1
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Auguin D, Robert-Paganin J, Réty S, Kikuti C, David A, Theumer G, Schmidt AW, Knölker HJ, Houdusse A. Omecamtiv mecarbil and Mavacamten target the same myosin pocket despite opposite effects in heart contraction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4885. [PMID: 38849353 PMCID: PMC11161628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited cardiomyopathies are common cardiac diseases worldwide, leading in the late stage to heart failure and death. The most promising treatments against these diseases are small molecules directly modulating the force produced by β-cardiac myosin, the molecular motor driving heart contraction. Omecamtiv mecarbil and Mavacamten are two such molecules that completed phase 3 clinical trials, and the inhibitor Mavacamten is now approved by the FDA. In contrast to Mavacamten, Omecamtiv mecarbil acts as an activator of cardiac contractility. Here, we reveal by X-ray crystallography that both drugs target the same pocket and stabilize a pre-stroke structural state, with only few local differences. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations reveal how these molecules produce distinct effects in motor allostery thus impacting force production in opposite way. Altogether, our results provide the framework for rational drug development for the purpose of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Auguin
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, Paris, 75248, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Ecologie et Environnement (P2E), UPRES EA 1207/USC INRAE-1328, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Julien Robert-Paganin
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, Paris, 75248, France
| | - Stéphane Réty
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5239, Inserm, U1293, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Carlos Kikuti
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, Paris, 75248, France
| | - Amandine David
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, Paris, 75248, France
| | | | | | | | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, Paris, 75248, France.
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2
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Blanc FEC, Houdusse A, Cecchini M. A weak coupling mechanism for the early steps of the recovery stroke of myosin VI: A free energy simulation and string method analysis. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012005. [PMID: 38662764 PMCID: PMC11086841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Myosin motors use the energy of ATP to produce force and directed movement on actin by a swing of the lever-arm. ATP is hydrolysed during the off-actin re-priming transition termed recovery stroke. To provide an understanding of chemo-mechanical transduction by myosin, it is critical to determine how the reverse swing of the lever-arm and ATP hydrolysis are coupled. Previous studies concluded that the recovery stroke of myosin II is initiated by closure of the Switch II loop in the nucleotide-binding site. Recently, we proposed that the recovery stroke of myosin VI starts with the spontaneous re-priming of the converter domain to a putative pre-transition state (PTS) intermediate that precedes Switch II closing and ATPase activation. Here, we investigate the transition from the pre-recovery, post-rigor (PR) state to PTS in myosin VI using geometric free energy simulations and the string method. First, our calculations rediscover the PTS state agnostically and show that it is accessible from PR via a low free energy transition path. Second, separate path calculations using the string method illuminate the mechanism of the PR to PTS transition with atomic resolution. In this mechanism, the initiating event is a large movement of the converter/lever-arm region that triggers rearrangements in the Relay-SH1 region and the formation of the kink in the Relay helix with no coupling to the active site. Analysis of the free-energy barriers along the path suggests that the converter-initiated mechanism is much faster than the one initiated by Switch II closure, which supports the biological relevance of PTS as a major on-pathway intermediate of the recovery stroke in myosin VI. Our analysis suggests that lever-arm re-priming and ATP hydrolysis are only weakly coupled, so that the myosin recovery stroke is initiated by thermal fluctuations and stabilised by nucleotide consumption via a ratchet-like mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian E. C. Blanc
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marco Cecchini
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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3
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Meller A, Kelly D, Smith LG, Bowman GR. Toward physics-based precision medicine: Exploiting protein dynamics to design new therapeutics and interpret variants. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4902. [PMID: 38358129 PMCID: PMC10868452 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The goal of precision medicine is to utilize our knowledge of the molecular causes of disease to better diagnose and treat patients. However, there is a substantial mismatch between the small number of food and drug administration (FDA)-approved drugs and annotated coding variants compared to the needs of precision medicine. This review introduces the concept of physics-based precision medicine, a scalable framework that promises to improve our understanding of sequence-function relationships and accelerate drug discovery. We show that accounting for the ensemble of structures a protein adopts in solution with computer simulations overcomes many of the limitations imposed by assuming a single protein structure. We highlight studies of protein dynamics and recent methods for the analysis of structural ensembles. These studies demonstrate that differences in conformational distributions predict functional differences within protein families and between variants. Thanks to new computational tools that are providing unprecedented access to protein structural ensembles, this insight may enable accurate predictions of variant pathogenicity for entire libraries of variants. We further show that explicitly accounting for protein ensembles, with methods like alchemical free energy calculations or docking to Markov state models, can uncover novel lead compounds. To conclude, we demonstrate that cryptic pockets, or cavities absent in experimental structures, provide an avenue to target proteins that are currently considered undruggable. Taken together, our review provides a roadmap for the field of protein science to accelerate precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Meller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiophysicsWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Departments of Biochemistry & Biophysics and BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Devin Kelly
