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Kang H, Kim J, Park CH, Jeong B, So I. Direct modulation of TRPC ion channels by Gα proteins. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1362987. [PMID: 38384797 PMCID: PMC10880550 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1362987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
GPCR-Gi protein pathways are involved in the regulation of vagus muscarinic pathway under physiological conditions and are closely associated with the regulation of internal visceral organs. The muscarinic receptor-operated cationic channel is important in GPCR-Gi protein signal transduction as it decreases heart rate and increases GI rhythm frequency. In the SA node of the heart, acetylcholine binds to the M2 receptor and the released Gβγ activates GIRK (I(K,ACh)) channel, inducing a negative chronotropic action. In gastric smooth muscle, there are two muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes, M2 and M3. M2 receptor activates the muscarinic receptor-operated nonselective cationic current (mIcat, NSCC(ACh)) and induces positive chronotropic effect. Meanwhile, M3 receptor induces hydrolysis of PIP2 and releases DAG and IP3. This IP3 increases intracellular Ca2+ and then leads to contraction of GI smooth muscles. The activation of mIcat is inhibited by anti-Gi/o protein antibodies in GI smooth muscle, indicating the involvement of Gαi/o protein in the activation of mIcat. TRPC4 channel is a molecular candidate for mIcat and can be directly activated by constitutively active Gαi QL proteins. TRPC4 and TRPC5 belong to the same subfamily and both are activated by Gi/o proteins. Initial studies suggested that the binding sites for G protein exist at the rib helix or the CIRB domain of TRPC4/5 channels. However, recent cryo-EM structure showed that IYY58-60 amino acids at ARD of TRPC5 binds with Gi3 protein. Considering the expression of TRPC4/5 in the brain, the direct G protein activation on TRPC4/5 is important in terms of neurophysiology. TRPC4/5 channels are also suggested as a coincidence detector for Gi and Gq pathway as Gq pathway increases intracellular Ca2+ and the increased Ca2+ facilitates the activation of TRPC4/5 channels. More complicated situation would occur when GIRK, KCNQ2/3 (IM) and TRPC4/5 channels are co-activated by stimulation of muscarinic receptors at the acetylcholine-releasing nerve terminals. This review highlights the effects of GPCR-Gi protein pathway, including dopamine, μ-opioid, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, on various oragns, and it emphasizes the importance of considering TRPC4/5 channels as crucial players in the field of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kang
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christine Haewon Park
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Byeongseok Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zholos AV, Melnyk MI, Dryn DO. Molecular mechanisms of cholinergic neurotransmission in visceral smooth muscles with a focus on receptor-operated TRPC4 channel and impairment of gastrointestinal motility by general anaesthetics and anxiolytics. Neuropharmacology 2024; 242:109776. [PMID: 37913983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in visceral smooth muscles, wherein it binds to and activates two muscarinic receptors subtypes, M2 and M3, thus causing smooth muscle excitation and contraction. The first part of this review focuses on the types of cells involved in cholinergic neurotransmission and on the molecular mechanisms underlying acetylcholine-induced membrane depolarisation, which is the central event of excitation-contraction coupling causing Ca2+ entry via L-type Ca2+ channels and smooth muscle contraction. Studies of the muscarinic cation current in intestinal myocytes (mICAT) revealed its main molecular counterpart, receptor-operated TRPC4 channel, which is activated in synergy by both M2 and M3 receptors. M3 receptors activation is of permissive nature, while activation of M2 receptors via Gi/o proteins that are coupled to them plays a direct role in TRPC4 opening. Our understanding of signalling pathways underlying mICAT generation has vastly expanded in recent years through studies of TRPC4 gating in native cells and its regulation in heterologous cells. Recent studies using muscarinic receptor knockout have established that at low agonist concentration activation of both M2 receptor and the M2/M3 receptor complex elicits smooth muscle contraction, while at high agonist concentration M3 receptor function becomes dominant. Based on this knowledge, in the second part of this review we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the numerous anticholinergic effects on neuroactive drugs, in particular general anaesthetics and anxiolytics, which can significantly impair gastrointestinal motility. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Ukrainian Neuroscience".
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Zholos
- Educational and Scientific Centre "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Mariia I Melnyk
- Educational and Scientific Centre "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine; A.A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dariia O Dryn
- A.A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Gupta V, Ben-Mahmoud A, Ku B, Velayutham D, Jan Z, Yousef Aden A, Kubbar A, Alshaban F, Stanton LW, Jithesh PV, Layman LC, Kim HG. Identification of two novel autism genes, TRPC4 and SCFD2, in Qatar simplex families through exome sequencing. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1251884. [PMID: 38025430 PMCID: PMC10644705 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1251884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the genetic underpinnings of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in a Middle Eastern cohort in Qatar using exome sequencing. The study identified six candidate autism genes in independent simplex families, including both four known and two novel autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive genes associated with ASD. The variants consisted primarily of de novo and homozygous missense and splice variants. Multiple individuals displayed more than one candidate variant, suggesting the potential involvement of digenic or oligogenic models. These variants were absent in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) and exhibited extremely low frequencies in the local control population dataset. Two novel autism genes, TRPC4 and SCFD2, were discovered in two Qatari autism individuals. Furthermore, the D651A substitution in CLCN3 and the splice acceptor variant in DHX30 were identified as likely deleterious mutations. Protein modeling was utilized to evaluate the potential impact of three missense variants in DEAF1, CLCN3, and SCFD2 on their respective structures and functions, which strongly supported the pathogenic natures of these variants. The presence of multiple de novo mutations across trios underscored the significant contribution of de novo mutations to the genetic etiology of ASD. Functional assays and further investigations are necessary to confirm the pathogenicity of the identified genes and determine their significance in ASD. Overall, this study sheds light on the genetic factors underlying ASD in Qatar and highlights the importance of considering diverse populations in ASD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Gupta
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Afif Ben-Mahmoud
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh Velayutham
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Zainab Jan
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdi Yousef Aden
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmad Kubbar
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Fouad Alshaban
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Lawrence W. Stanton
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Puthen Veettil Jithesh
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Lawrence C. Layman
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility and Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
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Singh A, Mishra A, Meena A, Mishra N, Luqman S. Exploration of selected monoterpenes as potential TRPC channel family modulator in lung cancer, an in-silico upshot. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37526232 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2241900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is still the most frequent cause of cancer-related death, accounting for nearly two million cases yearly. As cancer is a multifactorial disease, developing novel molecular therapeutics that can simultaneously target multiple associated cellular processes has become necessary. Ion channels are diverse regulators of cancer-related processes such as abnormal proliferation, invasion, migration, tumor progression, inhibition of apoptosis, and chemoresistance. Among the various families of ion channels, the transient receptor potential canonical channel family steps out in the context of lung cancer, as several members have been postulated as prognostic markers for lung cancer. Phytochemicals have been found to have health benefits in the treatment of a variety of diseases and disorders. Among phytochemicals, monoterpenes are effective in treating both the early and late stages of cancer. The molecular docking interaction analysis was conducted to evaluate the binding potential of selected monoterpenes with TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5, and TRPC6 involved in different phases of carcinogenesis. Amongst the selected monoterpenes, thymoquinone exhibited the highest binding energy of -6.7 kcal/mol against the TRPC4 channel, and all amino acid binding residues were similar to those of the known inhibitor for TRPC4. In addition, molecular-dynamic simulation results parameters, such as RMSD, RMSF, and Rg, indicated that thymoquinone did not impact the protein compactness and exhibited stability during the interaction. The average interaction energy between thymoquinone and TRPC4 protein was -26.85 kJ/mol. In-silico Drug-likeness and ADMET profiling indicated that thymoquinone is a druggable candidate with minimal toxicity. We propose further investigation and evaluation of thymoquinone for lead optimization and drug development.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Singh
