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Yu S, Liu D, Yan C, Yuan C, Zhang C, Zheng S. A novel mutation in GPR68 causes hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 164:105991. [PMID: 38761453 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.105991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the genetic cause of a Chinese family with hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and to characterize the structure of GPR68 mutated enamel in order to develop a deeper understanding of the role of the GPR68 protein during the intricate process of amelogenesis. DESIGN One Chinese family with generalized hypomaturation AI was recruited. Two of the third molars from the proband were subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed, and the identified mutation was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Bioinformatics studies were further conducted to analyze the potential deleterious effects of the mutation. RESULTS The proband presented with a hypomaturation AI phenotype, characterized by fragile and discolored enamel surface. The AI enamel showed prismatic structure, which was sporadically obscured by areas of amorphous material and porous structure. EDX analysis showed the proband's enamel demonstrated a significant decrease in calcium and phosphorus content and a significant increase in oxygen compared with normal enamel. A novel homozygous mutation of G protein-coupled receptor 68 (GPR68) (c .149 T > A, p.Ile50Asn) was identified in the proband. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the mutation site displayed a high level of evolutionary conservation among species, and the mutation might impact the stability and conformation of the protein. CONCLUSION The novel homozygous GPR68 mutation resulted in hypomaturation AI. We first described the effect of GPR68 mutation on enamel structure. Our results provide new genetic evidence that mutations involved in GPR68 contribute to hypomaturation AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlan Yu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changqing Yan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chenying Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, PR China.
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Carlton‐Carew SRE, Greenberg HZE, Greenwood IA, Albert AP. Stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor induces relaxations through CGRP and NK1 receptor-mediated pathways in male rat mesenteric arteries. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16125. [PMID: 39031618 PMCID: PMC11189779 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) regulates vascular contractility, but cellular mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study investigated the role of perivascular sensory nerves in CaSR-induced relaxations of male rat mesenteric arteries. In fluorescence studies, colocalisation between synaptophysin, a synaptic vesicle marker, and the CaSR was present in the adventitial layer of arterial segments. Using wire myography, increasing external Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) from 1 to 10 mM induced vasorelaxations, previously shown to involve the CaSR, which were inhibited by pretreatment with capsaicin. [Ca2+]o-induced vasorelaxations were partially reduced by the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor blockers, CGRP 8-37 and BIBN 4096, and the neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor blocker L733,060. The inhibitory effect of CGRP 8-37 required a functional endothelium whereas the inhibitory action of L733,060 did not. Complete inhibition of [Ca2+]o-induced vasorelaxations occurred when CGRP 8-37 and L733,060 were applied together. [Ca2+]o-induced vasorelaxations in the presence of capsaicin were abolished by the ATP-dependent K+ channel (KATP) blocker PNU 37883, but unaffected by the endothelium nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor L-NAME. We suggest that the CaSR on perivascular sensory nerves mediate relaxations in rat mesenteric arteries via endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms involving CGRP and NK1 receptor-activated NO production and KATP channels, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry Z. E. Greenberg
- Vascular Biology Section, Cardiovascular & Genomics Research InstituteSt. George's, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Iain A. Greenwood
- Vascular Biology Section, Cardiovascular & Genomics Research InstituteSt. George's, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Anthony P. Albert
- Vascular Biology Section, Cardiovascular & Genomics Research InstituteSt. George's, University of LondonLondonUK
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Pissas KP, Gründer S, Tian Y. Functional expression of the proton sensors ASIC1a, TMEM206, and OGR1 together with BK Ca channels is associated with cell volume changes and cell death under strongly acidic conditions in DAOY medulloblastoma cells. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:923-937. [PMID: 38627262 PMCID: PMC11139714 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Fast growing solid tumors are frequently surrounded by an acidic microenvironment. Tumor cells employ a variety of mechanisms to survive and proliferate under these harsh conditions. In that regard, acid-sensitive membrane receptors constitute a particularly interesting target, since they can affect cellular functions through ion flow and second messenger cascades. Our knowledge of these processes remains sparse, however, especially regarding medulloblastoma, the most common pediatric CNS malignancy. In this study, using RT-qPCR, whole-cell patch clamp, and Ca2+-imaging, we uncovered several ion channels and a G protein-coupled receptor, which were regulated directly or indirectly by low extracellular pH in DAOY and UW228 medulloblastoma cells. Acidification directly activated acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a), the proton-activated Cl- channel (PAC, ASOR, or TMEM206), and the proton-activated G protein-coupled receptor OGR1. The resulting Ca2+ signal secondarily activated the large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BKCa). Our analyses uncover a complex relationship of these transmembrane proteins in DAOY cells that resulted in cell volume changes and induced cell death under strongly acidic conditions. Collectively, our results suggest that these ion channels in concert with OGR1 may shape the growth and evolution of medulloblastoma cells in their acidic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Gründer
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Yuemin Tian