- Departments of Biochemistry & Biophysics and BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Louis G. Smith
- Departments of Biochemistry & Biophysics and BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Gregory R. Bowman
- Departments of Biochemistry & Biophysics and BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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4
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Bao Y, Xu Y, Jia F, Li M, Xu R, Zhang F, Guo J. Allosteric inhibition of myosin by phenamacril: a synergistic mechanism revealed by computational and experimental approaches. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4977-4989. [PMID: 37540764 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myosin plays a crucial role in cellular processes, while its dysfunction can lead to organismal malfunction. Phenamacril (PHA), a highly species-specific and non-competitive inhibitor of myosin I (FgMyoI) from Fusarium graminearum, has been identified as an effective fungicide for controlling plant diseases caused by partial Fusarium pathogens, such as wheat scab and rice bakanae. However, the molecular basis of its action is still unclear. RESULTS This study used multiple computational approaches first to elucidate the allosteric inhibition mechanism of FgMyoI by PHA at the atomistic level. The results indicated the increase of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding affinity upon PHA binding, which might impede the release of hydrolysis products. Furthermore, simulations revealed a broadened outer cleft and a significantly more flexible interface for actin binding, accompanied by a decrease in signaling transduction from the catalytic center to the actin-binding interface. These various effects might work together to disrupt the actomyosin cycle and hinder the ability of motor to generate force. Our experimental results further confirmed that PHA reduces the enzymatic activity of myosin and its binding with actin. CONCLUSION Therefore, our findings demonstrated that PHA might suppress the function of myosin through a synergistic mechanism, providing new insights into myosin allostery and offering new avenues for drug/fungicide discovery targeting myosin. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiong Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangying Jia
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengrong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence Driven Drug Discovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence Driven Drug Discovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Applied Technology on Machine Translation and Artificial Intelligence, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
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5
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Auguin D, Robert-Paganin J, Réty S, Kikuti C, David A, Theumer G, Schmidt AW, Knölker HJ, Houdusse A. Omecamtiv mecarbil and Mavacamten target the same myosin pocket despite antagonistic effects in heart contraction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.15.567213. [PMID: 38014327 PMCID: PMC10680719 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.15.567213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Inherited cardiomyopathies are amongst the most common cardiac diseases worldwide, leading in the late-stage to heart failure and death. The most promising treatments against these diseases are small-molecules directly modulating the force produced by β-cardiac myosin, the molecular motor driving heart contraction. Two of these molecules that produce antagonistic effects on cardiac contractility have completed clinical phase 3 trials: the activator Omecamtiv mecarbil and the inhibitor Mavacamten. In this work, we reveal by X-ray crystallography that both drugs target the same pocket and stabilize a pre-stroke structural state, with only few local differences. All atoms molecular dynamics simulations reveal how these molecules can have antagonistic impact on the allostery of the motor by comparing β-cardiac myosin in the apo form or bound to Omecamtiv mecarbil or Mavacamten. Altogether, our results provide the framework for rational drug development for the purpose of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Auguin
- Structural Motility, UMR 144 CNRS/Curie Institute, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75258 Paris cedex 05, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d'Orléans, UPRES EA 1207, INRAE- USC1328, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Julien Robert-Paganin
- Structural Motility, UMR 144 CNRS/Curie Institute, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75258 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Stéphane Réty
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, ENS de Lyon, University Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, 46 Allée d'Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Carlos Kikuti
- Structural Motility, UMR 144 CNRS/Curie Institute, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75258 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Amandine David
- Structural Motility, UMR 144 CNRS/Curie Institute, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75258 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Gabriele Theumer
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Arndt W Schmidt
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, UMR 144 CNRS/Curie Institute, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75258 Paris cedex 05, France
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6
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Burguera S, Frontera A, Bauzá A. Biological noncovalent N/O⋯V interactions: insights from theory and protein data bank analyses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:30040-30048. [PMID: 37905702 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04571d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Computations at the PBE0-D3/def2-TZVP level of theory in conjunction with a Protein Data Bank (PDB) survey have provided first time evidence of favorable noncovalent interactions between ADP metavanadate (VO4) and ADP orthovanadate (VO5) and electron rich atoms. These involve a σ-hole present in the V atom and the lone pairs belonging to (i) protein residues (e.g., serine (SER), glutamate (GLU) or histidine (HIS)), (ii) backbone carbonyl groups and (iii) water molecules. A computational study has been carried out to rationalize the physical nature and directionality of the interaction in addition to its plausible biological role. The results reported herein are expected to have an impact in the fields of medicinal chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Burguera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. de Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain.
