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Tan B, Wang H, Wang X, Yi S, Zhou J, Ma C, Dai X. The study of early human settlement preference and settlement prediction in Xinjiang, China. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5072. [PMID: 35332226 PMCID: PMC8948180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
When studying the human settlement process, it is of great significance to understand the prehistoric environment, economy and society by exploring the human-land relationship and the evolution of civilization reflected by the settlement environment. This paper explores the natural and social environmental preferences of early human settlements in Xinjiang, China, from the Palaeolithic to the Bronze Age (45 ka BP-2250 a BP). Through the characteristics of settlement preferences, the distribution of settlements is accurately predicted, and the relationship between settlement preferences and the evolution of the environment and civilization is verified and discussed. We summarize the needs and conditions of early human settlement from the perspectives of the social environment and natural environment and explain the stages, consistency and differentiation of the spatial and temporal evolution of settlement preferences with the interaction of adaptation and transformation. On this basis, we discuss the logical focuses and content of early human settlement preference research. This research provides a reference for the process, representation, driving mode, and research ideas of early human settlement preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tan
- College of Geographical Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Geographical Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- College of Geographical Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Suyan Yi
- College of Geographical Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- College of Geographical Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Chen Ma
- College of Geographical Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Xinyan Dai
- College of Geographical Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
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Pereira Cruz A, Giehl ELH, Levis C, Machado JS, Bueno L, Peroni N. Pre-colonial Amerindian legacies in forest composition of southern Brazil. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235819. [PMID: 32701950 PMCID: PMC7377383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Past human societies have left persistent marks on forests worldwide. However, the degree to which pre-colonial Amerindian societies have affected forest structure is still not fully understood, especially in southern Brazil. This study investigated the influence of two distinct Amerindian groups (Southern-Jê and Guarani) over tree composition of forest fragments in the State of Santa Catarina. Vegetation data was obtained from the Santa Catarina Forest and Floristic Inventory (SCFFI): a statewide systematic vegetation sampling project. Archaeological data was collated from literature reviews as well as existing databases for archaeological sites occupied by Guarani and Southern-Jê groups. Using these sites of known Amerindian occupation, and corresponding environmental variables, ecological niche models were developed for each Amerindian group, predicting potential archaeological sites occupied by these groups across southern Brazil. Maps of these potential occupation sites of pre-colonial Amerindian groups were compared with 417 corresponding floristic inventory plots. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to identify floristic composition patterns linked to areas with a high probability of Southern-Jê or Guarani presence. Southern-Jê and Guarani pre-colonial occupations overlapped near main rivers; however, Southern-Jê groups generally occupied elevated areas whereas Guarani occupied mostly coastal areas. We observed differences in forest composition associated with the predicted occurrence of these pre-colonial Amerindian groups. Based on these results, we argue there is a relationship between tree species distribution and pre-colonial human occupation by these two Amerindian groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Pereira Cruz
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luiz Hettwer Giehl
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carolina Levis
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Juliana Salles Machado
- Department of History, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bueno
- Department of History, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nivaldo Peroni
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Using the Maximal Entropy Modeling Approach to Analyze the Evolution of Sedentary Agricultural Societies in Northeast China. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22030307. [PMID: 33286081 PMCID: PMC7516762 DOI: 10.3390/e22030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of agriculture and the evolution of sedentary societies are among the most important processes in human history. However, although archeologists and social scientists have long been studying these processes, our understanding of them is still limited. This article focuses on the Fuxin area in present-day Liaoning province in Northeast China. A systematic archeological survey we conducted in Fuxin in recent years located sites from five successive stages of the evolution of agricultural sedentary society. We used the principles of Maximal Entropy to study changes in settlement patterns during a long-term local trajectory, from the incipient steps toward a sedentary agricultural way of life to the emergence of complex societies. Based on the detailed data collected in the field, we developed a geo-statistical model based on Maximal Entropy (MaxEnt) that characterizes the locational choices of societies during different periods. This combination of high-resolution information on the location and density of archeological remains, along with a maximal entropy-based statistical model, enabled us to chart the long-term trajectory of the interactions between human societies and their natural environment and to better understand the different stages of the transition to developed sedentary agricultural society.
