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Zeydan Ö, Ülker U. Assessment of ground-level ozone pollution in Türkiye according to new WHO limits. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:549. [PMID: 38743179 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone is a secondary pollutant and is attributable to respiratory diseases and mortality. For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO) implemented a new long-term (peak season) limit value for ozone. The previous studies related to ozone in Türkiye were spatially limited to certain locations. In this study, annual mean and peak season ozone concentrations, and limit exceedances were investigated for Türkiye for the year 2021. Moreover, ozone peak seasons were determined for the first time for 126 air quality monitoring stations. The annual mean ozone concentration was determined as 44.3 ± 19.3 µg/m3 whereas the peak season average ozone level was 68.4 ± 27.2 µg/m3. April-September period was the most frequently observed ozone peak season. Among all stations, Erzurum Palandöken was by far the most polluted station in terms of annual mean and limit exceedances of ozone. Ankara Siteler stations have the highest rank in peak season mean. 87 and 83 stations exceeded the short-term and long-term recommendations of WHO, respectively. Four hotspot regions were revealed in terms of peak season exceedance: Adana and surrounding provinces, the surroundings of Burdur and Isparta provinces, and the northeastern and northwestern parts of Türkiye. To protect public health, WHO recommendations for 8-h and peak season limits should be immediately implemented in Turkish regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Zeydan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Türkiye.
| | - Uğur Ülker
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Türkiye
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2
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Dai H, Liao H, Wang Y, Qian J. Co-occurrence of ozone and PM 2.5 pollution in urban/non-urban areas in eastern China from 2013 to 2020: Roles of meteorology and anthropogenic emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171687. [PMID: 38485008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We applied a three-dimensional (3-D) global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to evaluate the influences of meteorology and anthropogenic emissions on the co-occurrence of ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution day (O3-PM2.5PD) in urban and non-urban areas of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions during the warm season (April-October) from 2013 to 2020. The model captured the observed O3-PM2.5PD trends and spatial distributions well. From 2013 to 2020, with changes in both anthropogenic emissions and meteorology, the simulated values of O3-PM2.5PD in the urban (non-urban) areas of the BTH and YRD regions were 424.8 (330.1) and 309.3 (286.9) days, respectively, suggesting that pollution in non-urban areas also warrants attention. The trends in the simulated values of O3-PM2.5PD were -0.14 and -0.15 (+1.18 and +0.81) days yr-1 in the BTH (YRD) urban and non-urban areas, respectively. Sensitivity simulations revealed that changes in anthropogenic emissions decreased the occurrence of O3-PM2.5PD, with trends of -0.99 and -1.23 (-1.47 and -1.92) days yr-1 in the BTH (YRD) urban and non-urban areas, respectively. Conversely, meteorological conditions could exacerbate the frequency of O3-PM2.5PD, especially in the urban YRD areas, but less notably in the urban BTH areas, with trends of +2.11 and +0.30 days yr-1, respectively, owing to changes in meteorology only. The increases in T2m_max and T2m were the main meteorological factors affecting O3-PM2.5PD in most BTH and YRD areas. Furthermore, by conducting sensitivity experiments with different levels of pollutant precursor reductions in 2020, we found that volatile organic compound (VOC) reductions primarily benefited O3-PM2.5PD decreases in urban areas and that NOx reductions more notably influenced those in non-urban areas, especially in the YRD region. Simultaneously, reducing VOC and NOx emissions by 50 % resulted in considerable O3-PM2.5PD decreases (58.8-72.6 %) in the urban and non-urban areas of the BTH and YRD regions. The results of this study have important implications for the control of O3-PM2.5PD in the urban and non-urban areas of the BTH and YRD regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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3
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Barouki R. A toxicological perspective on climate change and the exposome. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1361274. [PMID: 38651121 PMCID: PMC11033471 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1361274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change is accompanied by changes in the exposome, including increased heat, ground-level ozone, and other air pollutants, infectious agents, pollens, and psychosocial stress. These exposures alter the internal component of the exposome and account for some of the health effects of climate change. The adverse outcome pathways describe biological events leading to an unfavorable health outcome. In this perspective study, I propose to use this toxicological framework to better describe the biological steps linking a stressor associated with climate change to an adverse outcome. Such a framework also allows for better identification of possible interactions between stressors related to climate change and others, such as chemical pollution. More generally, I call for the incorporation of climate change as part of the exposome and for improved identification of the biological pathways involved in its health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Barouki
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U 1124 (T3S), Paris, France
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Yang J, Qu Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Liu X, Niu H, An J. Dominant physical and chemical processes impacting nitrate in Shandong of the North China Plain during winter haze events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169065. [PMID: 38065496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Nitrate has been a dominant component of PM2.5 since the stringent emission control measures implemented in China in 2013. Clarifying key physical and chemical processes influencing nitrate concentrations is crucial for eradicating heavy air pollution in China. In this study, we explored dominant processes impacting nitrate concentrations in Shandong of the North China Plain during three haze events from 9 to 25 December 2021, named cases P1 (94.46 (30.85) μg m-3 for PM2.5 (nitrate)), P2 (148.95 (50.12) μg m-3) and P3 (88.03 (29.21) μg m-3), by using the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry model with an integrated process rate analysis scheme and updated heterogeneous hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide on the wet aerosol surface (HET-N2O5) and additional nitrous acid (HONO) sources (AS-HONO). The results showed that nitrate increases in the three cases were attributed to aerosol chemistry, whereas nitrate decreases were due mainly to the vertical mixing process in cases P1 and P2 and to the advection process in case P3. HET-N2O5 (the reaction of OH + NO2) contributed 45 % (51 %) of the HNO3 production rate during the study period. AS-HONO produced a nitrate enhancement of 24 % in case P1, 12 % in case P2 and 19 % in case P3, and a HNO3 production rate enhancement of 0.79- 0.97 (0.18- 0.60) μg m-3 h-1 through the reaction of OH + NO2 (HET-N2O5) in the three cases. This study implies that using suitable parameterization schemes for heterogeneous reactions on aerosol and ground surfaces and nitrate photolysis is vital in simulations of HONO and nitrate, and the MOSAIC module for aerosol water simulations needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hongya Niu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Meng X, Jiang J, Chen T, Zhang Z, Lu B, Liu C, Xue L, Chen J, Herrmann H, Li X. Chemical drivers of ozone change in extreme temperatures in eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162424. [PMID: 