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. de Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain.
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. de Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain.
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7
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Moussaoui D, Robblee JP, Robert-Paganin J, Auguin D, Fisher F, Fagnant PM, Macfarlane JE, Schaletzky J, Wehri E, Mueller-Dieckmann C, Baum J, Trybus KM, Houdusse A. Mechanism of small molecule inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum myosin A informs antimalarial drug design. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3463. [PMID: 37308472 PMCID: PMC10261046 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria results in more than 500,000 deaths per year and the causative Plasmodium parasites continue to develop resistance to all known agents, including different antimalarial combinations. The class XIV myosin motor PfMyoA is part of a core macromolecular complex called the glideosome, essential for Plasmodium parasite mobility and therefore an attractive drug target. Here, we characterize the interaction of a small molecule (KNX-002) with PfMyoA. KNX-002 inhibits PfMyoA ATPase activity in vitro and blocks asexual blood stage growth of merozoites, one of three motile Plasmodium life-cycle stages. Combining biochemical assays and X-ray crystallography, we demonstrate that KNX-002 inhibits PfMyoA using a previously undescribed binding mode, sequestering it in a post-rigor state detached from actin. KNX-002 binding prevents efficient ATP hydrolysis and priming of the lever arm, thus inhibiting motor activity. This small-molecule inhibitor of PfMyoA paves the way for the development of alternative antimalarial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dihia Moussaoui
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, 75248, Paris, France
- Structural Biology group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - James P Robblee
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Julien Robert-Paganin
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Auguin
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, 75248, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), Université d'Orléans, INRAE, USC1328, Orléans, France
| | - Fabio Fisher
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Patricia M Fagnant
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jill E Macfarlane
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Julia Schaletzky
- Center for Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Drug Discovery Center, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eddie Wehri
- Center for Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Drug Discovery Center, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christoph Mueller-Dieckmann
- Structural Biology group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kathleen M Trybus
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, 75248, Paris, France.
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8
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Kelsen A, Kent RS, Snyder AK, Wehri E, Bishop SJ, Stadler RV, Powell C, Martorelli di Genova B, Rompikuntal PK, Boulanger MJ, Warshaw DM, Westwood NJ, Schaletzky J, Ward GE. MyosinA is a druggable target in the widespread protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002110. [PMID: 37155705 PMCID: PMC10185354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread apicomplexan parasite that can cause severe disease in its human hosts. The ability of T. gondii and other apicomplexan parasites to invade into, egress from, and move between cells of the hosts they infect is critical to parasite virulence and disease progression. An unusual and highly conserved parasite myosin motor (TgMyoA) plays a central role in T. gondii motility. The goal of this work was to determine whether the parasite's motility and lytic cycle can be disrupted through pharmacological inhibition of TgMyoA, as an approach to altering disease progression in vivo. To this end, we first sought to identify inhibitors of TgMyoA by screening a collection of 50,000 structurally diverse small molecules for inhibitors of the recombinant motor's actin-activated ATPase activity. The top hit to emerge from the screen, KNX-002, inhibited TgMyoA with little to no effect on any of the vertebrate myosins tested. KNX-002 was also active against parasites, inhibiting parasite motility and growth in culture in a dose-dependent manner. We used chemical mutagenesis, selection in KNX-002, and targeted sequencing to identify a mutation in TgMyoA (T130A) that renders the recombinant motor less sensitive to compound. Compared to wild-type parasites, parasites expressing the T130A mutation showed reduced sensitivity to KNX-002 in motility and growth assays, confirming TgMyoA as a biologically relevant target of KNX-002. Finally, we present evidence that KNX-002 can slow disease progression in mice infected with wild-type parasites, but not parasites expressing the resistance-conferring TgMyoA T130A mutation. Taken together, these data demonstrate the specificity of KNX-002 for TgMyoA, both in vitro and in vivo, and validate TgMyoA as a druggable target in infections with T. gondii. Since TgMyoA is essential for virulence, conserved in apicomplexan parasites, and distinctly different from the myosins found in humans, pharmacological inhibition of MyoA offers a promising new approach to treating the devastating diseases caused by T. gondii and other apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kelsen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Robyn S. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Anne K. Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Eddie Wehri
- Center for Emerging and Neglected Diseases, University of California Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Bishop