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anamika Mishra
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abha Meena
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suaib Luqman
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Park CH, Kim J, Lee JE, Kwak M, So I. Pore residues of transient receptor potential channels canonical 1 and 4 heteromer determine channel properties. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C42-C51. [PMID: 37212545 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00488.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential channels canonical 1 and 4 (TRPC1 and TRPC4) are proteins belonging to the same TRPC channel family, and the two are known to form a heterotetrameric channel. TRPC4 can form a homotetrameric, nonselective cation channel by itself, but the involvement of the TRPC1 subunit changes several major characteristics of the channel. In this study, we focused on the pore region (selectivity filter, pore helix, and S6 helix) of TRPC1 and TRPC4 as a determinant of the identity and characteristics of a heteromeric TRPC1/4 channel: decreased calcium permeability of the channel and outward-rectifying current-voltage (I-V) curve. Mutants and chimeras of the pore residues were created, and their currents were recorded using whole cell patch clamp. The lower gate mutants of TRPC4 exhibited diminished calcium permeability as measured by GCaMP6 fluorescence. Also, chimeric channels substituting the pore region of TRPC1 to TRPC4 were made to locate the pore region that is critical in the production of an outward-rectifying I-V curve characteristic of TRPC1/4 heteromeric channels.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Heteromer research has been a challenging field due to lack of structural studies. Using chimeras and single mutants, we present evidence that the pore region of TRPC1/4 heteromer contributes to determining the channel's characteristics such as calcium permeability, I-V curve, and conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Haewon Park
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinsung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Misun Kwak
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Jeong B, Song YP, Chung JY, Park KC, Kim JH, So I, Hong C. Low concentrations of tricyclic antidepressants stimulate TRPC4 channel activity by acting as an opioid receptor ligand. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37154492 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00535.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally prescribed for mood disorders, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have shown promising therapeutic effects on chronic neuralgia and irritable bowel syndrome. However, the mechanism by which these atypical effects manifest is unclear. Among the proposed mechanisms is the well-known pain-related inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (GiPCR), namely, the opioid receptor (OR). Here, we confirmed that TCA indeed stimulates OR and regulates the gating of TRPC4, a downstream signaling of the Gi-pathway. In an ELISA to quantify the amount of intracellular cAMP, a downstream product of OR/Gi-pathway, treatment with amitriptyline (AMI) showed a decrease in [cAMP]i similar to that of the μOR agonist. Next, we explored the binding site of TCA by modeling the previously revealed ligand-bound structure of μOR. A conserved aspartate residue of ORs was predicted to participate in salt bridge interaction with the amine group of TCAs, and in aspartate-to-arginine mutation, AMI did not decrease the FRET-based binding efficiency between the ORs and Gαi2. As an alternative way to monitor the downstream signaling of Gi-pathway, we evaluated the functional activity of TRPC4 channel, as it is well known to be activated by Gαi. TCAs increased the TRPC4 current through ORs, and TCA-evoked TRPC4 activation was abolished by an inhibitor of Gαi2 or its dominant-negative mutant. As expected, TCA-evoked activation of TRPC4 was not observed in the aspartate mutants of OR. Taken together, OR could be proclaimed as a promising target among numerous binding partners of TCA, and TCA-evoked TRPC4 activation may help to explain the nonopioid analgesic effect of TCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongseok Jeong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University College of Medicine, Kwangju, South Korea
| | - Young Pyo Song
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University College of Medicine, Kwangju, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Chung
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University College of Medicine, Kwangju, South Korea
| | - Ki Chul Park
- OZIWORX. R&D Laboratory, 130-2, Donghwagongdan-ro, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Jin Hyeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chansik Hong
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University College of Medicine, Kwangju, South Korea
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Cohen CF, Roh J, Lee SH, Park CK, Berta T. Targeting Nociceptive Neurons and Transient Receptor Potential Channels for the Treatment of Migraine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097897. [PMID: 37175602 PMCID: PMC10177956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a neurovascular disorder that affects approximately 12% of the global population. While its exact causes are still being studied, researchers believe that nociceptive neurons in the trigeminal ganglia play a key role in the pain signals of migraine. These nociceptive neurons innervate the intracranial meninges and convey pain signals from the meninges to the thalamus. Targeting nociceptive neurons is considered promising due to their accessibility and distinct molecular profile, which includes the expression of several transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. These channels have been linked to various pain conditions, including migraine. This review discusses the role and mechanisms of nociceptive neurons in migraine, the challenges of current anti-migraine drugs, and the evidence for well-studied and emerging TRP channels, particularly TRPC4, as novel targets for migraine prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinder Faith Cohen
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jueun Roh
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Department of Physiology, Gachon Pain Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, Gachon Pain Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Temugin Berta
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
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Saber Marouf B, Reboreda A, Theissen F, Kaushik R, Sauvage M, Dityatev A, Yoshida M. TRPC4 Channel Knockdown in the Hippocampal CA1 Region Impairs Modulation of Beta Oscillations in Novel Context. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:biology12040629. [PMID: 37106829 PMCID: PMC10135742 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal local field potentials (LFP) are highly related to behavior and memory functions. It has been shown that beta band LFP oscillations are correlated with contextual novelty and mnemonic performance. Evidence suggests that changes in neuromodulators, such as acetylcholine and dopamine, during exploration in a novel environment underlie changes in LFP. However, potential downstream mechanisms through which neuromodulators may alter the beta band oscillation in vivo remain to be fully understood. In this paper, we study the role of the membrane cationic channel TRPC4, which is modulated by various neuromodulators through G-protein-coupled receptors, by combining shRNA-mediated TRPC4 knockdown (KD) with LFP measurements in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in behaving mice. We demonstrate that the increased beta oscillation power seen in the control group mice in a novel environment is absent in the TRPC4 KD group. A similar loss of modulation was also seen in the low-gamma band oscillations in the TRPC4 KD group. These results demonstrate that TRPC4 channels are involved in the novelty-induced modulation of beta and low-gamma oscillations in the CA1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Saber Marouf
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- FAM Department, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Reboreda