36868278 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone pollution has become the biggest issue in China's air pollution since particulate matters have been improved in the atmosphere. Compared with normal winter/summer, extremely cold/hot weather sustained several days and nights by unfavorable meteorology is more impactful in this regard. However, ozone changes in extreme temperatures and their driving processes remain rarely understood. Here, we combine comprehensive observational data analysis and 0-D box models to quantify the contributions of different chemical processes and precursors to ozone change in these unique environments. Analyses of radical cycling indicate that temperature accelerates OH-HO2-RO2, optimizing ozone production efficiency in higher temperatures. The HO2 + NO → OH + NO2 reaction was the most influenced by temperature change, followed by OH + VOCs → HO2/RO2. Although most reactions in ozone formation increased with temperature, the increase in ozone production rates was greater than the rate of ozone loss, leading to a fast net ozone accumulation in heat waves. Our results also show that the ozone sensitivity regime is VOC-limited in extreme temperatures, highlighting the significance of volatile organic compound (VOC) control (particularly the control of alkenes and aromatics). In the context of global warming and climate change, this study helps us deeply understand ozone formation in extreme environments and design abatement policies for ozone pollution in such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Meng
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiakui Jiang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianshu Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Zekun Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingqing Lu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (IfT), Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Impact of Climate-Driven Land-Use Change on O3 and PM Pollution by Driving BVOC Emissions in China in 2050. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study predicted three future land-use type scenarios in 2050 (including the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway SSP126, SSP585, and carbon scenario) based on the Land-Use Harmonization (LUH2) project and the future evolution of land-use types considering China’s carbon neutrality background. The contribution of land-use changes to terrestrial natural source biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), as well as O3 and PM concentrations, were determined. Under the SSP126 pathway, meteorological changes would increase BVOC emissions in China by 1.0 TgC in 2050, compared with 2015, while land-use changes would increase them by 1.5–7.1 TgC. The impact of land-use changes on O3 and PM concentrations would be less than 3.6% in 2050 and greater in summer. Regional differences must be considered when calculating future environmental background concentrations of pollutants. Due to more afforestation measures under the SSP126 scenario, the impact of land-use change on pollutants was more obvious under the SSP126 pathway than under the SSP585 pathway. Under the carbon scenario, the increase in PM concentration caused by land-use changes would pose a risk to air quality compliance; thus, it is necessary to consider reducing or offsetting this potential risk through anthropogenic emission control measures.
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Chen W, Guenther AB, Jia S, Mao J, Yan F, Wang X, Shao M. Synergistic effects of biogenic volatile organic compounds and soil nitric oxide emissions on summertime ozone formation in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154218. [PMID: 35245546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural emissions play a key role in modulating the formation of ground-level ozone (O3), especially emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and soil nitric oxide (SNO), and their individual effects on O3 formation have been previously quantified and evaluated. However, their synergistic effects remain unclear and have not yet been well assessed. By applying the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the Chemistry-Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (WRF/Chem-MEGAN) model, this study reveals that in the presence of sufficient BVOC emissions, which act as a fuel, SNO emissions act as a fuel additive and promote the chemical reactions of BVOCs and the subsequent production of O3. Consequently, the synergistic effects of BVOC and SNO emissions on summertime O3 production surpassed the sum of their individual effects by as much as 10-20 μg m-3 in eastern China in 2014. In order to reduce O3 concentration to a level corresponding to no natural emissions of BVOC or SNO (i.e., the BASE scenario), the anthropogenic volatile organic compound (AVOC) emissions in the scenario considers BVOC and SNO emissions must be reduced by 1.76 times that of the BASE scenario. This study demonstrates that the synergistic effects of BVOC and SNO emissions can impede ground-level O3 regulation and can subsequently impose stricter requirements on anthropogenic precursor emission control in China. The results of this study can also inform efforts in other regions that are still combating ground-level O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Alex B Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shiguo Jia
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingying Mao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fenghua Yan
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Min Shao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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8
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Wang D, Zhao W, Ying N, Nie L, Shao X, Zhang W, Dang H, Zhang X. Revealing the driving effect of emissions and meteorology on PM 2.5 and O 3 trends through a new algorithmic model. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133756. [PMID: 35149019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the driving effect of each factor on atmospheric secondary pollutants is crucial for pollution prevention. We aim to establish a simple and accessible method to identify ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration trends induced by emissions and meteorology. The method comprises five main steps, which involve matrix construction and mutual calculations, and the whole process is demonstrated and verified by employing long-term monitoring data. With regard to the case study, O3 and PM2.5 concentration variance between the target and base year are respectively -4.74 and 0.20 μg/m3 under same meteorological conditions, among which the contribution of the emissions driver and meteorological driver are respectively -5.81 and 1.07 μg/m3 for O3 and respectively 0.55 and -0.35 μg/m3 for PM2.5. Additionally, 84.45% of O3 variance is attributable to the emissions driver in terms of relative importance, which is 52.88% for PM2.5. The meteorological driver is further separated into atmospheric secondary reaction and regional transport. The results reveal that ongoing prevention policy for O3 is effective; however, it needs to be further optimized for PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Na Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lei Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xia Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hongyan Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xinmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Wang P, Wang P, Chen K, Du J, Zhang H. Ground-level ozone simulation using ensemble WRF/Chem predictions over the Southeast United States. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132428. [PMID: 34606899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Being detrimental to human health and vegetation growth, ground-level ozone (O3) is becoming a huge concern as an air pollutant. The processes of formation, diffusion, transformation, and transport of O3 in the atmosphere are highly affected by meteorological conditions such as solar radiation, temperature, precipitation, and wind. Chemical transport models (CTMs) are widely used in simulating O3 pollution with two main inputs of the meteorological condition and emission inventory. Meteorological inputs play a crucial role in the model simulation accuracy especially in areas where emission has been well constrained such as the United States (U.S.). However, most O3 simulations today still use only one set of meteorological input, which leaves room for model performance improvement by using ensemble meteorological conditions. In this study, O3 over the Southeast U.S. was simulated for one week in the summer of each year from 2016 to 2018 by using ensemble meteorological inputs offered by Short Range Ensemble Forecast products. The predictions were conducted through the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry. The calculated ensemble prediction results got at least 66.7% improvement in agreement with O3 observations compared with single runs in the three selected cities (Miami, Atlanta, and Baton Rouge) from 2016 to 2018. This study emphasized the accuracy and provided a new idea of using ensemble meteorological inputs to improve O3 prediction than using traditional single meteorology by CTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 99907, China