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Carlton‐Carew SRE, Greenberg HZE, Connor EJ, Zadeh P, Greenwood IA, Albert AP. Stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor induces relaxations of rat mesenteric arteries by endothelium-dependent and -independent pathways via BK Ca and K ATP channels. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15926. [PMID: 38281732 PMCID: PMC10822715 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) induces both vasoconstrictions and vasorelaxations but underlying cellular processes remain unclear. This study investigates expression and effect of stimulating the CaSR by increasing external Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]o ) on contractility of rat mesenteric arteries. Immunofluorescence studies showed expression of the CaSR in perivascular nerves, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and vascular endothelium cells. Using wire myography, increasing [Ca2+ ]o from 1 to 10 mM induced vasorelaxations which were inhibited by the calcilytic Calhex-231 and partially dependent on a functional endothelium. [Ca2+ ]o -induced vasorelaxations were reduced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS, L-NAME) and large conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channels (BKCa , iberiotoxin), with their inhibitory action requiring a functional endothelium. [Ca2+ ]o -induced vasorelaxations were also markedly inhibited by an ATP-dependent K+ channel (KATP ) blocker (PNU37883), which did not require a functional endothelium to produce its inhibitory action. Inhibitor studies also suggested contributory roles for inward rectifying K+ channels (Kir ), Kv7 channels, and small conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channels (SKCa ) on [Ca2+ ]o -induced vasorelaxations. These findings indicate that stimulation of the CaSR mediates vasorelaxations involving multiple pathways, including an endothelium-dependent pathway involving NO production and activation of BKCa channels and an endothelium-independent pathway involving stimulation of KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonette R. E. Carlton‐Carew
- Vascular Biology Research Section, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research InstituteSt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Harry Z. E. Greenberg
- Vascular Biology Research Section, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research InstituteSt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Eleanor J. Connor
- Vascular Biology Research Section, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research InstituteSt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Pooneh Zadeh
- Vascular Biology Research Section, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research InstituteSt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Iain A. Greenwood
- Vascular Biology Research Section, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research InstituteSt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Anthony P. Albert
- Vascular Biology Research Section, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research InstituteSt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
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Hao Q, Wu H, Liu E, Wang L. BUB1, BUB1B, CCNA2, and CDCA8, along with miR-524-5p, as clinically relevant biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of endometrial carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:995. [PMID: 37853361 PMCID: PMC10585751 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a malignant tumor of the female reproductive tract that has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to identify biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for EC. METHODS A publicly available transcriptome data set comprising 587 EC cases was subjected to a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis to identify candidate genes responsible for EC occurrence and development. Next, we used clinical samples and cell experiments for validation. RESULTS A total of 1,617 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Analysis of patient survival outcomes revealed that BUB1, BUB1B, CCNA2, and CDCA8 were correlated with prognosis in patients with EC. Moreover, assessment of clinical samples confirmed that BUB1, BUB1B, CCNA2 and CDCA8 were strongly expressed in EC tissues. Additionally, bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays confirmed that miR-524-5p can target and regulate these four genes. Overexpression of miR-524-5p significantly inhibited EC Ishikawa cells viability, migration and invasion. Inhibition of miR-524-5p showed the opposite results. CONCLUSIONS Expression of miR-524-5p reduced the migration and invasion of Ishikawa EC cells, and decreased BUB1, BUB1B, CCNA2, and CDCA8 expression. miR-524-5p, as well as BUB1, BUB1B, CCNA2, and CDCA8, may be clinically relevant biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Hao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Hongqin Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Erniao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
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Liu J, Hong S, Yang J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang H, Peng J, Hong L. Targeting purine metabolism in ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2022; 15:93. [PMID: 35964092 PMCID: PMC9375293 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-022-01022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purine, an abundant substrate in organisms, is a critical raw material for cell proliferation and an important factor for immune regulation. The purine de novo pathway and salvage pathway are tightly regulated by multiple enzymes, and dysfunction in these enzymes leads to excessive cell proliferation and immune imbalance that result in tumor progression. Maintaining the homeostasis of purine pools is an effective way to control cell growth and tumor evolution, and exploiting purine metabolism to suppress tumors suggests interesting directions for future research. In this review, we describe the process of purine metabolism and summarize the role and potential therapeutic effects of the major purine-metabolizing enzymes in ovarian cancer, including CD39, CD73, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, dihydrofolate reductase and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Purinergic signaling is also described. We then provide an overview of the application of purine antimetabolites, comprising 6-thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, fludarabine and clopidogrel. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future opportunities for targeting purine metabolism in the treatment-relevant cellular mechanisms of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shasha Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxin Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Zha XM, Xiong ZG, Simon RP. pH and proton-sensitive receptors in brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1349-1363. [PMID: 35301897 PMCID: PMC9274858 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221089074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular proton concentration is at 40 nM when pH is 7.4. In disease conditions such as brain ischemia, proton concentration can reach µM range. To respond to this increase in extracellular proton concentration, the mammalian brain expresses at least three classes of proton receptors. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are the main neuronal cationic proton receptor. The proton-activated chloride channel (PAC), which is also known as (aka) acid-sensitive outwardly rectifying anion channel (ASOR; TMEM206), mediates acid-induced chloride currents. Besides proton-activated channels, GPR4, GPR65 (aka TDAG8, T-cell death-associated gene 8), and GPR68 (aka OGR1, ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1) function as proton-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Though earlier studies on these GPCRs mainly focus on peripheral cells, we and others have recently provided evidence for their functional importance in brain injury. Specifically, GPR4 shows strong expression in brain endothelium, GPR65 is present in a fraction of microglia, while GPR68 exhibits predominant expression in brain neurons. Here, to get a better view of brain acid signaling and its contribution to ischemic injury, we will review the recent findings regarding the differential contribution of proton-sensitive GPCRs to cerebrovascular function, neuroinflammation, and neuronal injury following acidosis and brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-ming Zha