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- FAM Department, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frederik Theissen
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- FAM Department, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rahul Kaushik
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Sauvage
- FAM Department, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University (OvGU), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University (OvGU), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Motoharu Yoshida
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- FAM Department, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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Moccia F, Brunetti V, Perna A, Guerra G, Soda T, Berra-Romani R. The Molecular Heterogeneity of Store-Operated Ca(2+) Entry in Vascular Endothelial Cells: The Different roles of Orai1 and TRPC1/ TRPC4 Channels in the Transition from Ca(2+)-Selective to Non-Selective Cation Currents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36834672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is activated in response to the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3)-dependent depletion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ store and represents a ubiquitous mode of Ca2+ influx. In vascular endothelial cells, SOCE regulates a plethora of functions that maintain cardiovascular homeostasis, such as angiogenesis, vascular tone, vascular permeability, platelet aggregation, and monocyte adhesion. The molecular mechanisms responsible for SOCE activation in vascular endothelial cells have engendered a long-lasting controversy. Traditionally, it has been assumed that the endothelial SOCE is mediated by two distinct ion channel signalplexes, i.e., STIM1/Orai1 and STIM1/Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 1(TRPC1)/TRPC4. However, recent evidence has shown that Orai1 can assemble with TRPC1 and TRPC4 to form a non-selective cation channel with intermediate electrophysiological features. Herein, we aim at bringing order to the distinct mechanisms that mediate endothelial SOCE in the vascular tree from multiple species (e.g., human, mouse, rat, and bovine). We propose that three distinct currents can mediate SOCE in vascular endothelial cells: (1) the Ca2+-selective Ca2+-release activated Ca2+ current (ICRAC), which is mediated by STIM1 and Orai1; (2) the store-operated non-selective current (ISOC), which is mediated by STIM1, TRPC1, and TRPC4; and (3) the moderately Ca2+-selective, ICRAC-like current, which is mediated by STIM1, TRPC1, TRPC4, and Orai1.
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Zhou Q, Fu X, Xu J, Dong S, Liu C, Cheng D, Gao C, Huang M, Liu Z, Ni X, Hua R, Tu H, Sun H, Shen Q, Chen B, Zhang J, Zhang L, Yang H, Hu J, Yang W, Pei W, Yao Q, Sheng X, Zhang J, Yang WZ, Shen WL. Hypothalamic warm-sensitive neurons require TRPC4 channel for detecting internal warmth and regulating body temperature in mice. Neuron 2023; 111:387-404.e8. [PMID: 36476978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Precise monitoring of internal temperature is vital for thermal homeostasis in mammals. For decades, warm-sensitive neurons (WSNs) within the preoptic area (POA) were thought to sense internal warmth, using this information as feedback to regulate body temperature (Tcore). However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which WSNs measure temperature remain largely undefined. Via a pilot genetic screen, we found that silencing the TRPC4 channel in mice substantially attenuated hypothermia induced by light-mediated heating of the POA. Loss-of-function studies of TRPC4 confirmed its role in warm sensing in GABAergic WSNs, causing additional defects in basal temperature setting, warm defense, and fever responses. Furthermore, TRPC4 antagonists and agonists bidirectionally regulated Tcore. Thus, our data indicate that TRPC4 is essential for sensing internal warmth and that TRPC4-expressing GABAergic WSNs function as a novel cellular sensor for preventing Tcore from exceeding set-point temperatures. TRPC4 may represent a potential therapeutic target for managing Tcore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Fu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Xu
- Thermoregulation and Inflammation Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Shiming Dong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Changhao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dali Cheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cuicui Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minhua Huang
- Department of Biophysics, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiduo Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinyan Ni
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Rong Hua
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongqing Tu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qiwei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Baoting Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liye Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Biophysics, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weihua Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiyuan Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Thermoregulation and Inflammation Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China.
| | - Wen Z Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Wei L Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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11
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Kurz B, Michael HP, Förch A, Wallner S, Zeman F, Decking SM, Ugele I, Hintschich C, Haubner F, Ettl T, Renner K, Brochhausen C, Schreml S. Expression of pH-Sensitive TRPC4 in Common Skin Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021037. [PMID: 36674553 PMCID: PMC9862651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPCs (transient receptor potential classical or cation channels) play a crucial role in tumor biology, especially in the Ca2+ homeostasis in cancer cells. TRPC4 is a pH-sensitive member of this family of proteins. As solid tumors exhibit an inversed pH-gradient with lowered extracellular and increased intracellular pH, both contributing to tumor progression, TRPC4 might be a signaling molecule in the altered tumor microenvironment. This is the first study to investigate the expression profiles of TRPC4 in common skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), malignant melanoma (MM) and nevus cell nevi (NCN). We found that all SCCs, NCNs, and MMs show positive TRPC4-expression, while BCCs do only in about half of the analyzed samples. These data render TRPC4 an immunohistochemical marker to distinguish SCC and BCC, and this also gives rise to future studies investigating the role of TRPC4 in tumor progression, and especially metastasis as BCCs very rarely spread and are mostly negative for TRPC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Kurz
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Philine Michael
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Förch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Wallner
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Zeman
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sonja-Maria Decking
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ines Ugele
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Hintschich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank Haubner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Ettl
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Renner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Brochhausen
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Schreml
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Amores-Bonet L, Kleene R, Theis T, Schachner M. Interactions between the Polysialylated Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule and the Transient Receptor Potential Canonical Channels 1, 4, and 5 Induce Entry of Ca 2+ into Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10027. [PMID: 36077460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) plays important functional roles in the developing and mature nervous systems. Here, we show that the transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) ion channels TRPC1, -4, and -5 not only interact with the intracellular domains of the transmembrane isoforms NCAM140 and NCAM180, but also with the glycan polysialic acid (PSA) covalently attached to the NCAM protein backbone. NCAM antibody treatment leads to the opening of TRPC1, -4, and -5 hetero- or homomers at the plasma membrane and to the influx of Ca2+ into cultured cortical neurons and CHO cells expressing NCAM, PSA, and TRPC1 and -4 or TRPC1 and -5. NCAM-stimulated Ca2+ entry was blocked by the TRPC inhibitor Pico145 or the bacterial PSA homolog colominic acid. NCAM-stimulated Ca2+ influx was detectable neither in NCAM-deficient cortical neurons nor in TRPC1/4- or TRPC1/5-expressing CHO cells that express NCAM, but not PSA. NCAM-induced neurite outgrowth was reduced by TRPC inhibitors and a function-blocking TRPC1 antibody. A characteristic signaling feature was that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation was also reduced by TRPC inhibitors. Our findings indicate that the interaction of NCAM with TRPC1, -4, and -5 contributes to the NCAM-stimulated and PSA-dependent Ca2+ entry into neurons thereby influencing essential neural functions.