| | - Kaiyu Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Jun Du
- National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Washington, DC, 20740, USA
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA; Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai, 200062, China.
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Wang K, Zhang Y, Yu S, Wong DC, Pleim J, Mathur R, Kelly JT, Bell M. A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry-meteorology feedbacks on air quality. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 14:7189-7221. [PMID: 35237388 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-2020-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The two-way coupled Weather Research and Forecasting and Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model has been developed to more realistically represent the atmosphere by accounting for complex chemistry-meteorology feedbacks. In this study, we present a comparative analysis of two-way (with consideration of both aerosol direct and indirect effects) and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US. Long-term (5 years from 2008 to 2012) simulations using WRF-CMAQ with both offline and two-way coupling modes are carried out with anthropogenic emissions based on multiple years of the U.S. National Emission Inventory and chemical initial and boundary conditions derived from an advanced Earth system model (i.e., a modified version of the Community Earth System Model/Community Atmospheric Model). The comprehensive model evaluations show that both two-way WRF-CMAQ and WRF-only simulations perform well for major meteorological variables such as temperature at 2 m, relative humidity at 2 m, wind speed at 10 m, precipitation (except for against the National Climatic Data Center data), and shortwave and longwave radiation. Both two-way and offline CMAQ also show good performance for ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Due to the consideration of aerosol direct and indirect effects, two-way WRF-CMAQ shows improved performance over offline coupled WRF and CMAQ in terms of spatiotemporal distributions and statistics, especially for radiation, cloud forcing, O3, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, elemental carbon, tropospheric O3 residual, and column nitrogen dioxide (NO2). For example, the mean biases have been reduced by more than 10 W m-2 for shortwave radiation and cloud radiative forcing and by more than 2 ppb for max 8 h O3. However, relatively large biases still exist for cloud predictions, some PM2.5 species, and PM10 that warrant follow-up studies to better understand those issues. The impacts of chemistry-meteorological feedbacks are found to play important roles in affecting regional air quality in the US by reducing domain-average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), O3, nitrogen oxide (NO x ), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and PM2.5 by 3.1% (up to 27.8%), 4.2% (up to 16.2%), 6.6% (up to 50.9%), 5.8% (up to 46.6%), and 8.6% (up to 49.1%), respectively, mainly due to reduced radiation, temperature, and wind speed. The overall performance of the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ model achieved in this work is generally good or satisfactory and the improved performance for two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ should be considered along with other factors in developing future model applications to inform policy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaocai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - David C Wong
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jonathan Pleim
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - James T Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Michelle Bell
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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11
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Wang K, Zhang Y, Yu S, Wong DC, Pleim J, Mathur R, Kelly JT, Bell M. A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry-meteorology feedbacks on air quality. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 14:7189-7221. [PMID: 35237388 PMCID: PMC8883479 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-7189-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The two-way coupled Weather Research and Forecasting and Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model has been developed to more realistically represent the atmosphere by accounting for complex chemistry-meteorology feedbacks. In this study, we present a comparative analysis of two-way (with consideration of both aerosol direct and indirect effects) and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US. Long-term (5 years from 2008 to 2012) simulations using WRF-CMAQ with both offline and two-way coupling modes are carried out with anthropogenic emissions based on multiple years of the U.S. National Emission Inventory and chemical initial and boundary conditions derived from an advanced Earth system model (i.e., a modified version of the Community Earth System Model/Community Atmospheric Model). The comprehensive model evaluations show that both two-way WRF-CMAQ and WRF-only simulations perform well for major meteorological variables such as temperature at 2 m, relative humidity at 2 m, wind speed at 10 m, precipitation (except for against the National Climatic Data Center data), and shortwave and longwave radiation. Both two-way and offline CMAQ also show good performance for ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Due to the consideration of aerosol direct and indirect effects, two-way WRF-CMAQ shows improved performance over offline coupled WRF and CMAQ in terms of spatiotemporal distributions and statistics, especially for radiation, cloud forcing, O3, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, elemental carbon, tropospheric O3 residual, and column nitrogen dioxide (NO2). For example, the mean biases have been reduced by more than 10 W m-2 for shortwave radiation and cloud radiative forcing and by more than 2 ppb for max 8 h O3. However, relatively large biases still exist for cloud predictions, some PM2.5 species, and PM10 that warrant follow-up studies to better understand those issues. The impacts of chemistry-meteorological feedbacks are found to play important roles in affecting regional air quality in the US by reducing domain-average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), O3, nitrogen oxide (NO x ), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and PM2.5 by 3.1% (up to 27.8%), 4.2% (up to 16.2%), 6.6% (up to 50.9%), 5.8% (up to 46.6%), and 8.6% (up to 49.1%), respectively, mainly due to reduced radiation, temperature, and wind speed. The overall performance of the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ model achieved in this work is generally good or satisfactory and the improved performance for two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ should be considered along with other factors in developing future model applications to inform policy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaocai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - David C. Wong