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Zhi-Gang Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roger P Simon
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Imenez Silva PH, Wagner CA. Physiological relevance of proton-activated GPCRs. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:487-504. [PMID: 35247105 PMCID: PMC8993716 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The detection of H+ concentration variations in the extracellular milieu is accomplished by a series of specialized and non-specialized pH-sensing mechanisms. The proton-activated G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) GPR4 (Gpr4), TDAG8 (Gpr65), and OGR1 (Gpr68) form a subfamily of proteins capable of triggering intracellular signaling in response to alterations in extracellular pH around physiological values, i.e., in the range between pH 7.5 and 6.5. Expression of these receptors is widespread for GPR4 and OGR1 with particularly high levels in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, respectively, while expression of TDAG8 appears to be more restricted to the immune compartment. These receptors have been linked to several well-studied pH-dependent physiological activities including central control of respiration, renal adaption to changes in acid–base status, secretion of insulin and peripheral responsiveness to insulin, mechanosensation, and cellular chemotaxis. Their role in pathological processes such as the genesis and progression of several inflammatory diseases (asthma, inflammatory bowel disease), and tumor cell metabolism and invasiveness, is increasingly receiving more attention and makes these receptors novel and interesting targets for therapy. In this review, we cover the role of these receptors in physiological processes and will briefly discuss some implications for disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Imenez Silva
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ren R, Guo J, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Chen L, Xiong W. The role of Ca 2+ /Calcineurin/NFAT signalling pathway in osteoblastogenesis. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13122. [PMID: 34523757 PMCID: PMC8560623 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone remodelling process is closely related to bone health. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts participate in the bone remodelling process under the regulation of various factors inside and outside. Excessive activation of osteoclasts or lack of function of osteoblasts will cause occurrence and development of multiple bone‐related diseases. Ca2+/Calcineurin/NFAT signalling pathway regulates the growth and development of many types of cells, such as cardiomyocyte differentiation, angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, myogenesis, bone development and regeneration, etc. Some evidences indicate that this signalling pathway plays an extremely important role in bone formation and bone pathophysiologic changes. This review discusses the role of Ca2+/Calcineurin/NFAT signalling pathway in the process of osteogenic differentiation, as well as the influence of regulating each component in this signalling pathway on the differentiation and function of osteoblasts, whereby the relationship between Ca2+/Calcineurin/NFAT signalling pathway and osteoblastogenesis could be deeper understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranyue Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiachao Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yangmengfan Chen
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yayun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liangxi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Zhou G, Zha XM. GPR68 Contributes to Persistent Acidosis-Induced Activation of AGC Kinases and Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:692217. [PMID: 34113235 PMCID: PMC8185064 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.692217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent acidosis occurs in ischemia and multiple neurological diseases. In previous studies, acidic stimulation leads to rapid increase in intracellular calcium in neurons. However, it remains largely unclear how a prolonged acidosis alters neuronal signaling. In our previous study, we found that GPR68-mediated PKC activities are protective against acidosis-induced injury in cortical slices. Here, we first asked whether the same principle holds true in organotypic hippocampal slices. Our data showed that 1-h pH 6 induced PKC phosphorylation in a GPR68-dependent manner. Go6983, a PKC inhibitor worsened acidosis-induced neuronal injury in wild type (WT) but had no effect in GPR68−/− slices. Next, to gain greater insights into acid signaling in brain tissue, we treated organotypic hippocampal slices with pH 6 for 1-h and performed a kinome profiling analysis by Western blot. Acidosis had little effect on cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) or casein kinase 2 activity, two members of the CMGC family, or Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)/ATM and RAD3-related (ATR) activity, but reduced the phosphorylation of MAPK/CDK substrates. In contrast, acidosis induced the activation of CaMKIIα, PKA, and Akt. Besides these serine/threonine kinases, acidosis also induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Since GPR68 is widely expressed in brain neurons, we asked whether GPR68 contributes to acidosis-induced signaling. Deleting GPR68 had no effect on acidosis-induced CaMKII phosphorylation, attenuated that of phospho-Akt and phospho-PKA substrates, while abolishing acidosis-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. These data demonstrate that prolonged acidosis activates a network of signaling cascades, mediated by AGC kinases, CaMKII, and tyrosine kinases. GPR68 is the primary mediator for acidosis-induced activation of PKC and tyrosine phosphorylation, while both GPR68-dependent and -independent mechanisms contribute to the activation of PKA and Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guokun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Xiang-Ming Zha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