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13
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Jeong B, Sung TS, Jeon D, Park KJ, Jun JY, So I, Hong C. Inhibition of TRPC4 channel activity in colonic myocytes by tricyclic antidepressants disrupts colonic motility causing constipation. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4911-4923. [PMID: 35560982 PMCID: PMC9549500 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have been used to treat depression and were recently approved for treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients with severe or refractory IBS symptoms. However, the molecular mechanism of TCA action in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract remains poorly understood. Transient receptor potential channel canonical type 4 (TRPC4), which is a Ca2+‐permeable nonselective cation channel, is a critical regulator of GI excitability. Herein, we investigated whether TCA modulates TRPC4 channel activity and which mechanism in colonic myocytes consequently causes constipation. To prove the clinical benefit in patients with diarrhoea caused by TCA treatment, we performed mechanical tension recording of repetitive motor pattern (RMP) in segment, electric field stimulation (EFS)‐induced and spontaneous contractions in isolated muscle strips. From these recordings, we observed that all TCA compounds significantly inhibited contractions of colonic motility in human. To determine the contribution of TRPC4 to colonic motility, we measured the electrical activity of heterologous or endogenous TRPC4 by TCAs using the patch clamp technique in HEK293 cells and murine colonic myocytes. In TRPC4‐overexpressed HEK cells, we observed TCA‐evoked direct inhibition of TRPC4. Compared with TRPC4‐knockout mice, we identified that muscarinic cationic current (mIcat) was suppressed through TRPC4 inhibition by TCA in isolated murine colonic myocytes. Collectively, we suggest that TCA action is responsible for the inhibition of TRPC4 channels in colonic myocytes, ultimately causing constipation. These findings provide clinical insights into abnormal intestinal motility and medical interventions aimed at IBS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongseok Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Tae Sik Sung
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongju Jeon
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kyu Joo Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Yeoul Jun
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chansik Hong
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
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14
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Cohen CF, Prudente AS, Berta T, Lee SH. Transient Receptor Potential Channel 4 Small-Molecule Inhibition Alleviates Migraine-Like Behavior in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:765181. [PMID: 34790097 PMCID: PMC8591066 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.765181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a common neurological disorder with few available treatment options. Recently, we have demonstrated the role of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily C member 4 (TRPC4) in itch and the modulation of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a biomarker and emerging therapeutic target for migraine. In this study, we characterized the role of TRPC4 in pain and evaluated its inhibition as anti-migraine pain therapy in preclinical mouse models. First, we found that TRPC4 is highly expressed in trigeminal ganglia and its activation not only mediates itch but also pain. Second, we demonstrated that the small-molecule inhibitor ML204, a specific TRPC4 antagonist, significantly reduced episodic and chronic migraine-like behaviors in male and female mice after injection of nitroglycerin (NTG), a well-known migraine inducer in rodents and humans. Third, we found a significant decrease in CGRP protein levels in the plasma of both male and female mice treated with ML-204, which largely prevented the development of chronic migraine-like behavior. Using sensory neuron cultures, we confirmed that activation of TRPC4 elicited release of CGRP, which was significantly diminished by ML-204. Collectively, our findings identify TRPC4 in peripheral sensory neurons as a mediator of CGRP release and NTG-evoked migraine. Since a TRPC4 antagonist is already in clinical trials, we expect that this study will rapidly lead to novel and effective clinical treatments for migraineurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinder Faith Cohen
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Arthur Silveira Prudente
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Temugin Berta
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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15
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de Sousa Valente J, Alawi KM, Bharde S, Zarban AA, Kodji X, Thapa D, Argunhan F, Barrett B, Nagy I, Brain SD. (-)-Englerin-A Has Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects Independent of TRPC4 and 5. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6380. [PMID: 34203675 PMCID: PMC8232259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we found that the deletion of TRPC5 leads to increased inflammation and pain-related behaviour in two animal models of arthritis. (-)-Englerin A (EA), an extract from the East African plant Phyllanthus engleri has been identified as a TRPC4/5 agonist. Here, we studied whether or not EA has any anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties via TRPC4/5 in the carrageenan model of inflammation. We found that EA treatment in CD1 mice inhibited thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, EA significantly reduced the volume of carrageenan-induced paw oedema and the mass of the treated paws. Additionally, in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons cultured from WT 129S1/SvIm mice, EA induced a dose-dependent cobalt uptake that was surprisingly preserved in cultured DRG neurons from 129S1/SvIm TRPC5 KO mice. Likewise, EA-induced anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects were preserved in the carrageenan model in animals lacking TRPC5 expression or in mice treated with TRPC4/5 antagonist ML204.This study demonstrates that while EA activates a sub-population of DRG neurons, it induces a novel TRPC4/5-independent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. Future studies are needed to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying EA's anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- João de Sousa Valente
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK; (K.M.A.); (S.B.); (A.A.Z.); (X.K.); (D.T.); (F.A.); (B.B.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Khadija M Alawi
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK; (K.M.A.); (S.B.); (A.A.Z.); (X.K.); (D.T.); (F.A.); (B.B.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Sabah Bharde
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK; (K.M.A.); (S.B.); (A.A.Z.); (X.K.); (D.T.); (F.A.); (B.B.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Ali A. Zarban
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK; (K.M.A.); (S.B.); (A.A.Z.); (X.K.); (D.T.); (F.A.); (B.B.); (S.D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xenia Kodji
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK; (K.M.A.); (S.B.); (A.A.Z.); (X.K.); (D.T.); (F.A.); (B.B.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Dibesh Thapa
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK; (K.M.A.); (S.B.); (A.A.Z.); (X.K.); (D.T.); (F.A.); (B.B.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Fulye Argunhan
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK; (K.M.A.); (S.B.); (A.A.Z.); (X.K.); (D.T.); (F.A.); (B.B.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Brentton Barrett
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK; (K.M.A.); (S.B.); (A.A.Z.); (X.K.); (D.T.); (F.A.); (B.B.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Istvan Nagy
- Nociception Group, Section of Anaesthetic, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Susan D. Brain
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK; (K.M.A.); (S.B.); (A.A.Z.); (X.K.); (D.T.); (F.A.); (B.B.); (S.D.B.)
