1
|
Clément F, Olayé J. A stochastic model for neural progenitor dynamics in the mouse cerebral cortex. Math Biosci 2024; 372:109185. [PMID: 38561099 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2024.109185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We have designed a stochastic model of embryonic neurogenesis in the mouse cerebral cortex, using the formalism of compound Poisson processes. The model accounts for the dynamics of different progenitor cell types and neurons. The expectation and variance of the cell number of each type are derived analytically and illustrated through numerical simulations. The effects of stochastic transition rates between cell types, and stochastic duration of the cell division cycle have been investigated sequentially. The model does not only predict the number of neurons, but also their spatial distribution into deeper and upper cortical layers. The model outputs are consistent with experimental data providing the number of neurons and intermediate progenitors according to embryonic age in control and mutant situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Clément
- Université Paris Saclay, Inria, Centre Inria de Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jules Olayé
- Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Inria, Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Suresh V, Bhattacharya B, Tshuva RY, Danan Gotthold M, Olender T, Bose M, Pradhan SJ, Zeev BB, Smith RS, Tole S, Galande S, Harwell CC, Baizabal JM, Reiner O. PRDM16 co-operates with LHX2 to shape the human brain. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 3:kvae001. [PMID: 38595939 PMCID: PMC10914218 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
PRDM16 is a dynamic transcriptional regulator of various stem cell niches, including adipocytic, hematopoietic, cardiac progenitors, and neural stem cells. PRDM16 has been suggested to contribute to 1p36 deletion syndrome, one of the most prevalent subtelomeric microdeletion syndromes. We report a patient with a de novo nonsense mutation in the PRDM16 coding sequence, accompanied by lissencephaly and microcephaly features. Human stem cells were genetically modified to mimic this mutation, generating cortical organoids that exhibited altered cell cycle dynamics. RNA sequencing of cortical organoids at day 32 unveiled changes in cell adhesion and WNT-signaling pathways. ChIP-seq of PRDM16 identified binding sites in postmortem human fetal cortex, indicating the conservation of PRDM16 binding to developmental genes in mice and humans, potentially at enhancer sites. A shared motif between PRDM16 and LHX2 was identified and further examined through comparison with LHX2 ChIP-seq data from mice. These results suggested a collaborative partnership between PRDM16 and LHX2 in regulating a common set of genes and pathways in cortical radial glia cells, possibly via their synergistic involvement in cortical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Suresh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Bidisha Bhattacharya
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rami Yair Tshuva
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Miri Danan Gotthold
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tsviya Olender
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Mahima Bose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Saurabh J Pradhan
- Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, Biology Department, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, 3 Dr. Bohr-Gasse, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruria Ben Zeev
- Edmond and Lily Safra Pediatric Hospital, Sheba Medical Center and Tel Aviv School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Richard Scott Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shubha Tole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, Biology Department, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Center of Excellence in Epigenetics, Shiv Nadar University, Shiv Nadar IoE, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh - 201314, India
| | - Corey C Harwell
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, 1651 4th St, San Francisco, CA94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - José-Manuel Baizabal
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E 3rd St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cui Z, Wei H, Goding C, Cui R. Stem cell heterogeneity, plasticity, and regulation. Life Sci 2023; 334:122240. [PMID: 37925141 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
As a population of homogeneous cells with both self-renewal and differentiation potential, stem cell pools are highly compartmentalized and contain distinct subsets that exhibit stable but limited heterogeneity during homeostasis. However, their striking plasticity is showcased under natural or artificial stress, such as injury, transplantation, cancer, and aging, leading to changes in their phenotype, constitution, metabolism, and function. The complex and diverse network of cell-extrinsic niches and signaling pathways, together with cell-intrinsic genetic and epigenetic regulators, tightly regulate both the heterogeneity during homeostasis and the plasticity under perturbation. Manipulating these factors offers better control of stem cell behavior and a potential revolution in the current state of regenerative medicine. However, disruptions of normal regulation by genetic mutation or excessive plasticity acquisition may contribute to the formation of tumors. By harnessing innovative techniques that enhance our understanding of stem cell heterogeneity and employing novel approaches to maximize the utilization of stem cell plasticity, stem cell therapy holds immense promise for revolutionizing the future of medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Hope Wei
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Colin Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
| | - Rutao Cui
- Skin Disease Research Institute, The 2nd Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Suresh V, Bhattacharya B, Tshuva RY, Danan Gotthold M, Olender T, Bose M, Pradhan SJ, Ben Zeev B, Smith RS, Tole S, Galande S, Harwell C, Baizabal JM, Reiner O. PRDM16 co-operates with LHX2 to shape the human brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.12.553065. [PMID: 37609127 PMCID: PMC10441425 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.12.553065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
PRDM16 is a dynamic transcriptional regulator of various stem cell niches, including adipocytic, hematopoietic, cardiac progenitors, and neural stem cells. PRDM16 has been suggested to contribute to 1p36 deletion syndrome, one of the most prevalent subtelomeric microdeletion syndromes. We report a patient with a de novo nonsense mutation in the PRDM16 coding sequence, accompanied by lissencephaly and microcephaly features. Human stem cells were genetically modified to mimic this mutation, generating cortical organoids that exhibited altered cell cycle dynamics. RNA sequencing of cortical organoids at day 32 unveiled changes in cell adhesion and WNT-signaling pathways. ChIP-seq of PRDM16 identified binding sites in postmortem human fetal cortex, indicating the conservation of PRDM16 binding to developmental genes in mice and humans, potentially at enhancer sites. A shared motif between PRDM16 and LHX2 was identified and further examined through comparison with LHX2 ChIP-seq data from mice. These results suggested a collaborative partnership between PRDM16 and LHX2 in regulating a common set of genes and pathways in cortical radial glia cells, possibly via their synergistic involvement in cortical development.
Collapse
|
5
|
Suresh V, Muralidharan B, Pradhan SJ, Bose M, D’Souza L, Parichha A, Reddy PC, Galande S, Tole S. Regulation of chromatin accessibility and gene expression in the developing hippocampal primordium by LIM-HD transcription factor LHX2. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010874. [PMID: 37594984 PMCID: PMC10482279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian cerebral cortex, the hippocampal primordium (Hcp) occupies a discrete position in the dorsal telencephalic neuroepithelium adjacent to the neocortical primordium (Ncp). We examined transcriptomic and chromatin-level features that distinguish the Hcp from the Ncp in the mouse during the early neurogenic period, embryonic day (E)12.5. ATAC-seq revealed that the Hcp was more accessible than the Ncp at this stage. Motif analysis of the differentially accessible loci in these tissues revealed LHX2 as a candidate transcription factor for modulating gene regulatory networks (GRNs). We analyzed LHX2 occupancy profiles and compared these with transcriptomic data from control and Lhx2 mutant Hcp and Ncp at E12.5. Our results revealed that LHX2 directly regulates distinct genes in the Hcp and Ncp within a set of common pathways that control fundamental aspects of development namely pluripotency, axon pathfinding, Wnt, and Hippo signaling. Loss of Lhx2 caused a decrease in accessibility, specifically in hippocampal chromatin, suggesting that this factor may play a unique role in hippocampal development. We identified 14 genes that were preferentially enriched in the Hcp, for which LHX2 regulates both chromatin accessibility and mRNA expression, which have not thus far been examined in hippocampal development. Together, these results provide mechanistic insight into how LHX2 function in the Hcp may contribute to the process by which the hippocampus acquires features distinct from the neocortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Suresh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Bhavana Muralidharan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Saurabh J. Pradhan
- Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, Biology department, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, India
| | - Mahima Bose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Leora D’Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Arpan Parichha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Puli Chandramouli Reddy
- Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, Biology department, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Delhi NCR, India
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, Biology department, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Delhi NCR, India
| | - Shubha Tole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Patterning the cerebral cortex into distinct functional domains during development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102698. [PMID: 36893490 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is compartmentalized into multiple regions, including the newly evolved neocortex and evolutionarily older paleocortex and archicortex. These broad cortical regions can be further subdivided into different functional domains, each with its own unique cytoarchitecture and distinct set of input and output projections to perform specific functions. While many excitatory projection neurons show region-specific gene expression profiles, the cells are derived from the seemingly uniform progenitors in the dorsal telencephalon. Much progress has been made in defining the genetic mechanisms involved in generating the morphological and functional diversity of the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of mouse corticogenesis and discuss key events involved in cortical patterning during early developmental stages.