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11
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Zhou G, Wang T, Zha XM. RNA-Seq analysis of knocking out the neuroprotective proton-sensitive GPR68 on basal and acute ischemia-induced transcriptome changes and signaling in mouse brain. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21461. [PMID: 33724568 PMCID: PMC7970445 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002511r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain acid signaling plays important roles in both physiological and disease conditions. One key neuronal metabotropic proton receptor in the brain is GPR68, which contributes to hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and mediates neuroprotection in acidotic and ischemic conditions. Here, to gain greater understanding of GPR68 function in the brain, we performed mRNA-Seq analysis in mice. First, we studied sham-operated animals to determine baseline expression. Compared to wild type (WT), GPR68-/- (KO) brain downregulated genes that are enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) terms of misfolding protein binding, response to organic cyclic compounds, and endoplasmic reticulum chaperone complex. Next, we examined the expression profile following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). tMCAO-upregulated genes cluster to cytokine/chemokine-related functions and immune responses, while tMCAO-downregulated genes cluster to channel activities and synaptic signaling. For proton-sensitive receptors, tMCAO downregulated ASIC1a and upregulated GPR4 and GPR65, but had no effect on ASIC2, PAC, or GPR68. GPR68 deletion did not alter the expression of these proton receptors, either at baseline or after ischemia. Lastly, we performed GeneVenn analysis of differential genes at baseline and post-tMCAO. Ischemia upregulated the expression of three hemoglobin genes, along with H2-Aa, Ppbp, Siglece, and Tagln, in WT but not in KO. Immunostaining showed that tMCAO-induced hemoglobin localized to neurons. Western blot analysis further showed that hemoglobin induction is GPR68-dependent. Together, these data suggest that GPR68 deletion at baseline disrupts chaperone functions and cellular signaling responses and imply a contribution of hemoglobin-mediated antioxidant mechanism to GPR68-dependent neuroprotection in ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guokun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Xiang-Ming Zha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
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Zhao M, Wang Z, Yang M, Ding Y, Zhao M, Wu H, Zhang Y, Lu Q. The Roles of Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Autoimmune Diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 60:220-243. [PMID: 33411320 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of plasma membrane receptors in nature and mediate the effects of a variety of extracellular signals, such as hormone, neurotransmitter, odor, and light signals. Due to their involvement in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes and their accessibility, GPCRs are widely used as pharmacological targets of treatment. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors (oGPCRs) are GPCRs for which no natural ligands have been found, and they not only play important roles in various physiological functions, such as sensory perception, reproduction, development, growth, metabolism, and responsiveness, but are also closely related to many major diseases, such as central nervous system (CNS) diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Recently, many studies have reported that oGPCRs play increasingly important roles as key factors in the occurrence and progression of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, oGPCRs are likely to become potential therapeutic targets and may provide a breakthrough in the study of autoimmune diseases. In this article, we focus on reviewing the recent research progress and clinical treatment effects of oGPCRs in three common autoimmune diseases: multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), shedding light on novel strategies for treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheyu Wang
- University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Maternal & Child Health Care Hospital Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Maternal & Child Health Care Hospital Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Hainan Province Dermatol Disease Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Rowe JB, Kapolka NJ, Taghon GJ, Morgan WM, Isom DG. The evolution and mechanism of GPCR proton sensing. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100167. [PMID: 33478938 PMCID: PMC7948426 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the 800 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in humans, only three (GPR4, GPR65, and GPR68) regulate signaling in acidified microenvironments by sensing protons (H+). How these receptors have uniquely obtained this ability is unknown. Here, we show these receptors evolved the capability to sense H+ signals by acquiring buried acidic residues. Using our informatics platform pHinder, we identified a triad of buried acidic residues shared by all three receptors, a feature distinct from all other human GPCRs. Phylogenetic analysis shows the triad emerged in GPR65, the immediate ancestor of GPR4 and GPR68. To understand the evolutionary and mechanistic importance of these triad residues, we developed deep variant profiling, a yeast-based technology that utilizes high-throughput CRISPR to build and profile large libraries of GPCR variants. Using deep variant profiling and GPCR assays in HEK293 cells, we assessed the pH-sensing contributions of each triad residue in all three receptors. As predicted by our calculations, most triad mutations had profound effects consistent with direct regulation of receptor pH sensing. In addition, we found that an allosteric modulator of many class A GPCRs, Na+, synergistically regulated pH sensing by maintaining the pKa values of triad residues within the physiologically relevant pH range. As such, we show that all three receptors function as coincidence detectors of H+ and Na+. Taken together, these findings elucidate the molecular evolution and long-sought mechanism of GPR4, GPR65, and GPR68 pH sensing and provide pH-insensitive variants that should be valuable for assessing the therapeutic potential and (patho)physiological importance of GPCR pH sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Rowe
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nicholas J Kapolka
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Geoffrey J Taghon
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - William M Morgan
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel G Isom
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; The Department of Tumor Biology, University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA; The Institute for Data Science Computing, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.
