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Kirak O, Ke E, Yang KY, Schwarz A, Plate L, Nham A, Abadejos JR, Valencia A, Wiseman RL, Lui KO, Ku M. Premature Activation of Immune Transcription Programs in Autoimmune-Predisposed Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and Blastocysts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165743. [PMID: 32796510 PMCID: PMC7460978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes is a complex multifactorial disease with genetic and environmental factors playing pivotal roles. While many genes associated with the risk of diabetes have been identified to date, the mechanisms by which external triggers contribute to the genetic predisposition remain unclear. Here, we derived embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from diabetes-prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) and healthy C57BL/6 (B6) mice. While overall pluripotency markers were indistinguishable between newly derived NOD and B6 ES cells, we discovered several differentially expressed genes that normally are not expressed in ES cells. Several genes that reside in previously identified insulin-dependent diabetics (Idd) genomic regions were up-regulated in NOD ES cells. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that different groups of genes associated with immune functions are differentially expressed in NOD. Transcriptomic analysis of NOD blastocysts validated several differentially overexpressed Idd genes compared to B6. Genome-wide mapping of active histone modifications using ChIP-Seq supports active expression as the promoters and enhancers of activated genes are also marked by active histone modifications. We have also found that NOD ES cells secrete more inflammatory cytokines. Our data suggest that the known genetic predisposition of NOD to autoimmune diabetes leads to epigenetic instability of several Idd regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Kirak
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (A.S.); (A.N.); (J.R.A.); (A.V.)
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Mathildenstraße 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (O.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Eugene Ke
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Kevin Y. Yang
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.Y.Y.); (K.O.L.)
| | - Anna Schwarz
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (A.S.); (A.N.); (J.R.A.); (A.V.)
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.P.); (R.L.W.)
| | - Amy Nham
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (A.S.); (A.N.); (J.R.A.); (A.V.)
| | - Justin R. Abadejos
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (A.S.); (A.N.); (J.R.A.); (A.V.)
| | - Anna Valencia
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (A.S.); (A.N.); (J.R.A.); (A.V.)
| | - R. Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.P.); (R.L.W.)
| | - Kathy O. Lui
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.Y.Y.); (K.O.L.)
| | - Manching Ku
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Mathildenstraße 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (O.K.); (M.K.)
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Phillips N, Ke E, Nham A, Seidl M, Freeman B, Abadejos JR, Xiao C, Nemazee D, Ku M, Kirak O. Prediabetes Induced by a Single Autoimmune B Cell Clone. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1073. [PMID: 32625203 PMCID: PMC7314986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While B cells play a significant role in the onset of type-1 diabetes (T1D), little is know about their role in those early stages. Thus, to gain new insights into the role of B cells in T1D, we converted a physiological early pancreas-infiltrating B cell into a novel BCR mouse model using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT). Strikingly, SCNT-derived B1411 model displayed neither developmental block nor anergy. Instead, B1411 underwent spontaneous germinal center reactions. Without T cell help, B1411-Rag1−/− was capable of forming peri-/intra-pancreatic lymph nodes, and undergoing class-switching. RNA-Seq analysis identified 93 differentially expressed genes in B1411 compared to WT B cells, including Irf7, Usp18, and Mda5 that had been linked to a potential viral etiology of T1D. We also found various members of the oligoadenylate synthase (OAS) family to be enriched in B1411, such as Oas1, which had recently also been linked to T1D. Strikingly, when challenged with glucose B1411-Rag1−/− mice displayed impaired glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Phillips
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Eugene Ke
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amy Nham
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Brent Freeman
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Justin R Abadejos
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Manching Ku
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oktay Kirak
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Deconstructive somatic cell nuclear transfer reveals novel regulatory T-cell subsets. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:997-1000.e4. [PMID: 29857010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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