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jonathan Pleim
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Michelle Bell
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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12
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Yan Q, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Li J. Summertime Clean-Background Ozone Concentrations Derived from Ozone Precursor Relationships are Lower than Previous Estimates in the Southeast United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12852-12861. [PMID: 34546042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Background ozone in this study is defined as the amount of ozone that is not affected by the emissions of ozone precursors in the region of study and is transported from the distant troposphere or the stratosphere. It is one of the factors that must be considered in regional ozone control strategies. Different methods have been applied to define the background ozone level. We develop a new method based on the O3-CO-HCHO relationships, which can be applied to both observation and modeling data for regions with high isoprene emission ozone, such as the Southeast United States. We make use of the extensive aircraft and surface observations in the Southeast in the summer of 2013. Compared to the diagnostic results using the relationship of O3-NOz (total reactive nitrogen excluding nitrogen oxides), zero-emission (model-only), and 5th percentile methods, the new method is most consistent using observation or model data and the resulting background ozone concentrations are 4-50% lower than the other methods for field campaigns. Using this method, we find that the summertime background ozone at the surface is in the range of 10-15 ppbv in the inland areas of the Southeast, which is lower than that reported in previous studies. This background ozone tends to increase from urban centers to rural regions and from the surface to higher altitude due to changing ozone lifetime driven by anthropogenic emissions and dry deposition to the surface. The better quantification of background ozone using the new method highlights the importance of the contributions by natural emissions to ozone and the necessity to control anthropogenic emissions in ozone nonattainment areas of the Southeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Yan
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ye Cheng
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jianfeng Li
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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13
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Stevens LE, Maycock TK, Stewart BC. Climate change in the human environment: Indicators and impacts from the Fourth National Climate Assessment. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:1210-1233. [PMID: 34132629 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1942321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) is the most comprehensive report to date assessing climate change science, impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States. The 1,500 page report covers a breadth of topics, ranging from foundational physical science to climate change response options. Here we present information on indicators and impacts of climate change in the human environment featured in NCA4 Volume II, focusing on: air quality, forest disturbance and wildfire, energy systems, and water resources. Observations, trends, and impacts of these aspects of our changing climate will be discussed, along with implications for the future. Implications: People of the United States are already being affected by our changing climate. Information on observed changes and impacts that affect human welfare and society, along with projections for the future, is highly valuable for informing decision-makers, including utility managers, emergency planners, and other stakeholders, about climate risk assessment, adaptation, and mitigation options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Stevens
- North Carolina State University, Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS), Asheville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas K Maycock
- North Carolina State University, Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS), Asheville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brooke C Stewart
- North Carolina State University, Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies (CISESS), Asheville, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Li J, Wang Y, Zhang R, Smeltzer C, Weinheimer A, Herman J, Boersma KF, Celarier EA, Long RW, Szykman JJ, Delgado R, Thompson AM, Knepp TN, Lamsal LN, Janz SJ, Kowalewski MG, Liu X, Nowlan CR. Comprehensive evaluations of diurnal NO 2 measurements during DISCOVER-AQ 2011: effects of resolution-dependent representation of NO x emissions. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:11133-11160. [PMID: 35949546 PMCID: PMC9359208 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-11133-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NO x =NO+NO2) play a crucial role in the formation of ozone and secondary inorganic and organic aerosols, thus affecting human health, global radiation budget, and climate. The diurnal and spatial variations in NO2 are functions of emissions, advection, deposition, vertical mixing, and chemistry. Their observations, therefore, provide useful constraints in our understanding of these factors. We employ a Regional chEmical and trAnsport model (REAM) to analyze the observed temporal (diurnal cycles) and spatial distributions of NO2 concentrations and tropospheric vertical column densities (TVCDs) using aircraft in situ measurements and surface EPA Air Quality System (AQS) observations as well as the measurements of TVCDs by satellite instruments (OMI: the Ozone Monitoring Instrument; GOME-2A: Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment - 2A), ground-based Pandora, and the Airborne Compact Atmospheric Mapper (ACAM) instrument in July 2011 during the DISCOVER-AQ campaign over the Baltimore-Washington region. The model simulations at 36 and 4 km resolutions are in reasonably good agreement with the regional mean temporospatial NO2 observations in the daytime. However, we find significant overestimations (underestimations) of model-simulated NO2 (O3) surface concentrations during night-time, which can be mitigated by enhancing nocturnal vertical mixing in the model. Another discrepancy is that Pandora-measured NO2 TVCDs show much less variation in the late afternoon than simulated in the model. The higher-resolution 4 km simulations tend to show larger biases compared to the observations due largely to the larger spatial variations in NO x emissions in the model when the model spatial resolution is increased from 36 to 4 km. OMI, GOME-2A, and the high-resolution aircraft ACAM observations show a more dispersed distribution of NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) and lower VCDs in urban regions than corresponding 36 and 4 km model simulations, likely reflecting the spatial distribution bias of NO x emissions in the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruixiong Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles Smeltzer
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jay Herman
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of
Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K. Folkert Boersma
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, the
Netherlands
- Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University,
Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edward A. Celarier
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD,
USA
| | - Russell W. Long
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research
and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
USA
| | - James J. Szykman
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research
and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
USA
| | - Ruben Delgado
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of
Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Travis N. Knepp