Collapse
|
7
|
Nguyen H, Sokpor G, Parichha A, Pham L, Saikhedkar N, Xie Y, Ulmke PA, Rosenbusch J, Pirouz M, Behr R, Stoykova A, Brand-Saberi B, Nguyen HP, Staiger JF, Tole S, Tuoc T. BAF (mSWI/SNF) complex regulates mediolateral cortical patterning in the developing forebrain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1011109. [PMID: 36263009 PMCID: PMC9573979 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1011109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early forebrain patterning entails the correct regional designation of the neuroepithelium, and appropriate specification, generation, and distribution of neural cells during brain development. Specific signaling and transcription factors are known to tightly regulate patterning of the dorsal telencephalon to afford proper structural/functional cortical arealization and morphogenesis. Nevertheless, whether and how changes of the chromatin structure link to the transcriptional program(s) that control cortical patterning remains elusive. Here, we report that the BAF chromatin remodeling complex regulates the spatiotemporal patterning of the mouse dorsal telencephalon. To determine whether and how the BAF complex regulates cortical patterning, we conditionally deleted the BAF complex scaffolding subunits BAF155 and BAF170 in the mouse dorsal telencephalic neuroepithelium. Morphological and cellular changes in the BAF mutant forebrain were examined using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. RNA sequencing, Co-immunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry were used to investigate the molecular basis of BAF complex involvement in forebrain patterning. We found that conditional ablation of BAF complex in the dorsal telencephalon neuroepithelium caused expansion of the cortical hem and medial cortex beyond their developmental boundaries. Consequently, the hippocampal primordium is not specified, the mediolateral cortical patterning is compromised, and the cortical identity is disturbed in the absence of BAF complex. The BAF complex was found to interact with the cortical hem suppressor LHX2. The BAF complex suppresses cortical hem fate to permit proper forebrain patterning. We provide evidence that BAF complex modulates mediolateral cortical patterning possibly by interacting with the transcription factor LHX2 to drive the LHX2-dependent transcriptional program essential for dorsal telencephalon patterning. Our data suggest a putative mechanistic synergy between BAF chromatin remodeling complex and LHX2 in regulating forebrain patterning and ontogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huong Nguyen
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Thai Nguyen University of Sciences, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Linh Pham
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Yuanbin Xie
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Pauline Antonie Ulmke
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mehdi Pirouz
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen, Germany
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jochen F. Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Shubha Tole
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
- *Correspondence: Shubha Tole, ; Tran Tuoc,
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Shubha Tole, ; Tran Tuoc,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ning S, Zhao J, Lombard AP, D’Abronzo LS, Leslie AR, Sharifi M, Lou W, Liu C, Yang JC, Evans CP, Corey E, Chen HW, Yu A, Ghosh PM, Gao AC. Activation of neural lineage networks and ARHGEF2 in enzalutamide-resistant and neuroendocrine prostate cancer and association with patient outcomes. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:118. [PMID: 36159187 PMCID: PMC9492734 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment-emergent neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) after androgen receptor (AR) targeted therapies is an aggressive variant of prostate cancer with an unfavorable prognosis. The underlying mechanisms for early neuroendocrine differentiation are poorly defined and diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are needed. Methods We performed transcriptomic analysis on the enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cell line C4-2B MDVR and NEPC patient databases to identify neural lineage signature (NLS) genes. Correlation of NLS genes with clinicopathologic features was determined. Cell viability was determined in C4-2B MDVR and H660 cells after knocking down ARHGEF2 using siRNA. Organoid viability of patient-derived xenografts was measured after knocking down ARHGEF2. Results We identify a 95-gene NLS representing the molecular landscape of neural precursor cell proliferation, embryonic stem cell pluripotency, and neural stem cell differentiation, which may indicate an early or intermediate stage of neuroendocrine differentiation. These NLS genes positively correlate with conventional neuroendocrine markers such as chromogranin and synaptophysin, and negatively correlate with AR and AR target genes in advanced prostate cancer. Differentially expressed NLS genes stratify small-cell NEPC from prostate adenocarcinoma, which are closely associated with clinicopathologic features such as Gleason Score and metastasis status. Higher ARGHEF2, LHX2, and EPHB2 levels among the 95 NLS genes correlate with a shortened survival time in NEPC patients. Furthermore, downregulation of ARHGEF2 gene expression suppresses cell viability and markers of neuroendocrine differentiation in enzalutamide-resistant and neuroendocrine cells. Conclusions The 95 neural lineage gene signatures capture an early molecular shift toward neuroendocrine differentiation, which could stratify advanced prostate cancer patients to optimize clinical treatment and serve as a source of potential therapeutic targets in advanced prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Ning
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Jinge Zhao
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Present Address: Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Alan P. Lombard
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Leandro S. D’Abronzo
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Amy R. Leslie
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Masuda Sharifi
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Wei Lou
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Chengfei Liu
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Joy C. Yang
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Christopher P. Evans
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Eva Corey
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Hong-Wu Chen
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Aiming Yu
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Paramita M. Ghosh
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.413933.f0000 0004 0419 2847VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Allen C. Gao
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.413933.f0000 0004 0419 2847VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Downregulation of Lhx2 Markedly Impairs Wound Healing in Mouse Fetus. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092132. [PMID: 36140233 PMCID: PMC9496086 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple transitions occur in the healing ability of the skin during embryonic development in mice. Embryos up to embryonic day 13 (E13) regenerate completely without a scar after full-thickness wounding. Then, up to E16, dermal structures can be formed, including skin appendages such as hair follicles. However, after E17, wound healing becomes incomplete, and scar formation is triggered. Lhx2 regulates the switch between maintenance and activation of hair follicle stem cells, which are involved in wound healing. Therefore, we investigated the role of Lhx2 in fetal wound healing. Embryos of ICR mice were surgically wounded at E13, E15, and E17, and the expression of Lhx2 along with mitotic (Ki67 and p63) and epidermal differentiation (keratin-10 and loricrin) markers was analyzed. The effect of Lhx2 knockdown on wound healing was observed. Lhx2 expression was not noticed in E13 due to the absence of folliculogenesis but was evident in the epidermal basal layer of E15 and E17 and at the base of E17 wounds, along with Ki67 and p63 expression. Furthermore, Lhx2 knockdown in E15 markedly prolonged wound healing and promoted clear scar formation. Therefore, Lhx2 expression is involved in cell division associated with wound healing and may contribute to scar formation in late embryos.