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14
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Wang T, Zhou G, He M, Xu Y, Rusyniak WG, Xu Y, Ji Y, Simon RP, Xiong ZG, Zha XM. GPR68 Is a Neuroprotective Proton Receptor in Brain Ischemia. Stroke 2020; 51:3690-3700. [PMID: 33059544 PMCID: PMC7678672 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.031479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Brain acidosis is prevalent in stroke and other neurological diseases. Acidosis can have paradoxical injurious and protective effects. The purpose of this study is to determine whether a proton receptor exists in neurons to counteract acidosis-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology (T.W., G.Z., M.H., Yuanyuan Xu, X.-m.Z.), University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Guokun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology (T.W., G.Z., M.H., Yuanyuan Xu, X.-m.Z.), University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile.,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai University, China (G.Z., Y.J.)
| | - Mindi He
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology (T.W., G.Z., M.H., Yuanyuan Xu, X.-m.Z.), University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology (T.W., G.Z., M.H., Yuanyuan Xu, X.-m.Z.), University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - W G Rusyniak
- Department of Neurosurgery (W.G.R.), University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Yan Xu)
| | - Yonghua Ji
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai University, China (G.Z., Y.J.)
| | - Roger P Simon
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (R.P.S., Z.-G.X.)
| | - Zhi-Gang Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (R.P.S., Z.-G.X.)
| | - Xiang-Ming Zha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology (T.W., G.Z., M.H., Yuanyuan Xu, X.-m.Z.), University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile
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15
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Xu Y, Lin MT, Zha XM. GPR68 deletion impairs hippocampal long-term potentiation and passive avoidance behavior. Mol Brain 2020; 13:132. [PMID: 32993733 PMCID: PMC7526169 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased neural activities reduced pH at the synaptic cleft and interstitial spaces. Recent studies have shown that protons function as a neurotransmitter. However, it remains unclear whether protons signal through a metabotropic receptor to regulate synaptic function. Here, we showed that GPR68, a proton-sensitive GPCR, exhibited wide expression in the hippocampus, with higher expression observed in CA3 pyramidal neurons and dentate granule cells. In organotypic hippocampal slice neurons, ectopically expressed GPR68-GFP was present in dendrites, dendritic spines, and axons. Recordings in hippocampal slices isolated from GPR68−/− mice showed a reduced fiber volley at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses, a reduced long-term potentiation (LTP), but unaltered paired-pulse ratio. In a step-through passive avoidance test, GPR68−/− mice exhibited reduced avoidance to the dark chamber. These findings showed that GPR68 contributes to hippocampal LTP and aversive fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, 5851 USA Dr. N, MSB3074, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Mike T Lin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, 5851 USA Dr. N, MSB3074, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Xiang-Ming Zha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, 5851 USA Dr. N, MSB3074, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
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16
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Imenez Silva PH, Katamesh-Benabbas C, Chan K, Pastor Arroyo EM, Knöpfel T, Bettoni C, Ludwig MG, Gasser JA, Brandao-Burch A, Arnett TR, Bonny O, Seuwen K, Wagner CA. The proton-activated ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1) is responsible for renal calcium loss during acidosis. Kidney Int 2020; 97:920-933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Brazier F, Jouffroy J, Martinez F, Nguyen-Khoa T, Anglicheau D, Legendre C, Neuraz A, Prié D, Bienaimé F. Association of blood bicarbonate and pH with mineral metabolism disturbance and outcome after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1063-1075. [PMID: 31680427 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), scarce evidence has associated low blood bicarbonate levels with mineral metabolic disturbance and reduced allograft survival. However, the contribution of the blood pH to these observations remains unassessed. Equally, little is known about the influence of the blood provenance (arteriovenous fistula vs peripheral vein) on bicarbonate values. We analyzed blood gas parameters in a single-center cohort of 1260 stable KTRs, 3 months after transplantation. Inspection of pO2 distribution allowed the unambiguous identification of the arterial (N = 914) or venous (N = 346) origin of the samples. In patients with arterial blood samples, 435 (46%) had bicarbonate levels below 22 mmol/L. Among them, 196 (40%) were acidemic (blood pH <7.38). In multivariate analysis, low arterial blood pH was associated with increased blood ionized calcium and phosphate and reduced fibroblast growth factor 23 and calcitriol, but not with outcome. In contrast, low bicarbonate concentration predicted allograft loss independently of measured glomerular filtration rate and other potential confounders (hazard ratio [HR] 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-2.80). In KTRs, reduced arterial blood bicarbonate levels predict outcome while acidemia is associated with altered mineral metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Brazier
- Paris University, Necker Research Institute, INSERM U1151, Paris, France.,Department of Physiology, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jordan Jouffroy
- Department of Medical Informatic, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frank Martinez
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thao Nguyen-Khoa
- Paris University, Necker Research Institute, INSERM U1151, Paris, France.,Department of Biochemistry, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dany Anglicheau
- Paris University, Necker Research Institute, INSERM U1151, Paris, France.,Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Legendre
- Paris University, Necker Research Institute, INSERM U1151, Paris, France.,Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Neuraz
- Paris University, Necker Research Institute, INSERM U1151, Paris, France.,Department of Medical Informatic, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Prié
- Paris University, Necker Research Institute, INSERM U1151, Paris, France.,Department of Physiology, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frank Bienaimé
- Paris University, Necker Research Institute, INSERM U1151, Paris, France.,Department of Physiology, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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18
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Glitsch MD. Helix 8 - Putting a spring in mechano-sensing. Cell Calcium 2020; 87:102192. [PMID: 32200169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maike D Glitsch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK.