- NASA Langley Research Center, Virginia, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA,
USA
| | - Lok N. Lamsal
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Scott J. Janz
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | | | - Xiong Liu
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division,
Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline R. Nowlan
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division,
Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
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15
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Naimark JG, Fiore AM, Jin X, Wang Y, Klovenski E, Braneon C. Evaluating Drought Responses of Surface Ozone Precursor Proxies: Variations With Land Cover Type, Precipitation, and Temperature. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2020GL091520. [PMID: 35860786 PMCID: PMC9285578 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl091520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Prior work suggests drought exacerbates US air quality by increasing surface ozone concentrations. We analyze 2005-2015 tropospheric column concentrations of two trace gases that serve as proxies for surface ozone precursors retrieved from the OMI/Aura satellite: Nitrogen dioxide (ΩNO2; NOx proxy) and formaldehyde (ΩHCHO; VOC proxy). We find 3.5% and 7.7% summer drought enhancements (classified by SPEI) for ΩNO2 and ΩHCHO, respectively, corroborating signals previously extracted from ground-level observations. When we subset by land cover type, the strongest ΩHCHO drought enhancement (10%) occurs in the woody savannas of the Southeast US. By isolating the influences of precipitation and temperature, we infer that enhanced biogenic VOC emissions in this region increase ΩHCHO independently with both high temperature and low precipitation during drought. The strongest ΩNO2 drought enhancement (6.0%) occurs over Midwest US croplands and grasslands, which we infer to reflect the sensitivity of soil NOx emissions to temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G. Naimark
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia CollegeColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont‐Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | - Arlene M. Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont‐Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | - Xiaomeng Jin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyNYUSA
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Elizabeth Klovenski
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Christian Braneon
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)New YorkNYUSA
- SciSpaceLLCBethesdaMDUSA
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16
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Yan F, Gao Y, Ma M, Liu C, Ji X, Zhao F, Yao X, Gao H. Revealing the modulation of boundary conditions and governing processes on ozone formation over northern China in June 2017. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115999. [PMID: 33218775 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ozonesonde data were used to evaluate the impact of different boundary conditions on the vertical distribution of ozone over urban Beijing. The comparison shows that the clean and static boundary conditions, referred to as PROFILE, apparently underestimate the ozone concentration over the upper troposphere and stratosphere, whereas the global chemical transport model (CTM) provides much more reasonable performance. Further investigation reveals that the boundary conditions exert larger impacts over areas with high altitudes and close distances to boundaries, such as the Tibetan Plateau, while they yield weak impacts on regions relatively far from the boundary, such as the North China Plain (NCP). Process analysis was conducted to investigate the modulation of physical and chemical processes on ozone formation in June 2017, illustrating that during the daytime of the high-O3 period, the photochemical reactions within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) almost become the only source favorable to ozone accumulation. Motivated by this phenomenon, we constructed a linear regression and found that the maximum daily 8-hr ozone (MDA8) ozone concentration was highly correlated with the surface ozone change rate and chemical reactions in the PBL during the pollution period, with MDA8 ozone exceeding 70 ppbv over NCP. Based on this relationship as well as the design of numerical experiments, we propose a strategy of dynamic emission control. Firstly, the emission reduction during the peak ozone formation period may weaken the fast chemical reactions in the PBL and subsequent surface ozone concentration. Secondly, emission reduction one or two days prior to an episode might achieve larger ozone reduction through the accumulation effect. Lastly, emission control outside of the NCP may surpass the local impact under favorable meteorological conditions. Therefore, the efficacy of dynamic emission control was striking when both the accumulation and transport effect were taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Mingchen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiangguang Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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17
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Gong C, Liao H, Zhang L, Yue X, Dang R, Yang Y. Persistent ozone pollution episodes in North China exacerbated by regional transport. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115056. [PMID: 32593927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Summertime ozone (O3) concentrations over China continue to increase although the governmental Clear Air Actions have been carried out since 2013. The worst O3 pollution is confronted over North China Plain. Ozone polluted days (with observed regionally-averaged maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O3 concentrations exceeding 80 ppbv) in May-July in North China increased from 35 days in year 2014 to 56 days in year 2018, and persistent O3 pollution episodes that lasted for 5 days or longer (OPEs5) contributed 14.3% and 66.1% to those O3 polluted days in 2014 and 2018, respectively. Model simulations suggest that O3 transport from central eastern China (including Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces) contributes 36% of the enhanced O3 concentrations in North China during OPEs5 relative to the seasonal mean. We find that emission control of volatile organic compounds in central eastern China is most effective to alleviate intensity of OPEs5 in North China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xu Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruijun Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu, China
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18
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Liu H, Liu J, Liu Y, Ouyang B, Xiang S, Yi K, Tao S. Analysis of wintertime O 3 variability using a random forest model and high-frequency observations in Zhangjiakou-an area with background pollution level of the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114191. [PMID: 32126436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The short-term health effects of ozone (O3) have highlighted the need for high-temporal-resolution O3 observations to accurately assess human exposure to O3. Here, we performed 20-s resolution observations of O3 precursors and meteorological factors to train a random forest model capable of accurately predicting O3 concentrations. Our model performed well with an average validated R2 of 0.997. Unlike in typical linear model frameworks, variable dependencies are not clearly modelled by random forest model. Thus, we conducted additional studies to provide insight into the photochemical and atmospheric dynamic processes driving variations in O3 concentrations. At nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentrations of 10-20 ppb, all the other O3 precursors were in states that increased the production of O3. Over a short timescale, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can almost track each high-frequency variation in O3. Meteorological factors play a more important role than O3 precursors do in predicting O3 concentrations at a high temporal resolution; however, individual meteorological factors are not sufficient to track every high-frequency change in O3. Nevertheless, the sharp variations in O3 related to flow dynamics are often accompanied by steep temperature changes. Our results suggest that high-temporal-resolution observations, both ground-based and vertical profiles, are necessary for the accurate assessment of human exposure to O3 and the success and accountability of the emission control strategies for improving air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhen Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Statistics, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Songlin Xiang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kan Yi