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16
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Zhang J, Li Z. TRPC4 ion channel regulations by small-molecular inhibitors and calmodulin. Cell Calcium 2021; 95:102361. [PMID: 33578200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
TRPC4 ion channel was reported to be regulated by small molecular inhibitors and calmodulin. We discuss these findings in the context of other members of TRPC subfamily modulated by different stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Zhang
- Pathology Unit, 363 Hospital, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zongli Li
- Harvard Cryo-EM Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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17
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Chen W, Shen Z, Asteriti S, Chen Z, Ye F, Sun Z, Wan J, Montell C, Hardie RC, Liu W, Zhang M. Calmodulin binds to Drosophila TRP with an unexpected mode. Structure 2020; 29:330-344.e4. [PMID: 33326749 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila TRP is a calcium-permeable cation channel essential for fly visual signal transduction. During phototransduction, Ca2+ mediates both positive and negative feedback regulation on TRP channel activity, possibly via binding to calmodulin (CaM). However, the molecular mechanism underlying Ca2+ modulated CaM/TRP interaction is poorly understood. Here, we discover an unexpected, Ca2+-dependent binding mode between CaM and TRP. The TRP tail contains two CaM binding sites (CBS1 and CBS2) separated by an ∼70-residue linker. CBS1 binds to the CaM N-lobe and CBS2 recognizes the CaM C-lobe. Structural studies reveal the lobe-specific binding of CaM to CBS1&2. Mutations introduced in both CBS1 and CBS2 eliminated CaM binding in full-length TRP, but surprisingly had no effect on the response to light under physiological conditions, suggesting alternative mechanisms governing Ca2+-mediated feedback on the channel activity. Finally, we discover that TRPC4, the closest mammalian paralog of Drosophila TRP, adopts a similar CaM binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China; Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zeyu Shen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sabrina Asteriti
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Zijing Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Fei Ye
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ziling Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China; Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China; Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Craig Montell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Roger C Hardie
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China.
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China; Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China; Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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18
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Harada K, Matsuoka H, Inoue M. STIM1-dependent membrane insertion of heteromeric TRPC1- TRPC4 channels in response to muscarinic receptor stimulation. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.227389. [PMID: 31036675 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.227389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic receptor stimulation results in activation of nonselective cation (NSC) channels in guinea pig adrenal medullary (AM) cells. The biophysical and pharmacological properties of the NSC channel suggest the involvement of heteromeric channels of TRPC1 with TRPC4 or TRPC5. This possibility was explored in PC12 cells and guinea pig AM cells. Proximity ligation assay (PLA) revealed that when exogenously expressed in PC12 cells, TRPC1 forms a heteromeric channel with TRPC4, but not with TRPC5, in a STIM1-dependent manner. The heteromeric TRPC1-TRPC4 channel was also observed in AM cells and trafficked to the cell periphery in response to muscarine stimulation. To explore whether heteromeric channels are inserted into the cell membrane, tags were attached to the extracellular domains of TRPC1 and TRPC4. PLA products developed between the tags in cells stimulated by muscarine, but not in resting cells, indicating that muscarinic stimulation results in the membrane insertion of channels. This membrane insertion required expression of full-length STIM1. We conclude that muscarinic receptor stimulation results in the insertion of heteromeric TRPC1-TRPC4 channels into the cell membrane in PC12 cells and guinea pig AM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Harada
- Department of Cell and Systems Physiology University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hidetada Matsuoka
- Department of Cell and Systems Physiology University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Masumi Inoue
- Department of Cell and Systems Physiology University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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19
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Mederos Y Schnitzler M, Gudermann T, Storch U. Emerging Roles of Diacylglycerol-Sensitive TRPC4/5 Channels. Cells 2018; 7:E218. [PMID: 30463370 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential classical or canonical 4 (TRPC4) and TRPC5 channels are members of the classical or canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channel family of non-selective cation channels. TRPC4 and TRPC5 channels are widely accepted as receptor-operated cation channels that are activated in a phospholipase C-dependent manner, following the Gq/11 protein-coupled receptor activation. However, their precise activation mechanism has remained largely elusive for a long time, as the TRPC4 and TRPC5 channels were considered as being insensitive to the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) in contrast to the other TRPC channels. Recent findings indicate that the C-terminal interactions with the scaffolding proteins Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 and 2 (NHERF1 and NHERF2) dynamically regulate the DAG sensitivity of the TRPC4 and TRPC5 channels. Interestingly, the C-terminal NHERF binding suppresses, while the dissociation of NHERF enables, the DAG sensitivity of the TRPC4 and TRPC5 channels. This leads to the assumption that all of the TRPC channels are DAG sensitive. The identification of the regulatory function of the NHERF proteins in the TRPC4/5-NHERF protein complex offers a new starting point to get deeper insights into the molecular basis of TRPC channel activation. Future studies will have to unravel the physiological and pathophysiological functions of this multi-protein channel complex.
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Xie Z, Hu H. TRP Channels as Drug Targets to Relieve Itch. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E100. [PMID: 30301231 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although acute itch has a protective role by removing irritants to avoid further damage, chronic itch is debilitating, significantly impacting quality of life. Over the past two decades, a considerable amount of stimulating research has been carried out to delineate mechanisms of itch at the molecular, cellular, and circuit levels. There is growing evidence that transient receptor potential (TRP) channels play important roles in itch signaling. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current knowledge about the role of TRP channels in the generation of itch under both physiological and pathological conditions, thereby identifying them as potential drug targets for effective anti-itch therapies.
