes in research on episodic memory and the brain. New technologies, and increased use of more naturalistic observations, have enabled investigators to delve deeply into the structures that mediate episodic memory, particularly the hippocampus, and to track functional and structural interactions among brain regions that support it. Conceptually, episodic memory is increasingly being viewed as subject to lifelong transformations that are reflected in the neural substrates that mediate it. In keeping with this dynamic perspective, research on episodic memory (and the hippocampus) has infiltrated domains, from perception to language and from empathy to problem solving, that were once considered outside its boundaries. Using the component process model as a framework, and focusing on the hippocampus, its subfields, and specialization along its longitudinal axis, along with its interaction with other brain regions, we consider these new developments and their implications for the organization of episodic memory and its contribution to functions in other domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Moscovitch
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada;
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Center, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1 Canada
- Department of Psychology, Baycrest Center, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Roberto Cabeza
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
| | - Gordon Winocur
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Center, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1 Canada
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada;
| | - Lynn Nadel
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721;
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A. Moss R. A Theory on the Singular Function of the Hippocampus: Facilitating the Binding of New Circuits of Cortical Columns. AIMS Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2016.3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Passemard S, Verloes A, Billette de Villemeur T, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Hernandez K, Laurent M, Isidor B, Alberti C, Pouvreau N, Drunat S, Gérard B, El Ghouzzi V, Gallego J, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Huttner WB, Eliez S, Gressens P, Schaer M. Abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated (ASPM) mutations strongly disrupt neocortical structure but spare the hippocampus and long-term memory. Cortex 2016; 74:158-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Comparison of Metabolite Concentrations in the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, the Left Frontal White Matter, and the Left Hippocampus in Patients in Stable Schizophrenia Treated with Antipsychotics with or without Antidepressants. ¹H-NMR Spectroscopy Study. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24387-402. [PMID: 26501256 PMCID: PMC4632756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Managing affective, negative, and cognitive symptoms remains the most difficult therapeutic problem in stable phase of schizophrenia. Efforts include administration of antidepressants. Drugs effects on brain metabolic parameters can be evaluated by means of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy. We compared spectroscopic parameters in the left prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the left frontal white matter (WM) and the left hippocampus and assessed the relationship between treatment and the spectroscopic parameters in both groups. We recruited 25 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR), with dominant negative symptoms and in stable clinical condition, who were treated with antipsychotic and antidepressive medication for minimum of three months. A group of 25 patients with schizophrenia, who were taking antipsychotic drugs but not antidepressants, was matched. We compared metabolic parameters (N-acetylaspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (mI), glutamatergic parameters (Glx), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr)) between the two groups. All patients were also assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). In patients receiving antidepressants we observed significantly higher NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho ratios within the DLPFC, as well as significantly higher mI/Cr within the frontal WM. Moreover, we noted significantly lower values of parameters associated with the glutamatergic transmission--Glx/Cr and Glx/Cho in the hippocampus. Doses of antipsychotic drugs in the group treated with antidepressants were also significantly lower in the patients showing similar severity of psychopathology.
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Abstract
The lesion-deficit model dominates neuropsychology. This is unsurprising given powerful demonstrations that focal brain lesions can affect specific aspects of cognition. Nowhere is this more evident than in patients with bilateral hippocampal damage. In the past 60 years, the amnesia and other impairments exhibited by these patients have helped to delineate the functions of the hippocampus and shape the field of memory. We do not question the value of this approach. However, less prominent are the cognitive processes that remain intact following hippocampal lesions. Here, we collate the piecemeal reports of preservation of function following focal bilateral hippocampal damage, highlighting a wealth of information often veiled by the field's focus on deficits. We consider how a systematic understanding of what is preserved as well as what is lost could add an important layer of precision to models of memory and the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Clark
- Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; ,
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