Collapse
|
10
|
LHX2 Enhances the Malignant Phenotype of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Upregulating the Expression of SERPINE2. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081457. [PMID: 36011368 PMCID: PMC9408536 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
LHX2 dysregulations have been found to present in cancers, but the function of LHX2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unknown. Here, we report that LHX2 was upregulated in ESCC tissues in comparison to the LHX2 levels in adjacent normal tissues. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments demonstrated that the knockdown of LHX2 markedly inhibited ESCC cells’ proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor growth and metastasis, whereas the overexpression of LHX2 had the opposite effects. A mechanistic investigation revealed that LHX2 bound to the promoter of SERPINE2 gene and transcriptionally regulated the expression of SERPINE2. Collectively, LHX2 facilitates ESCC tumor progression, and it could be a potential therapeutic target for ESCC.
Collapse
|
11
|
Espinós A, Fernández‐Ortuño E, Negri E, Borrell V. Evolution of genetic mechanisms regulating cortical neurogenesis. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:428-453. [PMID: 35670518 PMCID: PMC9543202 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The size of the cerebral cortex increases dramatically across amniotes, from reptiles to great apes. This is primarily due to different numbers of neurons and glial cells produced during embryonic development. The evolutionary expansion of cortical neurogenesis was linked to changes in neural stem and progenitor cells, which acquired increased capacity of self‐amplification and neuron production. Evolution works via changes in the genome, and recent studies have identified a small number of new genes that emerged in the recent human and primate lineages, promoting cortical progenitor proliferation and increased neurogenesis. However, most of the mammalian genome corresponds to noncoding DNA that contains gene‐regulatory elements, and recent evidence precisely points at changes in expression levels of conserved genes as key in the evolution of cortical neurogenesis. Here, we provide an overview of basic cellular mechanisms involved in cortical neurogenesis across amniotes, and discuss recent progress on genetic mechanisms that may have changed during evolution, including gene expression regulation, leading to the expansion of the cerebral cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Espinós
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC ‐ UMH, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant Spain
| | | | - Enrico Negri
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC ‐ UMH, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant Spain
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC ‐ UMH, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Singh N, Singh D, Bhide A, Sharma R, Sahoo S, Jolly MK, Modi D. Lhx2 in germ cells suppresses endothelial cell migration in the developing ovary. Exp Cell Res 2022; 415:113108. [PMID: 35337816 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
LIM-homeobox genes play multiple roles in developmental processes, but their roles in gonad development are not completely understood. Herein, we report that Lhx2, Ils2, Lmx1a, and Lmx1b are expressed in a sexually dimorphic manner in mouse, rat, and human gonads during sex determination. Amongst these, Lhx2 has female biased expression in the developing gonads of species with environmental and genetic modes of sex determination. Single-cell RNAseq analysis revealed that Lhx2 is exclusively expressed in the germ cells of the developing mouse ovaries. To elucidate the roles of Lhx2 in the germ cells, we analyzed the phenotypes of Lhx2 knockout XX gonads. While the gonads developed appropriately in Lhx2 knockout mice and the somatic cells were correctly specified in the developing ovaries, transcriptome analysis revealed enrichment of genes in the angiogenesis pathway. There was an elevated expression of several pro-angiogenic factors in the Lhx2 knockout ovaries. The elevated expression of pro-angiogenic factors was associated with an increase in numbers of endothelial cells in the Lhx2-/- ovaries at E13.5. Gonad recombination assays revealed that the increased numbers of endothelial cells in the XX gonads in absence of Lhx2 was due to ectopic migration of endothelial cells in a cell non-autonomous manner. We also found that, there was increased expression of several endothelial cell-enriched male-biased genes in Lhx2 knockout ovaries. Also, in absence of Lhx2, the migrated endothelial cells formed an angiogenic network similar to that of the wild type testis, although the coelomic blood vessel did not form. Together, our results suggest that Lhx2 in the germ cells is required to suppress vascularization in the developing ovary. These results suggest a need to explore the roles of germ cells in the control of vascularization in developing gonads. Preprint version of the article is available on BioRxiv at https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.07.483280.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), JM Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Domdatt Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), JM Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Anshul Bhide
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), JM Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Richa Sharma
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), JM Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Sarthak Sahoo
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Rd, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Rd, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Deepak Modi
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), JM Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bartlett T. Fusion of single-cell transcriptome and DNA-binding data, for genomic network inference in cortical development. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:301. [PMID: 34088262 PMCID: PMC8176738 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Network models are well-established as very useful computational-statistical tools in cell biology. However, a genomic network model based only on gene expression data can, by definition, only infer gene co-expression networks. Hence, in order to infer gene regulatory patterns, it is necessary to also include data related to binding of regulatory factors to DNA. RESULTS We propose a new dynamic genomic network model, for inferring patterns of genomic regulatory influence in dynamic processes such as development. Our model fuses experiment-specific gene expression data with publicly available DNA-binding data. The method we propose is computationally efficient, and can be applied to genome-wide data with tens of thousands of transcripts. Thus, our method is well suited for use as an exploratory tool for genome-wide data. We apply our method to data from human fetal cortical development, and our findings confirm genomic regulatory patterns which are recognised as being fundamental to neuronal development. CONCLUSIONS Our method provides a mathematical/computational toolbox which, when coupled with targeted experiments, will reveal and confirm important new functional genomic regulatory processes in mammalian development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bartlett
- University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Devyatkin VA, Redina OE, Kolosova NG, Muraleva NA. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with the Senescence-Accelerated Phenotype of OXYS Rats: A Focus on Alzheimer's Disease-Like and Age-Related-Macular-Degeneration-Like Pathologies. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:1167-1183. [PMID: 31929160 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are two complex incurable neurodegenerative disorders the common pathogenesis of which is actively discussed. There are overlapping risk factors and molecular mechanisms of the two diseases; at the same time, there are arguments in favor of the notion that susceptibility to each of these diseases is associated with a distinct genetic background. Here we identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are specific for senescence-accelerated OXYS rats, which simulate key characteristics of both sporadic AD and AMD. Transcriptomes of the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and retina (data of RNA-Seq) were analyzed. We detected SNPs in genes Rims2, AABR07072639.2, Lemd2, and AABR07045405.1, which thus can express significantly truncated proteins lacking functionally important domains. Additionally, 33 mutations in genes-which are related to various metabolic and signaling pathways-cause nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions presumably leading to disturbances in protein structure or functions. Some of the genes carrying these SNPs are associated with aging, neurodegenerative, and mental diseases. Thus, we revealed the SNPs can lead to abnormalities in protein structure or functions and affect the development of the senescence-accelerated phenotype of OXYS rats. Our data are consistent with the latest results of genome-wide association studies that highlight the importance of multiple pathways for the pathogenesis of AD and AMD. Identified SNPs can serve as promising research objects for further studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying this particular rat model as well as for the prediction of potential biomarkers of AD and AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy A Devyatkin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga E Redina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shabangu T, Chen HL, Zhuang ZH, Pierani A, Chen CFF, Chou SJ. Specific contribution of neurons from the Dbx1 lineage to the piriform cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8349. [PMID: 33863910 PMCID: PMC8052341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The piriform cortex (PC) is a major cortical processing center for the sense of smell that receives direct inputs from the olfactory bulb. In mice, the PC consists of three neuronal layers, which are populated by cells with distinct developmental origins. One origin of PC neurons is the pool of Dbx1-expressing neural progenitors located in the ventral pallium at the pallial-subpallial boundary. Since the precise mechanisms of PC neuron development are largely unknown, we sought to define the distribution, timing of neurogenesis, morphology and projection patterns of PC neurons from the Dbx1 lineage. We found that Dbx1-lineage neurons are preferentially distributed in layer 2 and enriched in the ventral portion of the PC. Further, Dbx1 neurons are early-born neurons and contribute to most neuronal subtypes in the PC. Our data also revealed an enrichment of Dbx1-lineage neurons in the ventral anterior PC that project to the orbitofrontal cortex. These findings suggest a specific association between the developmental origin of PC neurons and their neuronal properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thando Shabangu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Hui Zhuang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Chien-Fu F Chen