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Wei W, Huang W, Lin Y, Becker EBE, Ansorge O, Flockerzi V, Conti D, Cenacchi G, Glitsch MD. Functional expression of calcium-permeable canonical transient receptor potential 4-containing channels promotes migration of medulloblastoma cells. J Physiol 2017; 595:5525-5544. [PMID: 28627017 PMCID: PMC5556167 DOI: 10.1113/jp274659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The proton sensing ovarian cancer G protein coupled receptor 1 (OGR1, aka GPR68) promotes expression of the canonical transient receptor potential channel subunit TRPC4 in normal and transformed cerebellar granule precursor (DAOY) cells. OGR1 and TRPC4 are prominently expressed in healthy cerebellar tissue throughout postnatal development and in primary cerebellar medulloblastoma tissues. Activation of TRPC4-containing channels in DAOY cells, but not non-transformed granule precursor cells, results in prominent increases in [Ca2+ ]i and promotes cell motility in wound healing and transwell migration assays. Medulloblastoma cells not arising from granule precursor cells show neither prominent rises in [Ca2+ ]i nor enhanced motility in response to TRPC4 activation unless they overexpressTRPC4. Our results suggest that OGR1 enhances expression of TRPC4-containing channels that contribute to enhanced invasion and metastasis of granule precursor-derived human medulloblastoma. ABSTRACT Aberrant intracellular Ca2+ signalling contributes to the formation and progression of a range of distinct pathologies including cancers. Rises in intracellular Ca2+ concentration occur in response to Ca2+ influx through plasma membrane channels and Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores, which can be mobilized in response to activation of cell surface receptors. Ovarian cancer G protein coupled receptor 1 (OGR1, aka GPR68) is a proton-sensing Gq -coupled receptor that is most highly expressed in cerebellum. Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common paediatric brain tumour that arises from cerebellar precursor cells. We found that nine distinct human MB samples all expressed OGR1. In both normal granule cells and the transformed human cerebellar granule cell line DAOY, OGR1 promoted expression of the proton-potentiated member of the canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channel family, TRPC4. Consistent with a role for TRPC4 in MB, we found that all MB samples also expressed TRPC4. In DAOY cells, activation of TRPC4-containing channels resulted in large Ca2+ influx and enhanced migration, while in normal cerebellar granule (precursor) cells and MB cells not derived from granule precursors, only small levels of Ca2+ influx and no enhanced migration were observed. Our results suggest that OGR1-dependent increases in TRPC4 expression may favour formation of highly Ca2+ -permeable TRPC4-containing channels that promote transformed granule cell migration. Increased motility of cancer cells is a prerequisite for cancer invasion and metastasis, and our findings may point towards a key role for TRPC4 in progression of certain types of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Chun Wei
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PTUK
| | - Wan‐Chen Huang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PTUK
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipei115Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Ping Lin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PTUK
| | - Esther B. E. Becker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PTUK
| | - Olaf Ansorge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 9DUUK
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologySaarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Daniele Conti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor ScienceUniversity of BolognaItaly
| | - Giovanna Cenacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor ScienceUniversity of BolognaItaly
| | - Maike D. Glitsch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PTUK
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Wie J, Jeong S, Kwak M, Myeong J, Chae M, Park JK, Lee SW, So I. The regulation of transient receptor potential canonical 4 ( TRPC4) channel by phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor via the cyclic guanosine 3'5'-monophosphate. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:693-702. [PMID: 28124739 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) protein superfamily consists of a diverse group of cation channels that bear structural similarities to the fruit fly Drosophila TRP. The TRP superfamily is distinct from other groups of ion channels in displaying a large diversity in ion selectivity, modes of activation, and physiological functions. Classical TRP (transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)) channels are activated by stimulation of Gq-PLC-coupled receptors and modulated by phosphorylation. The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-PKG pathway is involved in the regulation of TRPC3 and TRPC6 channels. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 5 inhibitor induced muscle relaxation in corporal smooth muscle cells and was used to treat erectile dysfunction by inhibiting cGMP degradation. Here, we report the functional relationship between TRPC4 and cGMP. In human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells overexpressing TRPC4, cGMP selectively activated TRPC4 channels and increased cytosolic calcium level through TRPC4 channel. We investigated phosphorylation sites in TRPC4 channels and identified S688 as an important phosphorylation site for the cGMP-PKG pathway. Cyclic GMP also activated TRPC4-like current with doubly rectifying current-voltage relationship in prostate smooth muscle cell lines. Taken together, these results show that TRPC4 is phosphorylated by the cGMP-PKG pathway and might be an important target for modulating prostate function by PDE5 inhibitors.
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23
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Ko J, Myeong J, Yang D, So I. Calcium permeability of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) 4 channels measured by TRPC4-GCaMP6s. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 21:133-140. [PMID: 28066150 PMCID: PMC5214905 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Conflicting evidence has been obtained regarding whether transient receptor potential cation channels (TRPC) are store-operated channels (SOCs) or receptor-operated channels (ROCs). Moreover, the Ca/Na permeability ratio differs depending on whether the current-voltage (I-V) curve has a doubly rectifying shape or inward rectifying shape. To investigate the calcium permeability of TRPC4 channels, we attached GCaMP6s to TRPC4 and simultaneously measured the current and calcium signals. A TRPC4 specific activator, (–)-englerin A, induced both current and calcium fluorescence with the similar time course. Muscarinic receptor stimulator, carbachol, also induced both current and calcium fluorescence with the similar time course. By forming heteromers with TRPC4, TRPC1 significantly reduced the inward current with outward rectifying I-V curve, which also caused the decrease of calcium fluorescence intensity. These results suggest that GCaMP6s attached to TRPC4 can detect slight calcium changes near TRPC4 channels. Consequently, TRPC4-GCaMP6s can be a useful tool for testing the calcium permeability of TRPC4 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Ko
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jongyun Myeong
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Dongki Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Zhou C, Townsley MI, Alexeyev M, Voelkel NF, Stevens T. Endothelial hyperpermeability in severe pulmonary arterial hypertension: role of store-operated calcium entry. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L560-9. [PMID: 27422996 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00057.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we tested the hypothesis that animals with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) display increased sensitivity to vascular permeability induced by activation of store-operated calcium entry. To test this hypothesis, wild-type and transient receptor potential channel 4 (TRPC4) knockout Fischer 344 rats were given a single injection of Semaxanib (SU5416; 20 mg/kg) followed by 3 wk of exposure to hypoxia (10% oxygen) and a return to normoxia (21% oxygen) for an additional 2-3 wk. This Semaxanib/hypoxia/normoxia (i.e., SU5416/hypoxia/normoxia) treatment caused PAH, as evidenced by development of right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary artery medial hypertrophy, and occlusive lesions within precapillary arterioles. Pulmonary artery pressure was increased fivefold in Semaxanib/hypoxia/normoxia-treated animals compared with untreated, Semaxanib-treated, and hypoxia-treated controls, determined by isolated perfused lung studies. Thapsigargin induced a dose-dependent increase in permeability that was dependent on TRPC4 in the normotensive perfused lung. This increase in permeability was accentuated in PAH lungs but not in Semaxanib- or hypoxia-treated lungs. Fluid accumulated in large perivascular cuffs, and although alveolar fluid accumulation was not seen in histological sections, Evans blue dye conjugated to albumin was present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of hypertensive but not normotensive lungs. Thus PAH is accompanied by a TRPC4-dependent increase in the sensitivity to edemagenic agents that activate store-operated calcium entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; and