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19
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Glitsch M. Mechano- and pH-sensing convergence on Ca 2+-mobilising proteins - A recipe for cancer? Cell Calcium 2019; 80:38-45. [PMID: 30952068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the (bio)chemical and physical microenvironment of cells accompany and often promote disease formation and progression. This is particularly well established for solid cancers, which are typically stiffer than the healthy tissue in which they arise, and often display profound acidification of their interstitial fluid. Cell surface receptors can sense changes in the mechanical and (bio)chemical properties of the surrounding extracellular matrix and fluid, and signalling through these receptors is thought to play a key role in disease development and advancement. This review will look at ion channels and G protein coupled receptors that are activated by mechanical cues and extracellular acidosis, and stimulation of which results in increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. Cellular Ca2+ levels are dysregulated in cancer as well as cancer-associated cells, and mechano- and proton-sensing proteins likely contribute to these aberrant intracellular Ca2+ signals, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Glitsch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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20
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An S. The emerging role of extracellular Ca
2+
in osteo/odontogenic differentiation and the involvement of intracellular Ca
2+
signaling: From osteoblastic cells to dental pulp cells and odontoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2169-2193. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng An
- Department of Operative Dentistry and EndodonticsGuanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
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21
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Metabolic regulation of synaptic activity. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:825-835. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Brain tissue is bioenergetically expensive. In humans, it composes approximately 2% of body weight and accounts for approximately 20% of calorie consumption. The brain consumes energy mostly for ion and neurotransmitter transport, a process that occurs primarily in synapses. Therefore, synapses are expensive for any living creature who has brain. In many brain diseases, synapses are damaged earlier than neurons start dying. Synapses may be considered as vulnerable sites on a neuron. Ischemic stroke, an acute disturbance of blood flow in the brain, is an example of a metabolic disease that affects synapses. The associated excessive glutamate release, called excitotoxicity, is involved in neuronal death in brain ischemia. Another example of a metabolic disease is hypoglycemia, a complication of diabetes mellitus, which leads to neuronal death and brain dysfunction. However, synapse function can be corrected with “bioenergetic medicine”. In this review, a ketogenic diet is discussed as a curative option. In support of a ketogenic diet, whereby carbohydrates are replaced for fats in daily meals, epileptic seizures can be terminated. In this review, we discuss possible metabolic sensors in synapses. These may include molecules that perceive changes in composition of extracellular space, for instance, ketone body and lactate receptors, or molecules reacting to changes in cytosol, for instance, KATP channels or AMP kinase. Inhibition of endocytosis is believed to be a universal synaptic mechanism of adaptation to metabolic changes.
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22
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Dubouskaya TG, Hrynevich SV, Waseem TV, Fedorovich SV. Calcium release from intracellular stores is involved in mitochondria depolarization after lowering extracellular pH in rat brain synaptosomes. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2018. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2018-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Extracellular acidification induces ROS- and mPTP-mediated death in HEK293 cells. Redox Biol 2017; 15:394-404. [PMID: 29331741 PMCID: PMC5767902 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular pH (pHe) is a key determinant of the cellular (micro)environment and needs to be maintained within strict boundaries to allow normal cell function. Here we used HEK293 cells to study the effects of pHe acidification (24 h), induced by mitochondrial inhibitors (rotenone, antimycin A) and/or extracellular HCl addition. Lowering pHe from 7.2 to 5.8 reduced cell viability by 70% and was paralleled by a decrease in cytosolic pH (pHc), hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ), increased levels of hydroethidine-oxidizing ROS and stimulation of protein carbonylation. Co-treatment with the antioxidant α-tocopherol, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) desensitizer cyclosporin A and Necrostatin-1, a combined inhibitor of Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), prevented acidification-induced cell death. In contrast, the caspase inhibitor zVAD.fmk and the ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1 were ineffective. We conclude that extracellular acidification induces necroptotic cell death in HEK293 cells and that the latter involves intracellular acidification, mitochondrial functional impairment, increased ROS levels, mPTP opening and protein carbonylation. These findings suggest that acidosis of the extracellular environment (as observed in mitochondrial disorders, ischemia, acute inflammation and cancer) can induce cell death via a ROS- and mPTP opening-mediated pathogenic mechanism. Extracellular acidification induces mitochondrial dysfunction. Extracellular acidification increases intracellular ROS levels. Extracellular acidification stimulates protein carbonylation. Extracellular acidification induces mPTP opening- and ROS-dependent cell death. Acidosis-induced oxidative stress likely contributes to various pathologies.