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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19
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Zhang JJ, Wei Y, Fang Z. Ozone Pollution: A Major Health Hazard Worldwide. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2518. [PMID: 31736954 PMCID: PMC6834528 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released into the atmosphere can react in the presence of solar irradiation, leading to ozone formation in the troposphere. Historically, before clean air regulations were implemented to control NOx and VOCs, ozone concentrations were high enough to exert acute effects such as eye and nose irritation, respiratory disease emergencies, and lung function impairment. At or above current regulatory standards, day-to-day variations in ozone concentrations have been positively associated with asthma incidence and daily non-accidental mortality rate. Emerging evidence has shown that both short-term and long-term exposures to ozone, at concentrations below the current regulatory standards, were associated with increased mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The pathophysiology to support the epidemiologic associations between mortality and morbidity and ozone centers at the chemical and toxicological property of ozone as a strong oxidant, being able to induce oxidative damages to cells and the lining fluids of the airways, and immune-inflammatory responses within and beyond the lung. These new findings add substantially to the existing challenges in controlling ozone pollution. For example, in the United States in 2016, 90% of non-compliance to the national ambient air quality standards was due to ozone whereas only 10% was due to particulate matter and other regulated pollutants. Climate change, through creating atmospheric conditions favoring ozone formation, has been and will continue to increase ozone concentrations in many parts of world. Worldwide, ozone is responsible for several hundreds of thousands of premature deaths and tens of millions of asthma-related emergency room visits annually. To combat ozone pollution globally, more aggressive reductions in fossil fuel consumption are needed to cut NOx and VOCs as well as greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, preventive and therapeutic strategies are needed to alleviate the detrimental effects of ozone especially in more susceptible individuals. Interventional trials in humans are needed to evaluate the efficacy of antioxidants and ozone-scavenging compounds that have shown promising results in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment & Environmental Standards Institute, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhangfu Fang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Tiwari A, Kumar P, Baldauf R, Zhang KM, Pilla F, Di Sabatino S, Brattich E, Pulvirenti B. Considerations for evaluating green infrastructure impacts in microscale and macroscale air pollution dispersion models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:410-426. [PMID: 30965257 PMCID: PMC7236027 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Green infrastructure (GI) in urban areas may be adopted as a passive control system to reduce air pollutant concentrations. However, current dispersion models offer limited modelling options to evaluate its impact on ambient pollutant concentrations. The scope of this review revolves around the following question: how can GI be considered in readily available dispersion models to allow evaluation of its impacts on pollutant concentrations and health risk assessment? We examined the published literature on the parameterisation of deposition velocities and datasets for both particulate matter and gaseous pollutants that are required for deposition schemes. We evaluated the limitations of different air pollution dispersion models at two spatial scales - microscale (i.e. 10-500 m) and macroscale (i.e. 5-100 km) - in considering the effects of GI on air pollutant concentrations and exposure alteration. We conclude that the deposition schemes that represent GI impacts in detail are complex, resource-intensive, and involve an abundant volume of input data. An appropriate handling of GI characteristics (such as aerodynamic effect, deposition of air pollutants and surface roughness) in dispersion models is necessary for understanding the mechanism of air pollutant concentrations simulation in presence of GI at different spatial scales. The impacts of GI on air pollutant concentrations and health risk assessment (e.g., mortality, morbidity) are partly explored. The i-Tree tool with the BenMap model has been used to estimate the health outcomes of annually-averaged air pollutant removed by deposition over GI canopies at the macroscale. However, studies relating air pollution health risk assessments due to GI-related changes in short-term exposure, via pollutant concentrations redistribution at the microscale and enhanced atmospheric pollutant dilution by increased surface roughness at the macroscale, along with deposition, are rare. Suitable treatments of all physical and chemical processes in coupled dispersion-deposition models and assessments against real-world scenarios are vital for health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Tiwari
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Richard Baldauf
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; (d)U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Max Zhang
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Francesco Pilla
- Department of Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin D14, Ireland
| | - Silvana Di Sabatino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Brattich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Pulvirenti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Energetica, Nucleare e del Controllo Ambientale, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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21
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Simulation of Turbulent Mixing Effects on Essential NOx–O3–Hydrocarbon Photochemistry in Convective Boundary Layer. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The turbulence kinetics model (TKM) describes an overall reaction rate for microscopic mass transfer phenomenon expressed as separation intensity, Is, in a turbulent reacting flow. This study examines the effects of turbulent mixing in the convective boundary layer (CBL) on essential NOx–O3–Hydrocarbon photochemistry containing sources of NO and a surrogate reactive hydrocarbon. The modeling approach applies for all species except OH with an assumption of a photostationary steady state. The TKM results reveal principal findings as follows: (1) effects of turbulence on reaction rates lead to significant segregations throughout most of the CBL in reaction pairs NO + O3, RH + OH and NO + HO2; (2) segregations permit significantly higher concentrations of NO and RH to build up and endure in the CBL than would occur for a non-turbulent atmosphere; (3) turbulent segregation influences limit and shift the ranges of NO and O3 concentrations compared to the non-turbulent case; (4) while there are differences between the TKM results and those for a published Large Eddy simulation (LES) of the same chemical system, there are also strong similarities. Therefore, a future study remains to compare model results to observations if and when appropriately time-resolved measurements of reacting species are obtained.