| | - Mary I Townsley
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; and
| | - Mikhail Alexeyev
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; and
| | - Norbert F Voelkel
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; and
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25
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Kim J, Moon SH, Shin YC, Jeon JH, Park KJ, Lee KP, So I. Intracellular spermine blocks TRPC4 channel via electrostatic interaction with C-terminal negative amino acids. Pflugers Arch 2015; 468:551-61. [PMID: 26631167 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) 4 channels are calcium-permeable, nonselective cation channels and are widely expressed in mammalian tissue, especially in the GI tract and brain. TRPC4 channels are known to be involved in neurogenic contraction of ileal smooth muscle cells via generating cationic current after muscarinic stimulation (muscarinic cationic current (mIcat)). Polyamines exist in numerous tissues and are believed to be involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, scar formation, wound healing, and carcinogenesis. Besides, physiological polyamines are essential to maintain inward rectification of cardiac potassium channels (Kir2.1). At membrane potentials more positive than equilibrium potential, intracellular polyamines plug the cytosolic surface of the Kir2.1 so that potassium ions cannot pass through the pore. Recently, it was reported that polyamines inhibit not only cardiac potassium channels but also nonselective cation channels that mediate the generation of mIcat. Here, we report that TRPC4, a definite mIcat mediator, is inhibited by intracellular spermine with great extent. The inhibition was specific to TRPC4 and TRPC5 channels but was not effective to TRPC1/4, TRPC1/5, and TRPC3 channels. For this inhibition to occur, we found that glutamates at 728th and 729th position of TRPC4 channels are essential whereby we conclude that spermine blocks the TRPC4 channel with electrostatic interaction between negative amino acids at the C-terminus of the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsung Kim
- College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hui Moon
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Cheul Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Jeon
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Joo Park
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Pil Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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Woo JS, Hwang JH, Huang M, Ahn MK, Cho CH, Ma J, Lee EH. Interaction between mitsugumin 29 and TRPC3 participates in regulating Ca(2+) transients in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:133-9. [PMID: 26141232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitsugumin 29 (MG29) is related to the fatigue and aging processes of skeletal muscle. To examine the roles of MG29 in conjunction with its binding protein, the canonical-type transient receptor potential cation channel 3 (TRPC3), in skeletal muscle, the binding region of MG29 to TRPC3 was studied along with the functional relevance of the binding in mouse primary skeletal myotubes using co-immunoprecipitation assays and Ca(2+) imaging experiments. The N-terminus and the I-II loop of MG29 constitute the binding region for TRPC3. The myotubes that expressed the MG29 mutant missing the entire TRPC3-binding region showed a disrupted binding between endogenous MG29 and TRPC3 and a reduction in Ca(2+) transients in response to membrane depolarization without affecting ryanodine receptor 1 activity, the resting cytosolic Ca(2+) level, and the amount of releasable Ca(2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Among the proteins mediating Ca(2+) movements in skeletal muscle, TRPC4 expression was significantly decreased by the MG29 mutant. Therefore, MG29 could be a new factor for regulating Ca(2+) transients during skeletal muscle contraction possibly via a correlation with TRPC3 and TRPC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seok Woo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Hwang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Huang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyoung Ahn
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eun Hui Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea.
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Myeong J, Kwak M, Jeon JP, Hong C, Jeon JH, So I. Close spatio-association of the transient receptor potential canonical 4 ( TRPC4) channel with Gαi in TRPC4 activation process. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C879-89. [PMID: 25788576 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00374.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
TPRC channels are Ca(2+)-permeable, nonselective cation channels that are activated by a wide variety of stimuli, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). TRPC4 is commonly assumed to be activated by Gq/phospholipase C-coupled receptors. However, the other molecular mechanisms by which Gα proteins regulate TRPC4 remain unclear. Here, we found that Gαi2 regulates TRPC4 activation by direct binding. To investigate this mechanism, we used whole patch clamp and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). We tagged an isoform of mTRPC4 and G protein with CFP and YFP, respectively, and transiently transfected cells with the FRET pair. The FRET efficiency between TRPC4β-CFP and the constitutively active mutant form of Gαi2 was nearly 15% and was greater than that observed with wild-type Gαi2 (nearly 5%). Gβγ and the TRPC4 channel showed a FRET efficiency lower than 6%. In HEK293 cells transfected with the M2 muscarinic receptor, the application of carbachol increased the FRET efficiency between TRPC4β-CFP and Gαi2(WT)-YFP from 4.7 ± 0.4% (n = 7) to 12.6 ± 1.4% (n = 7). We also found that the TRPC4 channel directly interacts with Gαi2, but not with Gαq, when the channel is open. We analyzed the calcium levels in HEK293 cells expressing the channels and Gαi2 or Gαq using the calcium indicator YC6.1 (Yellow Cameleon 6.1). In response to the muscarinic agonist carbachol, M2-, Gαi2-, and TRPC4-expressing cells showed a prolonged Ca(2+) influx compared with cells expressing only M2. Together, these data suggest that Gαi2 activates the TRPC4 channel by direct binding, which then induces Ca(2+) entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- JongYun Myeong
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Misun Kwak
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Jae-Pyo Jeon
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Chansik Hong
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Ju-Hong Jeon
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
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28
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Wie J, Kim J, Ha K, Zhang YH, Jeon JH, So I. Dexamethasone activates transient receptor potential canonical 4 ( TRPC4) channels via Rasd1 small GTPase pathway. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:2081-91. [PMID: 25502319 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Canonical transient receptor potential 4 (TRPC4) channels are calcium-permeable, nonselective cation channels that are widely distributed in mammalian cells. It is generally speculated that TRPC4 channels are activated by Gq/11-PLC pathway or directly activated by Gi/o proteins. Although many mechanistic studies regarding TRPC4 have dealt with heterotrimeric G proteins, here, we first report the functional relationship between TRPC4 and small GTPase, Rasd1. Rasd1 selectively activated TRPC4 channels, and it was the only Ras protein among Ras protein family that can activate TRPC4 channels. For this to occur, it was found that certain population of functional Gαi1 and Gαi3 proteins are essential. Meanwhile, dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory drug was known to increase messenger RNA (mRNA) level of Rasd1 in pancreatic β-cells. We have found that dexamethasone triggers TRPC4-like cationic current in INS-1 cells via increasing protein expression level of Rasd1. This relationship among dexamethasone, Rasd1, and TRPC4 could suggest a new therapeutic agent for hospitalized diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with prolonged dexamethasone prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Wie
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.,Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kotdaji Ha
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin Hua Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Jeon