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
He L, Jones J, He W, Bjork BC, Wen J, Dai Q. PRDM16 regulates a temporal transcriptional program to promote progression of cortical neural progenitors. Development 2021; 148:dev.194670. [PMID: 33597191 PMCID: PMC7990860 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Radial glia (RG) in the neocortex sequentially generate distinct subtypes of projection neurons, accounting for the diversity and complex assembly of cortical neural circuits. Mechanisms that drive the rapid and precise temporal progression of RG are beginning to be elucidated. Here, we reveal that the RG-specific transcriptional regulator PRDM16 promotes the transition of early to late phase of neurogenesis in the mouse neocortex. Loss of Prdm16 delays the timely progression of RG, leading to defective cortical laminar organization. Our genomic analyses demonstrate that PRDM16 regulates a subset of genes that are dynamically expressed between early and late neurogenesis. We show that PRDM16 suppresses target gene expression through limiting chromatin accessibility of permissive enhancers. We further confirm that crucial target genes regulated by PRDM16 are neuronal specification genes, cell cycle regulators and molecules required for neuronal migration. These findings provide evidence to support the finding that neural progenitors temporally shift the gene expression program to achieve neural cell diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Weiguo He
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bryan C Bjork
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Jiayu Wen
- Department of Genome Sciences, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 2601 Canberra, Australia
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Eto H, Kishi Y, Yakushiji-Kaminatsui N, Sugishita H, Utsunomiya S, Koseki H, Gotoh Y. The Polycomb group protein Ring1 regulates dorsoventral patterning of the mouse telencephalon. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5709. [PMID: 33177537 PMCID: PMC7658352 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorsal-ventral patterning of the mammalian telencephalon is fundamental to the formation of distinct functional regions including the neocortex and ganglionic eminence. While Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Wnt, and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling are known to determine regional identity along the dorsoventral axis, how the region-specific expression of these morphogens is established remains unclear. Here we show that the Polycomb group (PcG) protein Ring1 contributes to the ventralization of the mouse telencephalon. Deletion of Ring1b or both Ring1a and Ring1b in neuroepithelial cells induces ectopic expression of dorsal genes, including those for BMP and Wnt ligands, as well as attenuated expression of the gene for Shh, a key morphogen for ventralization, in the ventral telencephalon. We observe PcG protein–mediated trimethylation of histone 3 at lysine-27 and binding of Ring1B at BMP and Wnt ligand genes specifically in the ventral region. Furthermore, forced activation of BMP or Wnt signaling represses Shh expression. Our results thus indicate that PcG proteins suppress BMP and Wnt signaling in a region-specific manner and thereby allow proper Shh expression and development of the ventral telencephalon. NCOMMS-19-38235B Dorsal-ventral patterning of the mammalian telencephalon is fundamental to the formation of distinct functional regions. Here, the authors find that PcG proteins suppress BMP and Wnt signaling in a region-specific manner, allowing for proper Shh expression and development of the ventral telencephalon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Eto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Nayuta Yakushiji-Kaminatsui
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN-IMS), 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN-IMS), 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shun Utsunomiya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Neuroscience 2, Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.; Business-Academia Collaborative Laboratory (Shionogi), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN-IMS), 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yukiko Gotoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Corpus Callosum Agenesis: An Insight into the Etiology and Spectrum of Symptoms. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090625. [PMID: 32916978 PMCID: PMC7565833 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain hemispheres are connected by commissural structures, which consist of white matter fiber tracts that spread excitatory stimuli to various regions of the cortex. This allows an interaction between the two cerebral halves. The largest commissure is the corpus callosum (CC) which is located inferior to the longitudinal fissure, serving as its lower border. Sometimes this structure is not completely developed, which results in the condition known as agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). The aim of this paper was to review the latest discoveries related to the genetic and metabolic background of ACC, including the genotype/phenotype correlations as well as the clinical and imaging symptomatology. Due to various factors, including genetic defects and metabolic diseases, the development of CC may be impaired in many ways, which results in complete or partial ACC. This creates several clinical implications, depending on the specificity of the malformation and other defects in patients. Epilepsy, motor impairment and intellectual disability are the most prevalent. However, an asymptomatic course of the disease is even more common. ACC presents with characteristic images on ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Collapse
|
19
|
Esteve P, Crespo I, Kaimakis P, Sandonís A, Bovolenta P. Sfrp1 Modulates Cell-signaling Events Underlying Telencephalic Patterning, Growth and Differentiation. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1059-1074. [PMID: 30084950 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian dorsal telencephalic neuroepithelium develops-from medial to lateral-into the choroid plaque, cortical hem, hippocampal primordium and isocortex under the influence of Bmp, Wnt and Notch signaling. Correct telencephalic development requires a tight coordination of the extent/duration of these signals, but the identification of possible molecular coordinators is still limited. Here, we postulated that Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 1 (Sfrp1), a multifunctional regulator of Bmp, Wnt and Notch signaling strongly expressed during early telencephalic development, may represent 1 of such molecules. We report that in E10.5-E12.5 Sfrp1-/- embryos, the hem and hippocampal domains are reduced in size whereas the prospective neocortex is medially extended. These changes are associated with a significant reduction of the medio-lateral telencephalic expression of Axin2, a read-out of Wnt/βcatenin signaling activation. Furthermore, in the absence of Sfrp1, Notch signaling is increased, cortical progenitor cell cycle is shorter, with expanded progenitor pools and enhanced generation of early-born neurons. Hence, in postnatal Sfrp1-/- animals the anterior hippocampus is reduced and the neocortex is shorter in the antero-posterior and medio-lateral axis but is thicker. We propose that, by controlling Wnt and Notch signaling in opposite directions, Sfrp1 promotes hippocampal patterning and balances medio-lateral and antero-posterior cortex expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Esteve
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Crespo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Polynikis Kaimakis
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Africa Sandonís
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Y, Dai G, Gu Z, Liu G, Tang K, Pan YH, Chen Y, Lin X, Wu N, Chen H, Feng S, Qiu S, Sun H, Li Q, Xu C, Mao Y, Zhang YE, Khaitovich P, Wang YL, Liu Q, Han JDJ, Shao Z, Wei G, Xu C, Jing N, Li H. Accelerated evolution of an Lhx2 enhancer shapes mammalian social hierarchies. Cell Res 2020; 30:408-420. [PMID: 32238901 PMCID: PMC7196073 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Social hierarchies emerged during evolution, and social rank influences behavior and health of individuals. However, the evolutionary mechanisms of social hierarchy are still unknown in amniotes. Here we developed a new method and performed a genome-wide screening for identifying regions with accelerated evolution in the ancestral lineage of placental mammals, where mammalian social hierarchies might have initially evolved. Then functional analyses were conducted for the most accelerated region designated as placental-accelerated sequence 1 (PAS1, P = 3.15 × 10-18). Multiple pieces of evidence show that PAS1 is an enhancer of the transcription factor gene Lhx2 involved in brain development. PAS1s isolated from various amniotes showed different cis-regulatory activity in vitro, and affected the expression of Lhx2 differently in the nervous system of mouse embryos. PAS1 knock-out mice lack social stratification. PAS1 knock-in mouse models demonstrate that PAS1s determine the social dominance and subordinate of adult mice, and that social ranks could even be turned over by mutated PAS1. All homozygous mutant mice had normal huddled sleeping behavior, motor coordination and strength. Therefore, PAS1-Lhx2 modulates social hierarchies and is essential for establishing social stratification in amniotes, and positive Darwinian selection on PAS1 plays pivotal roles in the occurrence of mammalian social hierarchies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyi Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhili Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Guopeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Hsuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoshan Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Su Feng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Shou Qiu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongduo Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Mao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution & State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Edward Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution & State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Philipp Khaitovich
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Qunxiu Liu
- Shanghai Zoological Park, 200335, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Dong Jackie Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Haipeng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031, Shanghai, China.