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22
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Yan Y, Cabrera-Perez D, Lin J, Pozzer A, Hu L, Millet DB, Porter WC, Lelieveld J. Global tropospheric effects of aromatic chemistry with the SAPRC-11 mechanism implemented in GEOS-Chem version 9-02. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 12:111-130. [PMID: 33613856 PMCID: PMC7894209 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-12-111-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Goddard Earth Observing System with chemistry (GEOS-Chem) model has been updated with the Statewide Air Pollution Research Center version 11 (SAPRC-11) aromatics chemical mechanism, with the purpose of evaluating global and regional effects of the most abundant aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylenes) on the chemical species important for tropospheric oxidation capacity. The model evaluation based on surface and aircraft observations indicates good agreement for aromatics and ozone. A comparison between scenarios in GEOS-Chem with simplified aromatic chemistry (as in the standard setup, with no ozone formation from related peroxy radicals or recycling of NOx) and with the SAPRC-11 scheme reveals relatively slight changes in ozone, the hydroxyl radical, and nitrogen oxides on a global mean basis (1 %-4 %), although remarkable regional differences (5 %-20 %) exist near the source regions. NO x decreases over the source regions and increases in the remote troposphere, due mainly to more efficient transport of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), which is increased with the SAPRC aromatic chemistry. Model ozone mixing ratios with the updated aromatic chemistry increase by up to 5 ppb (more than 10 %), especially in industrially polluted regions. The ozone change is partly due to the direct influence of aromatic oxidation products on ozone production rates, and in part to the altered spatial distribution of NOx that enhances the tropospheric ozone production efficiency. Improved representation of aromatics is important to simulate the tropospheric oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean–Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - David Cabrera-Perez
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jintai Lin
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean–Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Andrea Pozzer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lu Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - William C. Porter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
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23
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Investigating the underlying structure of particulate matter concentrations: a functional exploratory data analysis study using California monitoring data. COMMUNICATIONS FOR STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS AND METHODS 2018. [DOI: 10.29220/csam.2018.25.6.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Mao J, Carlton A, Cohen RC, Brune WH, Brown SS, Wolfe GM, Jimenez JL, Pye HOT, Ng NL, Xu L, McNeill VF, Tsigaridis K, McDonald BC, Warneke C, Guenther A, Alvarado MJ, de Gouw J, Mickley LJ, Leibensperger EM, Mathur R, Nolte CG, Portmann RW, Unger N, Tosca M, Horowitz LW. Southeast Atmosphere Studies: learning from model-observation syntheses. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:2615-2651. [PMID: 29963079 PMCID: PMC6020695 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-2615-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of atmospheric trace species in the United States have changed dramatically over the past several decades in response to pollution control strategies, shifts in domestic energy policy and economics, and economic development (and resulting emission changes) elsewhere in the world. Reliable projections of the future atmosphere require models to not only accurately describe current atmospheric concentrations, but to do so by representing chemical, physical and biological processes with conceptual and quantitative fidelity. Only through incorporation of the processes controlling emissions and chemical mechanisms that represent the key transformations among reactive molecules can models reliably project the impacts of future policy, energy and climate scenarios. Efforts to properly identify and implement the fundamental and controlling mechanisms in atmospheric models benefit from intensive observation periods, during which collocated measurements of diverse, speciated chemicals in both the gas and condensed phases are obtained. The Southeast Atmosphere Studies (SAS, including SENEX, SOAS, NOMADSS and SEAC4RS) conducted during the summer of 2013 provided an unprecedented opportunity for the atmospheric modeling community to come together to evaluate, diagnose and improve the representation of fundamental climate and air quality processes in models of varying temporal and spatial scales. This paper is aimed at discussing progress in evaluating, diagnosing and improving air quality and climate modeling using comparisons to SAS observations as a guide to thinking about improvements to mechanisms and parameterizations in models. The effort focused primarily on model representation of fundamental atmospheric processes that are essential to the formation of ozone, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and other trace species in the troposphere, with the ultimate goal of understanding the radiative impacts of these species in the southeast and elsewhere. Here we address questions surrounding four key themes: gas-phase chemistry, aerosol chemistry, regional climate and chemistry interactions, and natural and anthropogenic emissions. We expect this review to serve as a guidance for future modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiu Mao
- Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Annmarie Carlton
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Kostas Tsigaridis
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian C. McDonald
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Joost de Gouw
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Rohit Mathur
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher G. Nolte
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert W. Portmann
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nadine Unger
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mika Tosca
- School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), Chicago, IL 60603, USA
| | - Larry W. Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory–National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
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25