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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Sung HH, Choo SH, Ko M, Kang SJ, Chae MR, Kam SC, Han DH, So I, Lee SW. Increased expression of TRPC4 channels associated with erectile dysfunction in diabetes. Andrology 2014; 2:550-8. [PMID: 24782410 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent reports, an association between altered TRPC channel function and the development of various diabetic complications has drawn the attention of many investigators. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of TRPC4 channels of corpus smooth muscle (CSM) cells in diabetes, and to evaluate the association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and altered TRPC4 channel function. The expression of TRPC4 in the penile tissue of human, normal and diabetic rat was investigated using RT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In vivo gene transfer of dominant negative (DN) TRPC4 into the CSM of rat was conducted. In vivo pelvic nerve stimulation was performed to measure erectile function. Expression of TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4 and TRPC6 in human and rat CSM tissues was confirmed by RT-PCR, western blot and IHC. In the diabetic rat, the expression levels of mRNA and protein of the TRPC4, and TRPC6 were significantly increased compared to control rats (p < 0.05). The change in TRPC4 expression in the diabetic rats was higher than those of the other TRPC subunits (p < 0.05). The IHC showed that only TRPC4 expression had a higher intensity in the diabetes compared to normal rats (p < 0.05). Gene transfection with TRPC4(DN) into the diabetic rats restored erectile function to levels similar to that of normal controls. Gene expression of TRPC4(DN) in CSM tissue was confirmed by RT-PCR 2 weeks after transfection. This study demonstrated that TRPC4 channel expression increased in the penile CSM cells of diabetic rats. The down-regulation of TRPC4 with DN form restored erectile function in the diabetic rats. The alteration of TRPC4 channel is one of pathophysiology of ED and could be a target for drug development for ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Sung
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Riccio A, Li Y, Tsvetkov E, Gapon S, Yao GL, Smith KS, Engin E, Rudolph U, Bolshakov VY, Clapham DE. Decreased anxiety-like behavior and Gαq/11-dependent responses in the amygdala of mice lacking TRPC4 channels. J Neurosci 2014; 34:3653-67. [PMID: 24599464 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2274-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are abundant in the brain where they regulate transmission of sensory signals. The expression patterns of different TRPC subunits (TRPC1, 4, and 5) are consistent with their potential role in fear-related behaviors. Accordingly, we found recently that mutant mice lacking a specific TRP channel subunit, TRPC5, exhibited decreased innate fear responses. Both TRPC5 and another member of the same subfamily, TRPC4, form heteromeric complexes with the TRPC1 subunit (TRPC1/5 and TRPC1/4, respectively). As TRP channels with specific subunit compositions may have different functional properties, we hypothesized that fear-related behaviors could be differentially controlled by TRPCs with distinct subunit arrangements. In this study, we focused on the analysis of mutant mice lacking the TRPC4 subunit, which, as we confirmed in experiments on control mice, is expressed in brain areas implicated in the control of fear and anxiety. In behavioral experiments, we found that constitutive ablation of TRPC4 was associated with diminished anxiety levels (innate fear). Furthermore, knockdown of TRPC4 protein in the lateral amygdala via lentiviral-mediated gene delivery of RNAi mimicked the behavioral phenotype of constitutive TRPC4-null (TRPC4(-/-)) mouse. Recordings in brain slices demonstrated that these behavioral modifications could stem from the lack of TRPC4 potentiation in neurons in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala through two Gαq/11 protein-coupled signaling pathways, activated via Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors and cholecystokinin 2 receptors, respectively. Thus, TRPC4 and the structurally and functionally related subunit, TRPC5, may both contribute to the mechanisms underlying regulation of innate fear responses.
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Nedungadi TP, Cunningham JT. Differential regulation of TRPC4 in the vasopressin magnocellular system by water deprivation and hepatic cirrhosis in the rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 306:R304-14. [PMID: 24352411 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00388.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical subtype 4 (TRPC4) is expressed in the magnocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus. In this study, the regulation of TRPC4 expression was investigated in water deprivation and hepatic cirrhosis. We used laser capture microdissection technique for precise dissection of pure AVP cell population in the PVN and SON followed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, and immunodetection techniques by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Bile duct ligation elevated TRPC4 transcripts in the SON but not PVN with correlated changes in the protein expression in these regions, as well as increased colocalization with AVP in the SON, with no changes in the PVN. Water deprivation resulted in increased TRPC4 mRNA expression in the PVN, while it decreased channel expression levels in the SON. In both of these regions, protein expression measured from tissue punches were unaltered following water deprivation, with no changes in the number of TRPC4-positive cells. Thus, TRPC4 expression is differentially regulated in physiological and pathophysiological models of vasopressin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Prashant Nedungadi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Centre at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas
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Jeon JP, Roh SE, Wie J, Kim J, Kim H, Lee KP, Yang D, Jeon JH, Cho NH, Kim IG, Kang DE, Kim HJ, So I. Activation of TRPC4β by Gαi subunit increases Ca2+ selectivity and controls neurite morphogenesis in cultured hippocampal neuron. Cell Calcium 2013; 54:307-19. [PMID: 24011658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels function as non-selective, Ca(2+)-permeable channels. TRPC channels are activated by stimulation of Gαq-PLC-coupled receptors. Here, we report that TRPC4/TRPC5 can be activated by Gαi. We studied the essential role of Gαi subunits in TRPC4 activation and investigated changes in ion selectivity and pore dilation of the TRPC4 channel elicited by the Gαi2 subunit. Activation of TRPC4 by Gαi2 increased Ca2+ permeability and Ca2+ influx through TRPC4 channels. Co-expression of the muscarinic receptor (M2) and TRPC4 in HEK293 cells induced TRPC4-mediated Ca2+ influx. Moreover, both TRPC4β and the TRPC4β-Gαi2 signaling complex induced inhibition of neurite growth and arborization in cultured hippocampal neurons. Cells treated with KN-93, a CaMKII inhibitor, prevented TRPC4- and TRPC4-Gαi2(Q205L)-mediated inhibition of neurite branching and growth. These findings indicate an essential role of Gαi proteins in TRPC4 activation and extend our knowledge of the functional role of TRPC4 in hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Pyo Jeon
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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Li W, Ehrich M. Transient alterations of the blood-brain barrier tight junction and receptor potential channel gene expression by chlorpyrifos. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:1187-91. [PMID: 22611033 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by specialized endothelial cells lining capillaries in the central nervous system (CNS). We previously demonstrated that exposure to very low concentrations of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) decreased electrical resistance across the BBB in vitro, indicating a loss of BBB integrity. The present study examined the transient effects of CPF on expression of genes contributing to tight junctions of the BBB. Rat brain endothelial cells (RBE4) were co-cultured with rat astrocytes on membrane inserts to form an in vitro BBB. The RBE4 cells in the BBB were then exposed to CPF for 2, 4 and 12 h. Total RNA was extracted from RBE4 cells and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to quantify levels of gene expression of tight junction proteins claudin5, scaffold proteins zona occludens (ZO1) and transient receptor potential (canonical) channels (TRPC4). Gene expression decreased 2 h after exposure to CPF, especially TRPC4, but the effects were reversed 12 h later. CPF exposure for only 15 min caused less effect than longer exposures, with TRPC4 gene expression above the control at 4 h. These results suggest that altering gene expression for claudin5, TRPC4 and ZO1 by CPF may directly contribute to BBB disruption, and that the alteration is reversible upon removal of CPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0442, USA
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