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24
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Wang J, Chi S, Huang Z, Ye X, Shi G, Chen D, Lou C. Comprehensive characterization of differentially expressed genes in thyroid cancer. Future Oncol 2017; 13:2159-2169. [PMID: 28984479 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the patterns of gene expression and functionally characterize the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in thyroid cancer. METHODS DEGs were determined between 57 paired thyroid cancer and noncancerous tissues using DESeq2. Subsequently, the main functions of the DEGs were studied by a variety of analyses. RESULTS We identified a cohort of 752 upregulated and 309 downregulated DEGs in thyroid cancer. Several hub DEGs were found in the protein-protein interaction networks. We also revealed a set of DEGs that were dysmethylated, involved in copy number variations and associated with clinical features in thyroid cancer. CONCLUSION These results provide some novel findings on DEGs in thyroid cancer, which will be useful to guide further investigation and target therapy for this disease. [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310016 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shumei Chi
- Department of Internal Neurology, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhongke Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310016 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310016 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guohua Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310016 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dongfang Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310016 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cen Lou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310016 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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25
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Wei W, Huang W, Lin Y, Becker EBE, Ansorge O, Flockerzi V, Conti D, Cenacchi G, Glitsch MD. Functional expression of calcium-permeable canonical transient receptor potential 4-containing channels promotes migration of medulloblastoma cells. J Physiol 2017; 595:5525-5544. [PMID: 28627017 PMCID: PMC5556167 DOI: 10.1113/jp274659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The proton sensing ovarian cancer G protein coupled receptor 1 (OGR1, aka GPR68) promotes expression of the canonical transient receptor potential channel subunit TRPC4 in normal and transformed cerebellar granule precursor (DAOY) cells. OGR1 and TRPC4 are prominently expressed in healthy cerebellar tissue throughout postnatal development and in primary cerebellar medulloblastoma tissues. Activation of TRPC4-containing channels in DAOY cells, but not non-transformed granule precursor cells, results in prominent increases in [Ca2+ ]i and promotes cell motility in wound healing and transwell migration assays. Medulloblastoma cells not arising from granule precursor cells show neither prominent rises in [Ca2+ ]i nor enhanced motility in response to TRPC4 activation unless they overexpressTRPC4. Our results suggest that OGR1 enhances expression of TRPC4-containing channels that contribute to enhanced invasion and metastasis of granule precursor-derived human medulloblastoma. ABSTRACT Aberrant intracellular Ca2+ signalling contributes to the formation and progression of a range of distinct pathologies including cancers. Rises in intracellular Ca2+ concentration occur in response to Ca2+ influx through plasma membrane channels and Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores, which can be mobilized in response to activation of cell surface receptors. Ovarian cancer G protein coupled receptor 1 (OGR1, aka GPR68) is a proton-sensing Gq -coupled receptor that is most highly expressed in cerebellum. Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common paediatric brain tumour that arises from cerebellar precursor cells. We found that nine distinct human MB samples all expressed OGR1. In both normal granule cells and the transformed human cerebellar granule cell line DAOY, OGR1 promoted expression of the proton-potentiated member of the canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channel family, TRPC4. Consistent with a role for TRPC4 in MB, we found that all MB samples also expressed TRPC4. In DAOY cells, activation of TRPC4-containing channels resulted in large Ca2+ influx and enhanced migration, while in normal cerebellar granule (precursor) cells and MB cells not derived from granule precursors, only small levels of Ca2+ influx and no enhanced migration were observed. Our results suggest that OGR1-dependent increases in TRPC4 expression may favour formation of highly Ca2+ -permeable TRPC4-containing channels that promote transformed granule cell migration. Increased motility of cancer cells is a prerequisite for cancer invasion and metastasis, and our findings may point towards a key role for TRPC4 in progression of certain types of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Chun Wei
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PTUK
| | - Wan‐Chen Huang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PTUK
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipei115Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Ping Lin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PTUK
| | - Esther B. E. Becker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PTUK
| | - Olaf Ansorge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 9DUUK
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologySaarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Daniele Conti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor ScienceUniversity of BolognaItaly
| | - Giovanna Cenacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor ScienceUniversity of BolognaItaly
| | - Maike D. Glitsch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PTUK
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26
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Koizume S, Miyagi Y. Potential Coagulation Factor-Driven Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Ovarian Cancer Tissues Associated with Insufficient O₂ and Plasma Supply. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040809. [PMID: 28417928 PMCID: PMC5412393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is a cell surface receptor for coagulation factor VII (fVII). The TF-activated fVII (fVIIa) complex is an essential initiator of the extrinsic blood coagulation process. Interactions between cancer cells and immune cells via coagulation factors and adhesion molecules can promote progression of cancer, including epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). This process is not necessarily advantageous, as tumor tissues generally undergo hypoxia due to aberrant vasculature, followed by reduced access to plasma components such as coagulation factors. However, hypoxia can activate TF expression. Expression of fVII, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines can be synergistically induced in EOC cells in response to hypoxia along with serum deprivation. Thus, pro-inflammatory responses associated with the TF-fVIIa-ICAM-1 interaction are expected within hypoxic tissues. Tumor tissue consists of multiple components such as stromal cells, interstitial fluid, albumin, and other micro-factors such as proton and metal ions. These factors, together with metabolism reprogramming in response to hypoxia and followed by functional modification of TF, may contribute to coagulation factor-driven inflammatory responses in EOC tissues. The aim of this review was to describe potential coagulation factor-driven inflammatory responses in hypoxic EOC tissues. Arguments were extended to clinical issues targeting this characteristic tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Koizume
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan.
| | - Yohei Miyagi
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, 2-3-2 Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan.