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel V. Stadler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Cameron Powell
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Bruno Martorelli di Genova
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Pramod K. Rompikuntal
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Martin J. Boulanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - David M. Warshaw
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Westwood
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Schaletzky
- Center for Emerging and Neglected Diseases, University of California Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Gary E. Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
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9
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Meller A, Lotthammer JM, Smith LG, Novak B, Lee LA, Kuhn CC, Greenberg L, Leinwand LA, Greenberg MJ, Bowman GR. Drug specificity and affinity are encoded in the probability of cryptic pocket opening in myosin motor domains. eLife 2023; 12:83602. [PMID: 36705568 PMCID: PMC9995120 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of compounds that can discriminate between closely related target proteins remains a central challenge in drug discovery. Specific therapeutics targeting the highly conserved myosin motor family are urgently needed as mutations in at least six of its members cause numerous diseases. Allosteric modulators, like the myosin-II inhibitor blebbistatin, are a promising means to achieve specificity. However, it remains unclear why blebbistatin inhibits myosin-II motors with different potencies given that it binds at a highly conserved pocket that is always closed in blebbistatin-free experimental structures. We hypothesized that the probability of pocket opening is an important determinant of the potency of compounds like blebbistatin. To test this hypothesis, we used Markov state models (MSMs) built from over 2 ms of aggregate molecular dynamics simulations with explicit solvent. We find that blebbistatin's binding pocket readily opens in simulations of blebbistatin-sensitive myosin isoforms. Comparing these conformational ensembles reveals that the probability of pocket opening correctly identifies which isoforms are most sensitive to blebbistatin inhibition and that docking against MSMs quantitatively predicts blebbistatin binding affinities (R2=0.82). In a blind prediction for an isoform (Myh7b) whose blebbistatin sensitivity was unknown, we find good agreement between predicted and measured IC50s (0.67 μM vs. 0.36 μM). Therefore, we expect this framework to be useful for the development of novel specific drugs across numerous protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Meller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University in St. LouisPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Jeffrey M Lotthammer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
| | - Louis G Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Borna Novak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University in St. LouisPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Lindsey A Lee
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- BioFrontiers InstituteBoulderUnited States
| | - Catherine C Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
| | - Lina Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- BioFrontiers InstituteBoulderUnited States
| | - Michael J Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
| | - Gregory R Bowman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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10
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Radnai L, Surman M, Hafenbreidel M, Young EJ, Stremel RF, Lin L, Bdiri B, Pasetto P, Jin X, Geedy M, Partridge JR, Patel A, Conlon M, Sellers JR, Cameron MD, Rumbaugh G, Griffin PR, Kamenecka TM, Miller CA. Discovery of Selective Inhibitors for In Vitro and In Vivo Interrogation of Skeletal Myosin II. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2164-2173. [PMID: 34558887 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Myosin IIs, actin-based motors that utilize the chemical energy of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) to generate force, have potential as therapeutic targets. Their heavy chains differentiate the family into muscle (skeletal [SkMII], cardiac, smooth) and nonmuscle myosin IIs. Despite the therapeutic potential for muscle disorders, SkMII-specific inhibitors have not been reported and characterized. Here, we present the discovery, synthesis, and characterization of "skeletostatins," novel derivatives of the pan-myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin, with selectivity 40- to 170-fold for SkMII over all other myosin II family members. In addition, the skeletostatins bear improved potency, solubility, and photostability, without cytotoxicity. Based on its optimal in vitro profile, MT-134's in vivo tolerability, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics were determined. MT-134 was well-tolerated in mice, impaired motor performance, and had excellent exposure in muscles. Skeletostatins are useful probes for basic research and a strong starting point for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Radnai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Matthew Surman
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Madalyn Hafenbreidel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Erica J. Young
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Rebecca F. Stremel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Bilel Bdiri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Paolo Pasetto
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Xiaomin Jin
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Mackenzie Geedy
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Joni-Rae Partridge
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Aagam Patel
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Michael Conlon