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang H, Kim J, Kim Y, Jang SW, Sestan N, Shim S. Cux2 expression regulated by Lhx2 in the upper layer neurons of the developing cortex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:874-879. [PMID: 31708105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The laminar structure, a unique feature of the mammalian cerebrum, is formed by a number of genes in a highly complex process. The pyramidal neurons that make up each layer of the cerebrum are functionally characterized by specific gene expressions. In particular, Cux1 and Cux2, which are specifically expressed in layer II-IV neurons, are known to regulate dendritic branching, spine morphology, and synapse formation. However, it is still unknown how their expression is regulated transcriptionally. Here we constructed Cux2-mCherry transgenic mice that reproduce the cortical layer II-IV-specific expression of Cux2, a member of the Cut/Cux/CDP family, using BAC transgenesis and a variety of coordinated cortical layer markers that are known to date. Our immunohistochemistry analysis shows that mCherry was expressed in cortical layer II-IV and the corpus callosum in the same way as endogenous Cux2 without ectopic expression. We also identified a region of 220 bp that is highly conserved in mammals and controls specific cerebral expression of Cux2, using comparative genome analysis and in vivo reporter assays. Furthermore, we confirm that Lhx2, whose expression in cortical layer II-IV is similar to that of the Cux2 enhancer, can act as a transcriptional activator. These results suggest that cortical layer II-IV expression of Cux2 can be regulated by the interaction of Cux2-E1 and Lhx2, and that their failure to co-regulate is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wuk Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Sungbo Shim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Accogli A, Addour-Boudrahem N, Srour M. Neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and axon guidance. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 173:25-42. [PMID: 32958178 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of the central nervous system (CNS) is a complex, dynamic process that involves a precisely orchestrated sequence of genetic, environmental, biochemical, and physical factors from early embryonic stages to postnatal life. Duringthe past decade, great strides have been made to unravel mechanisms underlying human CNS development through the employment of modern genetic techniques and experimental approaches. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge regarding the main developmental processes and signaling mechanisms of (i) neurogenesis, (ii) neuronal migration, and (iii) axon guidance. We discuss mechanisms related to neural stem cells proliferation, migration, terminal translocation of neuronal progenitors, and axon guidance and pathfinding. For each section, we also provide a comprehensive overview of the underlying regulatory processes, including transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and epigenetic factors, and a myriad of signaling pathways that are pivotal to determine the fate of neuronal progenitors and newly formed migrating neurons. We further highlight how impairment of this complex regulating system, such as mutations in its core components, may cause cortical malformation, epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autism in humans. A thorough understanding of normal human CNS development is thus crucial to decipher mechanisms responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders and in turn guide the development of effective and targeted therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini Pediatric Hospital, Genova, Italy; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Child Science, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Myriam Srour
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hsing HW, Zhuang ZH, Niou ZX, Chou SJ. Temporal Differences in Interneuron Invasion of Neocortex and Piriform Cortex during Mouse Cortical Development. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:3015-3029. [PMID: 31838488 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing a balance between excitation and inhibition is critical for brain functions. However, how inhibitory interneurons (INs) generated in the ventral telencephalon integrate with the excitatory neurons generated in the dorsal telencephalon remains elusive. Previous studies showed that INs migrating tangentially to enter the neocortex (NCx), remain in the migratory stream for days before invading the cortical plate during late corticogenesis. Here we show that in developing mouse cortices, INs in the piriform cortex (PCx; the major olfactory cortex) distribute differently from those in the NCx. We provide evidence that during development INs invade and mature earlier in PCx than in NCx, likely owing to the lack of CXCR4 expression in INs from PCx compared to those in NCx. We analyzed IN distribution patterns in Lhx2 cKO mice, where projection neurons in the lateral NCx are re-fated to generate an ectopic PCx (ePCx). The PCx-specific IN distribution patterns found in ePCx suggest that properties of PCx projection neurons regulate IN distribution. Collectively, our results show that the timing of IN invasion in the developing PCx fundamentally differs from what is known in the NCx. Further, our results suggest that projection neurons instruct the PCx-specific pattern of IN distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Wei Hsing
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Zi-Hui Zhuang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Zhen-Xian Niou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bem J, Brożko N, Chakraborty C, Lipiec MA, Koziński K, Nagalski A, Szewczyk ŁM, Wiśniewska MB. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in brain development and mental disorders: keeping TCF7L2 in mind. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1654-1674. [PMID: 31218672 PMCID: PMC6772062 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling, which is transduced by β-catenin and lymphoid enhancer factor 1/T cell-specific transcription factors (LEF1/TCFs), regulates many aspects of metazoan development and tissue renewal. Although much evidence has associated canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling with mood disorders, the mechanistic links are still unknown. Many components of the canonical Wnt pathway are involved in cellular processes that are unrelated to classical canonical Wnt signaling, thus further blurring the picture. The present review critically evaluates the involvement of classical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in developmental processes that putatively underlie the pathology of mental illnesses. Particular attention is given to the roles of LEF1/TCFs, which have been discussed surprisingly rarely in this context. Highlighting recent discoveries, we propose that alterations in the activity of LEF1/TCFs, and particularly of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), result in defects previously associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including imbalances in neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis, the functional disruption of thalamocortical circuitry and dysfunction of the habenula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bem
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawPoland
| | - Nikola Brożko
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawPoland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bem J, Brożko N, Chakraborty C, Lipiec MA, Koziński K, Nagalski A, Szewczyk ŁM, Wiśniewska MB. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in brain development and mental disorders: keeping TCF7L2 in mind. FEBS Lett 2019. [PMID: 31218672 DOI: 10.1002/1873−3468.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling, which is transduced by β-catenin and lymphoid enhancer factor 1/T cell-specific transcription factors (LEF1/TCFs), regulates many aspects of metazoan development and tissue renewal. Although much evidence has associated canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling with mood disorders, the mechanistic links are still unknown. Many components of the canonical Wnt pathway are involved in cellular processes that are unrelated to classical canonical Wnt signaling, thus further blurring the picture. The present review critically evaluates the involvement of classical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in developmental processes that putatively underlie the pathology of mental illnesses. Particular attention is given to the roles of LEF1/TCFs, which have been discussed surprisingly rarely in this context. Highlighting recent discoveries, we propose that alterations in the activity of LEF1/TCFs, and particularly of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), result in defects previously associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including imbalances in neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis, the functional disruption of thalamocortical circuitry and dysfunction of the habenula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bem
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nikola Brożko
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Kamil Koziński