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From Stores to Sinks: Structural Mechanisms of Cytosolic Calcium Regulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 981:215-251. [PMID: 29594864 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55858-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
All eukaryotic cells have adapted the use of the calcium ion (Ca2+) as a universal signaling element through the evolution of a toolkit of Ca2+ sensor, buffer and effector proteins. Among these toolkit components, integral and peripheral proteins decorate biomembranes and coordinate the movement of Ca2+ between compartments, sense these concentration changes and elicit physiological signals. These changes in compartmentalized Ca2+ levels are not mutually exclusive as signals propagate between compartments. For example, agonist induced surface receptor stimulation can lead to transient increases in cytosolic Ca2+ sourced from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores; the decrease in ER luminal Ca2+ can subsequently signal the opening surface channels which permit the movement of Ca2+ from the extracellular space to the cytosol. Remarkably, the minuscule compartments of mitochondria can function as significant cytosolic Ca2+ sinks by taking up Ca2+ in a coordinated manner. In non-excitable cells, inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) on the ER respond to surface receptor stimulation; stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) sense the ER luminal Ca2+ depletion and activate surface Orai1 channels; surface Orai1 channels selectively permit the movement of Ca2+ from the extracellular space to the cytosol; uptake of Ca2+ into the matrix through the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) further shapes the cytosolic Ca2+ levels. Recent structural elucidations of these key Ca2+ toolkit components have improved our understanding of how they function to orchestrate precise cytosolic Ca2+ levels for specific physiological responses. This chapter reviews the atomic-resolution structures of IP3R, STIM1, Orai1 and MCU elucidated by X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy and NMR and discusses the mechanisms underlying their biological functions in their respective compartments within the cell.
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Tharmalingam S, Hampson DR. The Calcium-Sensing Receptor and Integrins in Cellular Differentiation and Migration. Front Physiol 2016; 7:190. [PMID: 27303307 PMCID: PMC4880553 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a widely expressed homodimeric G-protein coupled receptor structurally related to the metabotropic glutamate receptors and GPRC6A. In addition to its well characterized role in maintaining calcium homeostasis and regulating parathyroid hormone release, evidence has accumulated linking the CaSR with cellular differentiation and migration, brain development, stem cell engraftment, wound healing, and tumor growth and metastasis. Elevated expression of the CaSR in aggressive metastatic tumors has been suggested as a potential novel prognostic marker for predicting metastasis, especially to bone tissue where extracellular calcium concentrations may be sufficiently high to activate the receptor. Recent evidence supports a model whereby CaSR-mediated activation of integrins promotes cellular migration. Integrins are single transmembrane spanning heterodimeric adhesion receptors that mediate cell migration by binding to extracellular matrix proteins. The CaSR has been shown to form signaling complexes with the integrins to facilitate both the movement and differentiation of cells, such as neurons during normal brain development and tumor cells under pathological circumstances. Thus, CaSR/integrin complexes may function as a universal cell migration or homing complex. Manipulation of this complex may be of potential interest for treating metastatic cancers, and for developmental disorders pertaining to aberrant neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R Hampson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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D’Souza CA, Zhao FL, Li X, Xu Y, Dunn SE, Zhang L. OGR1/GPR68 Modulates the Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Regulates Nitric Oxide Production by Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148439. [PMID: 26828924 PMCID: PMC4735495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1) is a proton-sensing molecule that can detect decreases in extracellular pH that occur during inflammation. Although OGR1 has been shown to have pro-inflammatory functions in various diseases, its role in autoimmunity has not been examined. We therefore sought to determine whether OGR1 has a role in the development of T cell autoimmunity by contrasting the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis between wild type and OGR1-knockout mice. OGR1-knockout mice showed a drastically attenuated clinical course of disease that was associated with a profound reduction in the expansion of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55-reactive T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells in the periphery and a reduced accumulation of Th1 and Th17 effectors in the central nervous system. We determined that these impaired T cell responses in OGR1-knockout mice associated with a reduced frequency and number of dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes during EAE and a higher production of nitric oxide by macrophages. Our studies suggest that OGR1 plays a key role in regulating T cell responses during autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A. D’Souza
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fei Linda Zhao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xujian Li
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shannon E. Dunn
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women’s College Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (LZ); (SED)
| | - Li Zhang
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (LZ); (SED)
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