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - James R. Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, B50/3529, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8015, United States
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Patrick R. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Courtney A. Miller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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11
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Suthar SK, Rauscher AÁ, Winternitz M, Gyimesi M, Málnási-Csizmadia A. Chiral HPLC separation of enantiomeric blebbistatin derivatives and racemization analysis in vertebrate tissues. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 204:114246. [PMID: 34271288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple and consistent chiral HPLC methods for the efficient separation of enantiomeric blebbistatin derivatives, namely parent compound blebbistatin and derivatives 4-nitroblebbistatin, 4-aminoblebbistatin, 4-dimethylaminoblebbistatin, and 4-t-butylblebbistatin were developed using cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) as a stationary phase (Lux cellulose-1 column). Blebbistatin, 4-aminoblebbistatin, and 4-dimethylaminoblebbistatin racemates were well-separated in normal-phase HPLC conditions while 4-nitroblebbistatin and 4-t-butylblebbistatin were effectively separated in both normal- and reversed-phase HPLC conditions. Furthermore, the order of elution of enantiopure compounds was found to be independent of mobile phase compositions and conditions used, and solely depends on the interaction between the enantiomer and the chiral stationary phase. We found that despite the chiral center being present far from the D-ring in the blebbistatin structure, the D-ring substitutions prominently affect the chiral separation. Ex vivo racemization studies of the most popular blebbistatin derivative (S)-(-)-4-aminoblebbistatin in rat blood and brain tissues revealed that the compound does not convert into the inactive enantiomer. This confirms that (S)-(-)-4-aminoblebbistatin is a useful tool compound in cellular and molecular biology studies without the risks of racemization and degradation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Kumar Suthar
- Printnet Limited, Kisgömb utca 25-27, 1135, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Á Rauscher
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary; Motorpharma Ltd., Szilágyi Erzsébet fasor 27, 1026, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Winternitz
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Gyimesi
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary; Motorpharma Ltd., Szilágyi Erzsébet fasor 27, 1026, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Málnási-Csizmadia
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary; Motorpharma Ltd., Szilágyi Erzsébet fasor 27, 1026, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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12
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Brawley J, Etter E, Heredia D, Intasiri A, Nennecker K, Smith J, Welcome BM, Brizendine RK, Gould TW, Bell TW, Cremo C. Synthesis and Evaluation of 4-Hydroxycoumarin Imines as Inhibitors of Class II Myosins. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11131-11148. [PMID: 32894018 PMCID: PMC8244571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of muscle myosin ATPases are needed to treat conditions that could be improved by promoting muscle relaxation. The lead compound for this study ((3-(N-butylethanimidoyl)ethyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one; BHC) was previously discovered to inhibit skeletal myosin II. BHC and 34 analogues were synthesized to explore structure-activity relationships. The properties of analogues, including solubility, stability, and toxicity, suggest that the BHC scaffold may be useful for developing therapeutics. Inhibition of actin-activated ATPase activity of fast skeletal and cardiac muscle myosin II, inhibition of skeletal muscle contractility ex vivo, and slowing of in vitro actin-sliding velocity were measured. Several analogues with aromatic side arms showed improved potency (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) <1 μM) and selectivity (≥12-fold) for skeletal myosin versus cardiac myosin compared to BHC. Several analogues blocked neurotransmission, suggesting that they are selective for nonmuscle myosin II over skeletal myosin. Competition and molecular docking studies suggest that BHC and blebbistatin bind to the same site on myosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonnathan Brawley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
| | - Emily Etter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0318, United States
| | - Dante Heredia
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0352, United States
| | - Amarawan Intasiri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kyle Nennecker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0318, United States
| | - Joshua Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0318, United States
| | - Brandon M Welcome
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0318, United States
| | - Richard K Brizendine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0318, United States
| | - Thomas W Gould
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0352, United States
| | - Thomas W Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
| | - Christine Cremo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0318, United States
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13