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Picco N, Hippenmeyer S, Rodarte J, Streicher C, Molnár Z, Maini PK, Woolley TE. A mathematical insight into cell labelling experiments for clonal analysis. J Anat 2019; 235:687-696. [PMID: 31173344 PMCID: PMC6704238 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the progression of the proliferative and differentiative patterns of neural stem cells at the individual cell level is crucial to the understanding of cortex development and how the disruption of such patterns can lead to malformations and neurodevelopmental diseases. However, our understanding of the precise lineage progression programme at single-cell resolution is still incomplete due to the technical variations in lineage-tracing approaches. One of the key challenges involves developing a robust theoretical framework in which we can integrate experimental observations and introduce correction factors to obtain a reliable and representative description of the temporal modulation of proliferation and differentiation. In order to obtain more conclusive insights, we carry out virtual clonal analysis using mathematical modelling and compare our results against experimental data. Using a dataset obtained with Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers, we illustrate how the theoretical description can be exploited to interpret and reconcile the disparity between virtual and experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Picco
- Department of Mathematics, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Julio Rodarte
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, UK
| | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip K Maini
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas E Woolley
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Senghennydd Rd, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cell migration promotes dynamic cellular interactions to control cerebral cortex morphogenesis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:318-329. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
28
|
Liang TS, Zheng YJ, Wang J, Zhao JY, Yang DK, Liu ZS. MicroRNA-506 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through the inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by down-regulating LHX2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:97. [PMID: 30791932 PMCID: PMC6385449 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins play key roles in cancer progression and metastasis with the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs). This study aims to assess the role of miR-506 working in tandem with LIM Homeobox 2 (LHX2) in EMT and metastasis through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods Differentially expressed genes associated with NPC were screened using microarray analyses, from which LHX2 was identified. Next, the potential relationship between miR-506 and LHX2 was analyzed. In order to explore the effect of miR-506 or LHX2 on NPC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis, serials of mimics, inhibitors or siRNA against LHX2 were transfected into NPC cells. Then, the expression patterns of LHX2, Wnt1, β-catenin, E-cadherin, Vimentin, TCF4 and Twist were determined to assess the influence of miR-506 or LHX2 on EMT as well as the relationship between the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and TCF4. The tumorigenicity and lymph node metastasis (LNM) in xenograft tumors of nude mice were observed. Results The has-miR-506-3p was identified as the down-regulated gene in NPC based on the microarray data while LHX2 was negatively regulated by miR-506. Over-expression of miR-506 or silencing of LHK2 inhibited NPC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenicity and LNM but promoted apoptosis indicated by decreased Wnt1, β-catenin, Vimentin, TCF4 and Twist expressions along with increased E-cadherin expressions. Conclusions miR-506 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in NPC via inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by down-regulating LHX2, accompanied by decreased TCF4. Taken together, miR-506 targeted-inhibition LHX2 presents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NPC. Trial registration ChiCTR1800018889. Registered 15 October 2018. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1023-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Song Liang
- Department of Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengdong Branch, Zhengzhou, 475000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Juan Zheng
- Department of Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengdong Branch, Zhengzhou, 475000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengdong Branch, Zhengzhou, 475000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengdong Branch, Zhengzhou, 475000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dao-Ke Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengdong Branch, Zhengzhou, 475000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhang-Suo Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengdong Branch, Zhengzhou, 475000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
LIM homeobox 2 promotes interaction between human iPS-derived hepatic progenitors and iPS-derived hepatic stellate-like cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2072. [PMID: 30765795 PMCID: PMC6376133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can differentiate into hepatocyte lineages, although the phenotype of the differentiated cells is immature compared to adult hepatocytes. Improvement of cell-cell interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme is a potential approach to address this phenotype issue. In this study, we developed a model system for improving interactions between human iPS-derived hepatic progenitor cells (iPS-HPCs) and human iPS-derived hepatic stellate cell-like cells (iPS-HSCs). The phenotype of iPS-HSCs, including gene and protein expression profiles and vitamin A storage, resembled that of hepatic stellate cells. Direct co-culture of iPS-HSCs with iPS-HPCs significantly improved hepatocytic maturation in iPS-HPCs, such as their capacity for albumin production. Next, we generated iPS cell lines overexpressing LIM homeobox 2 (LHX2), which suppresses myofibroblastic changes in HSCs in mice. Hepatocytic maturation in iPS-HPCs was significantly increased in direct co-culture with iPS-HSCs overexpressing LHX2, but not in co-culture with a human hepatic stellate cell line (LX-2) overexpressing LHX2. LHX2 regulated the expression of extracellular matrices, such as laminin and collagen, in iPS-HSCs. In conclusion, this study provides an evidence that LHX2 upregulation in iPS-HSCs promotes hepatocytic maturation of iPS-HPCs, and indicates that genetically modified iPS-HSCs will be of value for research into cell-cell interactions.
Collapse
|
30
|
Freret-Hodara B, Cui Y, Griveau A, Vigier L, Arai Y, Touboul J, Pierani A. Enhanced Abventricular Proliferation Compensates Cell Death in the Embryonic Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4701-4718. [PMID: 27620979 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of neurons in the neocortex is generally thought to result in a final reduction of cerebral volume. Yet, little is known on how the developing cerebral cortex copes with death of early-born neurons. Here, we tackled this issue by taking advantage of a transgenic mouse model in which, from early embryonic stages to mid-corticogenesis, abundant apoptosis is induced in the postmitotic compartment. Unexpectedly, the thickness of the mutant cortical plate at E18.5 was normal, due to an overproduction of upper layer neurons at E14.5. We developed and simulated a mathematical model to investigate theoretically the recovering capacity of the system and found that a minor increase in the probability of proliferative divisions of intermediate progenitors (IPs) is a powerful compensation lever. We confirmed experimentally that mutant mice showed an enhanced number of abventricular progenitors including basal radial glia-like cells and IPs. The latter displayed increased proliferation rate, sustained Pax6 expression and shorter cell cycle duration. Altogether, these results demonstrate the remarkable plasticity of neocortical progenitors to adapt to major embryonic insults via the modulation of abventricular divisions thereby ensuring the production of an appropriate number of neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betty Freret-Hodara
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Yi Cui
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex, France.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)-Collège de France and INRIA Paris, EPI MYCENAE, 11, Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.,Ecole Doctorale Cerveau Cognition Comportement (ED3C, ED n°158), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Amélie Griveau
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Vigier
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Yoko Arai
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Jonathan Touboul
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)-Collège de France and INRIA Paris, EPI MYCENAE, 11, Place Marcelin Berthelot , 75005Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Baizabal JM, Mistry M, García MT, Gómez N, Olukoya O, Tran D, Johnson MB, Walsh CA, Harwell CC. The Epigenetic State of PRDM16-Regulated Enhancers in Radial Glia Controls Cortical Neuron Position. Neuron 2018; 98:945-962.e8. [PMID: 29779941 PMCID: PMC6667181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The epigenetic landscape is dynamically remodeled during neurogenesis. However, it is not understood how chromatin modifications in neural stem cells instruct the formation of complex structures in the brain. We report that the histone methyltransferase PRDM16 is required in radial glia to regulate lineage-autonomous and stage-specific gene expression programs that control number and position of upper layer cortical projection neurons. PRDM16 regulates the epigenetic state of transcriptional enhancers to activate genes involved in intermediate progenitor cell production and repress genes involved in cell migration. The histone methyltransferase domain of PRDM16 is necessary in radial glia to promote cortical neuron migration through transcriptional silencing. We show that repression of the gene encoding the E3 ubiquitin ligase PDZRN3 by PRDM16 determines the position of upper layer neurons. These findings provide insights into how epigenetic control of transcriptional enhancers in radial glial determines the organization of the mammalian cerebral cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Meeta Mistry