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DiNapoli RJ, Lipo CP, Brosnan T, Hunt TL, Hixon S, Morrison AE, Becker M. Rapa Nui (Easter Island) monument (ahu) locations explained by freshwater sources. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210409. [PMID: 30629645 PMCID: PMC6328247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Explaining the processes underlying the emergence of monument construction is a major theme in contemporary anthropological archaeology, and recent studies have employed spatially-explicit modeling to explain these patterns. Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Chile) is famous for its elaborate ritual architecture, particularly numerous monumental platforms (ahu) and statuary (moai). To date, however, we lack explicit modeling to explain spatial and temporal aspects of monument construction. Here, we use spatially-explicit point-process modeling to explore the potential relations between ahu construction locations and subsistence resources, namely, rock mulch agricultural gardens, marine resources, and freshwater sources-the three most critical resources on Rapa Nui. Through these analyses, we demonstrate the central importance of coastal freshwater seeps for precontact populations. Our results suggest that ahu locations are most parsimoniously explained by distance from freshwater sources, in particular coastal seeps, with important implications for community formation and inter-community competition in precontact times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. DiNapoli
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carl P. Lipo
- Department of Anthropology and Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States of America
| | - Tanya Brosnan
- Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States of America
| | - Terry L. Hunt
- Honors College and School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Sean Hixon
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Alex E. Morrison
- International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu, HI, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Becker
- Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States of America
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Palace MW, McMichael CNH, Braswell BH, Hagen SC, Bush MB, Neves E, Tamanaha E, Herrick C, Frolking S. Ancient Amazonian populations left lasting impacts on forest structure. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. W. Palace
- Earth Systems Research Center; Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire 03834 USA
- Department of Earth Science; College of Engineering and Physical Sciences; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire 03834 USA
| | - C. N. H. McMichael
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; University of Amsterdam; 904 Science Park 1098XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - B. H. Braswell
- Earth Systems Research Center; Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire 03834 USA
- Applied GeoSolutions; 55 Main Street, Suite 125 Newmarket New Hampshire 03857 USA
| | - S. C. Hagen
- Applied GeoSolutions; 55 Main Street, Suite 125 Newmarket New Hampshire 03857 USA
| | - M. B. Bush
- Department of Biological Sciences; Florida Institute of Technology; 150 W. University Boulevard Melbourne Florida 32901 USA
| | - E. Neves
- Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 1466 Sao Paulo Sao Paulo 05508-070 Brazil
| | - E. Tamanaha
- Laboratório de Arqueologia; Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá; Estrada do Bexiga, 2.584, Bairro Fonte Boa Tefé Amazonas 69553-225 Brazil
| | - C. Herrick
- Earth Systems Research Center; Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire 03834 USA
| | - S. Frolking
- Earth Systems Research Center; Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire 03834 USA
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Algeo TP, Slate D, Caron RM, Atwood T, Recuenco S, Ducey MJ, Chipman RB, Palace M. Modeling Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Habitat Connectivity to Identify Potential Corridors for Rabies Spread. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:E44. [PMID: 30270901 PMCID: PMC6082097 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Wildlife Services National Rabies Management Program has conducted cooperative oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programs since 1997. Understanding the eco-epidemiology of raccoon (Procyon lotor) variant rabies (raccoon rabies) is critical to successful management. Pine (Pinus spp.)-dominated landscapes generally support low relative raccoon densities that may inhibit rabies spread. However, confounding landscape features, such as wetlands and human development, represent potentially elevated risk corridors for rabies spread, possibly imperiling enhanced rabies surveillance and ORV planning. Raccoon habitat suitability in pine-dominated landscapes in Massachusetts, Florida, and Alabama was modeled by the maximum entropy (Maxent) procedure using raccoon presence, and landscape and environmental data. Replicated (n = 100/state) bootstrapped Maxent models based on raccoon sampling locations from 2012⁻2014 indicated that soil type was the most influential variable in Alabama (permutation importance PI = 38.3), which, based on its relation to landcover type and resource distribution and abundance, was unsurprising. Precipitation (PI = 46.9) and temperature (PI = 52.1) were the most important variables in Massachusetts and Florida, but these possibly spurious results require further investigation. The Alabama Maxent probability surface map was ingested into Circuitscape for conductance visualizations of potential areas of habitat connectivity. Incorporating these and future results into raccoon rabies containment and elimination strategies could result in significant cost-savings for rabies management here and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Algeo
- USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, NH 03301, USA.
| | - Dennis Slate
- USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, NH 03301, USA.
| | - Rosemary M Caron
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| | - Todd Atwood
- USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
| | - Sergio Recuenco
- National Center for Public Health (Insitituto Nacional de Salud), Capac Yupanqui 1400, Jesus Maria, Lima 15073, Peru.
| | - Mark J Ducey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| | - Richard B Chipman
- USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, NH 03301, USA.
| | - Michael Palace
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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Ancient human disturbances may be skewing our understanding of Amazonian forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:522-527. [PMID: 28049821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614577114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Amazon rainforest houses much of Earth's biodiversity and plays a major role in the global carbon budget, estimates of tree biodiversity originate from fewer than 1,000 forest inventory plots, and estimates of carbon dynamics are derived from fewer than 200 recensus plots. It is well documented that the pre-European inhabitants of Amazonia actively transformed and modified the forest in many regions before their population collapse around 1491 AD; however, the impacts of these ancient disturbances remain entirely unaccounted for in the many highly influential studies using Amazonian forest plots. Here we examine whether Amazonian forest inventory plot locations are spatially biased toward areas with high probability of ancient human impacts. Our analyses reveal that forest inventory plots, and especially forest recensus plots, in all regions of Amazonia are located disproportionately near archaeological evidence and in areas likely to have ancient human impacts. Furthermore, regions of the Amazon that are relatively oversampled with inventory plots also contain the highest values of predicted ancient human impacts. Given the long lifespan of Amazonian trees, many forest inventory and recensus sites may still be recovering from past disturbances, potentially skewing our interpretations of forest dynamics and our understanding of how these forests are responding to global change. Empirical data on the human history of forest inventory sites are crucial for determining how past disturbances affect modern patterns of forest composition and carbon flux in Amazonian forests.
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