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Zhan Y, Luo Y, Deng X, Grieneisen ML, Zhang M, Di B. Spatiotemporal prediction of daily ambient ozone levels across China using random forest for human exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:464-473. [PMID: 29101889 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In China, ozone pollution shows an increasing trend and becomes the primary air pollutant in warm seasons. Leveraging the air quality monitoring network, a random forest model is developed to predict the daily maximum 8-h average ozone concentrations ([O3]MDA8) across China in 2015 for human exposure assessment. This model captures the observed spatiotemporal variations of [O3]MDA8 by using the data of meteorology, elevation, and recent-year emission inventories (cross-validation R2 = 0.69 and RMSE = 26 μg/m3). Compared with chemical transport models that require a plenty of variables and expensive computation, the random forest model shows comparable or higher predictive performance based on only a handful of readily-available variables at much lower computational cost. The nationwide population-weighted [O3]MDA8 is predicted to be 84 ± 23 μg/m3 annually, with the highest seasonal mean in the summer (103 ± 8 μg/m3). The summer [O3]MDA8 is predicted to be the highest in North China (125 ± 17 μg/m3). Approximately 58% of the population lives in areas with more than 100 nonattainment days ([O3]MDA8>100 μg/m3), and 12% of the population are exposed to [O3]MDA8>160 μg/m3 (WHO Interim Target 1) for more than 30 days. As the most populous zones in China, the Beijing-Tianjin Metro, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Sichuan Basin are predicted to be at 154, 141, 124, and 98 nonattainment days, respectively. Effective controls of O3 pollution are urgently needed for the highly-populated zones, especially the Beijing-Tianjin Metro with seasonal [O3]MDA8 of 140 ± 29 μg/m3 in summer. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first statistical modeling work of ambient O3 for China at the national level. This timely and extensively validated [O3]MDA8 dataset is valuable for refining epidemiological analyses on O3 pollution in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yuzhou Luo
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xunfei Deng
- Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China
| | - Michael L Grieneisen
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Minghua Zhang
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Baofeng Di
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Di
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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27
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Diem JE, Stauber CE, Rothenberg R. Heat in the southeastern United States: Characteristics, trends, and potential health impact. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177937. [PMID: 28520817 PMCID: PMC5433771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High summer temperatures in extratropical areas have an impact on the public's health, mainly through heat stress, high air pollution concentrations, and the transmission of tropical diseases. The purpose of this study is to examine the current characteristics of heat events and future projections of summer apparent temperature (AT)-and associated health concerns-throughout the southeastern United States. Synoptic climatology was used to assess the atmospheric characteristics of extreme heat days (EHDs) from 1979-2015. Ozone concentrations also were examined during EHDs. Trends in summer-season AT over the 37-year period and correlations between AT and atmospheric circulation were determined. Mid-century estimates of summer AT were calculated using downscaled data from an ensemble of global climate models. EHDs throughout the Southeast were characterized by ridging and anticyclones over the Southeast and the presence of moist tropical air masses. Exceedingly high ozone concentrations occurred on EHDs in the Atlanta area and throughout central North Carolina. While summer ATs did not increase significantly from 1979-2015, summer ATs are projected to increase substantially by mid-century, with most the Southeast having ATs similar to that of present-day southern Florida (i.e., a tropical climate). High ozone concentrations should continue to occur during future heat events. Large urban areas are expected to be the most affected by the future warming, resulting from intensifying and expanding urban heat islands, a large increase in heat-vulnerable populations, and climate conditions that will be highly suitable for tropical-disease transmission by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. This nexus of vulnerability creates the potential for heat-related morbidity and mortality, as well as the appearance of disease not previously seen in the region. These effects can be attenuated by policies that reduce urban heat (e.g., cool roofs and green roofs) and that improve infrastructure (e.g. emergency services, conditioned space).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy E. Diem
- Department of Geosciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine E. Stauber
- School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard Rothenberg
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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28
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Dionisio KL, Nolte CG, Spero TL, Graham S, Caraway N, Foley KM, Isaacs KK. Characterizing the impact of projected changes in climate and air quality on human exposures to ozone. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:260-270. [PMID: 28120830 PMCID: PMC8958429 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The impact of climate change on human and environmental health is of critical concern. Population exposures to air pollutants both indoors and outdoors are influenced by a wide range of air quality, meteorological, behavioral, and housing-related factors, many of which are also impacted by climate change. An integrated methodology for modeling changes in human exposures to tropospheric ozone (O3) owing to potential future changes in climate and demographics was implemented by linking existing modeling tools for climate, weather, air quality, population distribution, and human exposure. Human exposure results from the Air Pollutants Exposure Model (APEX) for 12 US cities show differences in daily maximum 8-h (DM8H) exposure patterns and levels by sex, age, and city for all scenarios. When climate is held constant and population demographics are varied, minimal difference in O3 exposures is predicted even with the most extreme demographic change scenario. In contrast, when population is held constant, we see evidence of substantial changes in O3 exposure for the most extreme change in climate. Similarly, we see increases in the percentage of the population in each city with at least one O3 exposure exceedance above 60 p.p.b and 70 p.p.b thresholds for future changes in climate. For these climate and population scenarios, the impact of projected changes in climate and air quality on human exposure to O3 are much larger than the impacts of changing demographics. These results indicate the potential for future changes in O3 exposure as a result of changes in climate that could impact human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathie L. Dionisio
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Christopher G. Nolte
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Tanya L. Spero
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Stephen Graham
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | | | - Kristen M. Foley
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Kristin K. Isaacs
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
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