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Nicolás Gómez
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olubusola Olukoya
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diana Tran
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew B Johnson
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Corey C Harwell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
A hundred years after Lhx2 ortholog apterous was identified as a critical regulator of wing development in Drosophila, LIM-HD gene family members have proved to be versatile and powerful components of the molecular machinery that executes the blueprint of embryogenesis across vertebrate and invertebrate species. Here, we focus on the spatio-temporally varied functions of LIM-homeodomain transcription factor LHX2 in the developing mouse forebrain. Right from its earliest known role in telencephalic and eye field patterning, to the control of the neuron-glia cell fate switch, and the regulation of axon pathfinding and dendritic arborization in late embryonic stages, LHX2 has been identified as a fundamental, temporally dynamic, always necessary, and often sufficient factor in a range of critical developmental phenomena. While Lhx2 mutant phenotypes have been characterized in detail in multiple brain structures, only recently have we advanced in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which this factor acts. Common themes emerge from how this multifunctional molecule controls a range of developmental steps in distinct forebrain structures. Examining these shared features, and noting unique aspects of LHX2 function is likely to inform our understanding of how a single factor can bring about a diversity of effects and play central and critical roles across systems and stages. The parallels in LHX2 and APTEROUS functions, and the protein complexes they participate in, offer insights into evolutionary strategies that conserve tool kits and deploy them to play new, yet familiar roles in species separated by hundreds of millions of years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ju Chou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shubha Tole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Single-nucleus analysis of accessible chromatin in developing mouse forebrain reveals cell-type-specific transcriptional regulation. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:432-439. [PMID: 29434377 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of chromatin accessibility can reveal transcriptional regulatory sequences, but heterogeneity of primary tissues poses a significant challenge in mapping the precise chromatin landscape in specific cell types. Here we report single-nucleus ATAC-seq, a combinatorial barcoding-assisted single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin that is optimized for use on flash-frozen primary tissue samples. We apply this technique to the mouse forebrain through eight developmental stages. Through analysis of more than 15,000 nuclei, we identify 20 distinct cell populations corresponding to major neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. We further define cell-type-specific transcriptional regulatory sequences, infer potential master transcriptional regulators and delineate developmental changes in forebrain cellular composition. Our results provide insight into the molecular and cellular dynamics that underlie forebrain development in the mouse and establish technical and analytical frameworks that are broadly applicable to other heterogeneous tissues.
Collapse
|
34
|
Bayliss J, Mukherjee P, Lu C, Jain SU, Chung C, Martinez D, Sabari B, Margol AS, Panwalkar P, Parolia A, Pekmezci M, McEachin RC, Cieslik M, Tamrazi B, Garcia BA, La Rocca G, Santi M, Lewis PW, Hawkins C, Melnick A, David Allis C, Thompson CB, Chinnaiyan AM, Judkins AR, Venneti S. Lowered H3K27me3 and DNA hypomethylation define poorly prognostic pediatric posterior fossa ependymomas. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:366ra161. [PMID: 27881822 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah6904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Childhood posterior fossa (PF) ependymomas cause substantial morbidity and mortality. These tumors lack recurrent genetic mutations, but a subset of these ependymomas exhibits CpG island (CpGi) hypermethylation [PF group A (PFA)], implicating epigenetic alterations in their pathogenesis. Further, histological grade does not reliably predict prognosis, highlighting the importance of developing more robust prognostic markers. We discovered global H3K27me3 reduction in a subset of these tumors (PF-ve ependymomas) analogous to H3K27M mutant gliomas. PF-ve tumors exhibited many clinical and biological similarities with PFA ependymomas. Genomic H3K27me3 distribution showed an inverse relationship with CpGi methylation, suggesting that CpGi hypermethylation drives low H3K27me3 in PF-ve ependymomas. Despite CpGi hypermethylation and global H3K27me3 reduction, these tumors showed DNA hypomethylation in the rest of the genome and exhibited increased H3K27me3 genomic enrichment at limited genomic loci similar to H3K27M mutant gliomas. Combined integrative analysis of PF-ve ependymomas with H3K27M gliomas uncovered common epigenetic deregulation of select factors that control radial glial biology, and PF radial glia in early human development exhibited reduced H3K27me3. Finally, H3K27me3 immunostaining served as a biomarker of poor prognosis and delineated radiologically invasive tumors, suggesting that reduced H3K27me3 may be a prognostic indicator in PF ependymomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill Bayliss
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Piali Mukherjee
- Epigenomics Core Facility, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chao Lu
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Siddhant U Jain
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Chan Chung
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin Sabari
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ashley S Margol
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Pooja Panwalkar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Abhijit Parolia
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Melike Pekmezci
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Richard C McEachin
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Marcin Cieslik
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Benita Tamrazi
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gaspare La Rocca
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mariarita Santi
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter W Lewis
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre and Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ari Melnick
- Epigenomics Core Facility, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - C David Allis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Craig B Thompson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Alexander R Judkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang CF, Hsing HW, Zhuang ZH, Wen MH, Chang WJ, Briz CG, Nieto M, Shyu BC, Chou SJ. Lhx2 Expression in Postmitotic Cortical Neurons Initiates Assembly of the Thalamocortical Somatosensory Circuit. Cell Rep 2017; 18:849-856. [PMID: 28122236 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical neurons must be specified and make the correct connections during development. Here, we examine a mechanism initiating neuronal circuit formation in the barrel cortex, a circuit comprising thalamocortical axons (TCAs) and layer 4 (L4) neurons. When Lhx2 is selectively deleted in postmitotic cortical neurons using conditional knockout (cKO) mice, L4 neurons in the barrel cortex are initially specified but fail to form cellular barrels or develop polarized dendrites. In Lhx2 cKO mice, TCAs from the thalamic ventral posterior nucleus reach the barrel cortex but fail to further arborize to form barrels. Several activity-regulated genes and genes involved in regulating barrel formation are downregulated in the Lhx2 cKO somatosensory cortex. Among them, Btbd3, an activity-regulated gene controlling dendritic development, is a direct downstream target of Lhx2. We find that Lhx2 confers neuronal competency for activity-dependent dendritic development in L4 neurons by inducing the expression of Btbd3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fang Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Wei Hsing
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Hui Zhuang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuan Wen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Carlos G Briz
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Marta Nieto
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Bai Chuang Shyu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Neural Stem Cells to Cerebral Cortex: Emerging Mechanisms Regulating Progenitor Behavior and Productivity. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11394-11401. [PMID: 27911741 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2359-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review accompanies a 2016 SFN mini-symposium presenting examples of current studies that address a central question: How do neural stem cells (NSCs) divide in different ways to produce heterogeneous daughter types at the right time and in proper numbers to build a cerebral cortex with the appropriate size and structure? We will focus on four aspects of corticogenesis: cytokinesis events that follow apical mitoses of NSCs; coordinating abscission with delamination from the apical membrane; timing of neurogenesis and its indirect regulation through emergence of intermediate progenitors; and capacity of single NSCs to generate the correct number and laminar fate of cortical neurons. Defects in these mechanisms can cause microcephaly and other brain malformations, and understanding them is critical to designing diagnostic tools and preventive and corrective therapies.