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Reynolds NH, McEvoy E, Panadero Pérez JA, Coleman RJ, McGarry JP. Influence of multi-axial dynamic constraint on cell alignment and contractility in engineered tissues. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 112:104024. [PMID: 33007624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study an experimental rig is developed to investigate the influence of tissue constraint and cyclic loading on cell alignment and active cell force generation in uniaxial and biaxial engineered tissues constructs. Addition of contractile cells to collagen hydrogels dramatically increases the measured forces in uniaxial and biaxial constructs under dynamic loading. This increase in measured force is due to active cell contractility, as is evident from the decreased force after treatment with cytochalasin D. Prior to dynamic loading, cells are highly aligned in uniaxially constrained tissues but are uniformly distributed in biaxially constrained tissues, demonstrating the importance of tissue constraints on cell alignment. Dynamic uniaxial stretching resulted in a slight increase in cell alignment in the centre of the tissue, whereas dynamic biaxial stretching had no significant effect on cell alignment. Our active modelling framework accurately predicts our experimental trends and suggests that a slightly higher (3%) total SF formation occurs at the centre of a biaxial tissue compared to the uniaxial tissue. However, high alignment of SFs and lateral compaction in the case of the uniaxially constrained tissue results in a significantly higher (75%) actively generated cell contractile stress, compared to the biaxially constrained tissue. These findings have significant implications for engineering of contractile tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel H Reynolds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eoin McEvoy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Ryan J Coleman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - J Patrick McGarry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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14
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Small Molecule Effectors of Myosin Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1239:61-84. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38062-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Radnai L, Stremel RF, Sellers JR, Rumbaugh G, Miller CA. A Semi-High-Throughput Adaptation of the NADH-Coupled ATPase Assay for Screening Small Molecule Inhibitors. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31475972 DOI: 10.3791/60017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ATPase enzymes utilize the free energy stored in adenosine triphosphate to catalyze a wide variety of endergonic biochemical processes in vivo that would not occur spontaneously. These proteins are crucial for essentially all aspects of cellular life, including metabolism, cell division, responses to environmental changes and movement. The protocol presented here describes a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-coupled ATPase assay that has been adapted to semi-high throughput screening of small molecule ATPase inhibitors. The assay has been applied to cardiac and skeletal muscle myosin II's, two actin-based molecular motor ATPases, as a proof of principle. The hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to the oxidation of NADH by enzymatic reactions in the assay. First, the ADP generated by the ATPase is regenerated to ATP by pyruvate kinase (PK). PK catalyzes the transition of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate in parallel. Subsequently, pyruvate is reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which catalyzes the oxidation of NADH in parallel. Thus, the decrease in ATP concentration is directly correlated to the decrease in NADH concentration, which is followed by change to the intrinsic fluorescence of NADH. As long as PEP is available in the reaction system, the ADP concentration remains very low, avoiding inhibition of the ATPase enzyme by its own product. Moreover, the ATP concentration remains nearly constant, yielding linear time courses. The fluorescence is monitored continuously, which allows for easy estimation of the quality of data and helps to filter out potential artifacts (e.g., arising from compound precipitation or thermal changes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Radnai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Rebecca F Stremel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - James R Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Courtney A Miller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute;
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16
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Plasmodium myosin A drives parasite invasion by an atypical force generating mechanism. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3286. [PMID: 31337750 PMCID: PMC6650474 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites are obligate intracellular protozoa and causative agents of malaria, responsible for half a million deaths each year. The lifecycle progression of the parasite is reliant on cell motility, a process driven by myosin A, an unconventional single-headed class XIV molecular motor. Here we demonstrate that myosin A from Plasmodium falciparum (PfMyoA) is critical for red blood cell invasion. Further, using a combination of X-ray crystallography, kinetics, and in vitro motility assays, we elucidate the non-canonical interactions that drive this motor’s function. We show that PfMyoA motor properties are tuned by heavy chain phosphorylation (Ser19), with unphosphorylated PfMyoA exhibiting enhanced ensemble force generation at the expense of speed. Regulated phosphorylation may therefore optimize PfMyoA for enhanced force generation during parasite invasion or for fast motility during dissemination. The three PfMyoA crystallographic structures presented here provide a blueprint for discovery of specific inhibitors designed to prevent parasite infection. Here, Robert-Paganin et al. show that myosin A from Plasmodium falciparum is critical for red blood cell invasion and that non-canonical interactions and regulated phosphorylation are important for force generation during parasite invasion.