Collapse
|
37
|
Lhx2 Determines Odorant Receptor Expression Frequency in Mature Olfactory Sensory Neurons. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0230-16. [PMID: 27822500 PMCID: PMC5086798 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0230-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A developmental program of epigenetic repression prepares each mammalian olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) to strongly express one allele from just one of hundreds of odorant receptor (OR) genes, but what completes this process of OR gene choice by driving the expression of this allele is incompletely understood. Conditional deletion experiments in mice demonstrate that Lhx2 is necessary for normal expression frequencies of nearly all ORs and all trace amine-associated receptors, irrespective of whether the deletion of Lhx2 is initiated in immature or mature OSNs. Given previous evidence that Lhx2 binds OR gene control elements, these findings indicate that Lhx2 is directly involved in driving OR expression. The data also support the conclusion that OR expression is necessary to allow immature OSNs to complete differentiation and become mature. In contrast to the robust effects of conditional deletion of Lhx2, the loss of Emx2 has much smaller effects and more often causes increased expression frequencies. Lhx2:Emx2 double mutants show opposing effects on Olfr15 expression that reveal independent effects of these two transcription factors. While Lhx2 is necessary for OR expression that supports OR gene choice, Emx2 can act differently; perhaps by helping to control the availability of OR genes for expression.
Collapse
|
38
|
Misztal K, Brozko N, Nagalski A, Szewczyk LM, Krolak M, Brzozowska K, Kuznicki J, Wisniewska MB. TCF7L2 mediates the cellular and behavioral response to chronic lithium treatment in animal models. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:490-501. [PMID: 27793772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of lithium's therapeutic action remains obscure, hindering the discovery of safer treatments for bipolar disorder. Lithium can act as an inhibitor of the kinase GSK3α/β, which in turn negatively regulates β-catenin, a co-activator of LEF1/TCF transcription factors. However, unclear is whether therapeutic levels of lithium activate β-catenin in the brain, and whether this activation could have a therapeutic significance. To address this issue we chronically treated mice with lithium. Although the level of non-phospho-β-catenin increased in all of the brain areas examined, β-catenin translocated into cellular nuclei only in the thalamus. Similar results were obtained when thalamic and cortical neurons were treated with a therapeutically relevant concentration of lithium in vitro. We tested if TCF7L2, a member of LEF1/TCF family that is highly expressed in the thalamus, facilitated the activation of β-catenin. Silencing of Tcf7l2 in thalamic neurons prevented β-catenin from entering the nucleus, even when the cells were treated with lithium. Conversely, when Tcf7l2 was ectopically expressed in cortical neurons, β-catenin shifted to the nucleus, and lithium augmented this process. Lastly, we silenced tcf7l2 in zebrafish and exposed them to lithium for 3 days, to evaluate whether TCF7L2 is involved in the behavioral response. Lithium decreased the dark-induced activity of control zebrafish, whereas the activity of zebrafish with tcf7l2 knockdown was unaltered. We conclude that therapeutic levels of lithium activate β-catenin selectively in thalamic neurons. This effect is determined by the presence of TCF7L2, and potentially contributes to the therapeutic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Misztal
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nikola Brozko
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Warsaw, Poland; University of Warsaw, Centre of New Technologies, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Nagalski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Warsaw, Poland; University of Warsaw, Centre of New Technologies, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Poland
| | - Lukasz M Szewczyk
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Warsaw, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Krolak
- University of Warsaw, College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Brzozowska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Warsaw, Poland; University of Warsaw, Centre of New Technologies, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuznicki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta B Wisniewska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Warsaw, Poland; University of Warsaw, Centre of New Technologies, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
de Melo J, Clark BS, Blackshaw S. Multiple intrinsic factors act in concert with Lhx2 to direct retinal gliogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32757. [PMID: 27605455 PMCID: PMC5015061 DOI: 10.1038/srep32757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller glia (MG) are the principal glial cell type in the vertebrate retina. Recent work has identified the LIM homeodomain factor encoding gene Lhx2 as necessary for both Notch signaling and MG differentiation in late-stage retinal progenitor cells (RPCs). However, the extent to which Lhx2 interacts with other intrinsic regulators of MG differentiation is unclear. We investigated this question by investigating the effects of overexpression of multiple transcriptional regulators that are either known or hypothesized to control MG formation, in both wildtype and Lhx2-deficient RPCs. We observe that constitutively elevated Notch signaling, induced by N1ICD electroporation, inhibited gliogenesis in wildtype animals, but rescued MG development in Lhx2-deficient retinas. Electroporation of Nfia promoted the formation of cells with MG-like radial morphology, but did not drive expression of MG molecular markers. Plagl1 and Sox9 did not induce gliogenesis in wildtype animals, but nonetheless activated expression of the Müller marker P27Kip1 in Lhx2-deficient cells. Finally, Sox2, Sox8, and Sox9 promoted amacrine cell formation in Lhx2-deficient cells, but not in wildtype retinas. These findings demonstrate that overexpression of individual gliogenic factors typically regulates only a subset of characteristic MG markers, and that these effects are differentially modulated by Lhx2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy de Melo
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, 21205, USA
| | - Brian S Clark
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, 21205, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, 21205, USA.,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Baltimore, 21205, USA.,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, 21205, USA.,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Center for Human Systems Biology, Baltimore, 21205, USA.,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Cell Engineering, Baltimore, 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Furuya Y, Denda M, Sakane K, Ogusu T, Takahashi S, Magari M, Kanayama N, Morishita R, Tokumitsu H. Identification of striated muscle activator of Rho signaling (STARS) as a novel calmodulin target by a newly developed genome-wide screen. Cell Calcium 2016; 60:32-40. [PMID: 27132186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To search for novel target(s) of the Ca(2+)-signaling transducer, calmodulin (CaM), we performed a newly developed genome-wide CaM interaction screening of 19,676 GST-fused proteins expressed in human. We identified striated muscle activator of Rho signaling (STARS) as a novel CaM target and characterized its CaM binding ability and found that the Ca(2+)/CaM complex interacted stoichiometrically with the N-terminal region (Ala13-Gln35) of STARS in vitro as well as in living cells. Mutagenesis studies identified Ile20 and Trp33 as the essential hydrophobic residues in CaM anchoring. Furthermore, the CaM binding deficient mutant (Ile20Ala, Trp33Ala) of STARS further enhanced its stimulatory effect on SRF-dependent transcriptional activation. These results suggest a connection between Ca(2+)-signaling via excitation-contraction coupling and the regulation of STARS-mediated gene expression in muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusui Furuya
- Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Miwako Denda
- CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd., Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kyohei Sakane
- Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ogusu
- Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Sumio Takahashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Magari
- Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanayama
- Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ryo Morishita
- CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd., Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Insights into the Biology and Therapeutic Applications of Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9745315. [PMID: 27069486 PMCID: PMC4812498 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9745315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is essential for our higher cognitive functions and emotional reasoning. Arguably, this brain structure is the distinguishing feature of our species, and yet our remarkable cognitive capacity has seemingly come at a cost to the regenerative capacity of the human brain. Indeed, the capacity for regeneration and neurogenesis of the brains of vertebrates has declined over the course of evolution, from fish to rodents to primates. Nevertheless, recent evidence supporting the existence of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult human brain raises new questions about the biological significance of adult neurogenesis in relation to ageing and the possibility that such endogenous sources of NSCs might provide therapeutic options for the treatment of brain injury and disease. Here, we highlight recent insights and perspectives on NSCs within both the developing and adult cerebral cortex. Our review of NSCs during development focuses upon the diversity and therapeutic potential of these cells for use in cellular transplantation and in the modeling of neurodevelopmental disorders. Finally, we describe the cellular and molecular characteristics of NSCs within the adult brain and strategies to harness the therapeutic potential of these cell populations in the treatment of brain injury and disease.
Collapse
|