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17
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Spudich JA. Three perspectives on the molecular basis of hypercontractility caused by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:701-717. [PMID: 30767072 PMCID: PMC6475635 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that the primary effect of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations in human β-cardiac myosin is hypercontractility of the heart, which leads to subsequent hypertrophy, fibrosis, and myofilament disarray. Here, I describe three perspectives on the molecular basis of this hypercontractility. The first is that hypercontractility results from changes in the fundamental parameters of the actin-activated β-cardiac myosin chemo-mechanical ATPase cycle. The second considers that hypercontractility results from an increase in the number of functionally accessible heads in the sarcomere for interaction with actin. The final and third perspective is that load dependence of contractility is affected by cardiomyopathy mutations and small-molecule effectors in a manner that changes the power output of cardiac contraction. Experimental approaches associated with each perspective are described along with concepts of therapeutic approaches that could prove valuable in treating hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Spudich
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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18
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Wollenberg RD, Taft MH, Giese S, Thiel C, Balázs Z, Giese H, Manstein DJ, Sondergaard TE. Phenamacril is a reversible and noncompetitive inhibitor of Fusarium class I myosin. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:1328-1337. [PMID: 30504222 PMCID: PMC6349130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyanoacrylate compound phenamacril (also known as JS399-19) is a recently identified fungicide that exerts its antifungal effect on susceptible Fusarium species by inhibiting the ATPase activity of their myosin class I motor domains. Although much is known about the antifungal spectrum of phenamacril, the exact mechanism behind the phenamacril-mediated inhibition remains to be resolved. Here, we describe the characterization of the effect of phenamacril on purified myosin motor constructs from the model plant pathogen and phenamacril-susceptible species Fusarium graminearum, phenamacril-resistant Fusarium species, and the mycetozoan model organism Dictyostelium discoideum Our results show that phenamacril potently (IC50 ∼360 nm), reversibly, and noncompetitively inhibits ATP turnover, actin binding during ATP turnover, and motor activity of F. graminearum myosin-1. Phenamacril also inhibits the ATPase activity of Fusarium avenaceum myosin-1 but has little or no inhibitory effect on the motor activity of Fusarium solani myosin-1, human myosin-1c, and D. discoideum myosin isoforms 1B, 1E, and 2. Our findings indicate that phenamacril is a species-specific, noncompetitive inhibitor of class I myosin in susceptible Fusarium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus D Wollenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Manuel H Taft
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, OE4350, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Giese
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, OE4350, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Thiel
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, OE8830, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Zoltán Balázs
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henriette Giese
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Dietmar J Manstein
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, OE4350, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany; Division of Structural Biochemistry, OE8830, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Teis E Sondergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
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19
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Amaral PDA, Autheman D, de Melo GD, Gouault N, Cupif JF, Goyard S, Dutra P, Coatnoan N, Cosson A, Monet D, Saul F, Haouz A, Uriac P, Blondel A, Minoprio P. Designed mono- and di-covalent inhibitors trap modeled functional motions for Trypanosoma cruzi proline racemase in crystallography. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006853. [PMID: 30372428 PMCID: PMC6224121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions of people in South America and no satisfactory therapy exists, especially for its life threatening chronic phase. We targeted the Proline Racemase of T. cruzi, which is present in all stages of the parasite life cycle, to discover new inhibitors against this disease. The first published crystal structures of the enzyme revealed that the catalytic site is too small to allow any relevant drug design. In previous work, to break through the chemical space afforded to virtual screening and drug design, we generated intermediate models between the open (ligand free) and closed (ligand bound) forms of the enzyme. In the present work, we co-crystallized the enzyme with the selected inhibitors and found that they were covalently bound to the catalytic cysteine residues in the active site, thus explaining why these compounds act as irreversible inhibitors. These results led us to the design of a novel, more potent specific inhibitor, NG-P27. Co-crystallization of this new inhibitor with the enzyme allowed us to confirm the predicted protein functional motions and further characterize the chemical mechanism. Hence, the catalytic Cys300 sulfur atom of the enzyme attacks the C2 carbon of the inhibitor in a coupled, regiospecific—stereospecific Michael reaction with trans-addition of a proton on the C3 carbon. Strikingly, the six different conformations of the catalytic site in the crystal structures reported in this work had key similarities to our intermediate models previously generated by inference of the protein functional motions. These crystal structures span a conformational interval covering roughly the first quarter of the opening mechanism, demonstrating the relevance of modeling approaches to break through chemical space in drug design. There is an urgent need to develop innovative medicines addressing neglected diseases, multi-drug resistance and other unmet therapeutic needs. To create new drug design opportunities, we attempted to exploit protein functional motions by using a rational approach to model structural intermediates of a therapeutic target. After successfully designing inhibitors based on modeled intermediates of T. Cruzi proline racemase, the determination of crystal structures of the target protein in complex with the inhibitors revealed conformations that were strikingly close to the predicted models. Thus, beyond the discovery of compounds establishing a novel mode of action that can lead to innovative treatments of Chagas disease, we illustrate how modeling protein functional motions can be exploited in a rational approach to create opportunities in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia de Aguiar Amaral
- Université de Rennes 1, Equipe Chimie organique et interfaces (CORINT), UMR 6226 Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Delphine Autheman
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Paris, France
| | - Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gouault
- Université de Rennes 1, Equipe Chimie organique et interfaces (CORINT), UMR 6226 Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-François Cupif
- Université de Rennes 1, Equipe Chimie organique et interfaces (CORINT), UMR 6226 Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Dutra
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Coatnoan
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Paris, France
| | - Alain Cosson
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Paris, France
| | - Damien Monet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Frederick Saul
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme de Cristallographie, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme de Cristallographie, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Uriac
- Université de Rennes 1, Equipe Chimie organique et interfaces (CORINT), UMR 6226 Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Rennes, France
- * E-mail: (PU); (AB); (PM)
| | - Arnaud Blondel
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (PU); (AB); (PM)
| | - Paola Minoprio
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (PU); (AB); (PM)
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20
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Actin-Myosin Interaction: Structure, Function and Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092628. [PMID: 30189615 PMCID: PMC6163256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin-myosin interactions play crucial roles in the generation of cellular force and movement. The molecular mechanism involves structural transitions at the interface between actin and myosin’s catalytic domain, and within myosin’s light chain domain, which contains binding sites for essential (ELC) and regulatory light chains (RLC). High-resolution crystal structures of isolated actin and myosin, along with cryo-electron micrographs of actin-myosin complexes, have been used to construct detailed structural models for actin-myosin interactions. However, these methods are limited by disorder, particularly within the light chain domain, and they do not capture the dynamics within this complex under physiological conditions in solution. Here we highlight the contributions of site-directed fluorescent probes and time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) in understanding the structural dynamics of the actin-myosin complex in solution. A donor fluorescent probe on actin and an acceptor fluorescent probe on myosin, together with high performance TR-FRET, directly resolves structural states in the bound actin-myosin complex during its interaction with adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Results from these studies have profound implications for understanding the contractile function of actomyosin and establish the feasibility for the discovery of allosteric modulators of the actin-myosin interaction, with the ultimate goal of developing therapies for muscle disorders.
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21
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Rauscher AÁ, Gyimesi M, Kovács M, Málnási-Csizmadia A. Targeting Myosin by Blebbistatin Derivatives: Optimization and Pharmacological Potential. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:700-713. [PMID: 30057142 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Blebbistatin is a widely used inhibitor of myosin 2 that enables the study of a broad range of cytoskeleton-related processes. However, blebbistatin has several limitations hindering its applicability: it is fluorescent, poorly water soluble, cytotoxic, and prone to (photo)degradation. Despite these adverse effects, being the only available myosin 2-specific inhibitor, blebbistatin is rather a choice of necessity. Blebbistatin has been modified to improve its properties and some of the new compounds have proven to be useful replacements of the original molecule. This review summarizes recent results on blebbistatin development. We also discuss the pharmacological perspectives of these efforts, as myosins are becoming promising drug target candidates for a variety of conditions ranging from neurodegeneration to muscle disease, wound healing, and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Á Rauscher
- Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Gyimesi
- Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Kovács
- Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - András Málnási-Csizmadia
- Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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22
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Abstract
( S)-Blebbistatin, a chiral tetrahydropyrroloquinolinone, is a widely used and well-characterized ATPase inhibitor selective for myosin II. The central role of myosin II in many normal and pathological biological processes has been revealed with the aid of this small molecule. The first part of this manuscript provides a summary of myosin II and ( S)-blebbistatin literature from a medicinal chemist's perspective. The second part of this perspective deals with the physicochemical deficiencies that trouble the use of ( S)-blebbistatin in advanced biological settings: low potency and solubility, fluorescence interference, (photo)toxicity, and stability issues. A large toolbox of analogues has been developed in which particular shortcomings have been addressed. This perspective provides a necessary overview of these developments and presents guidelines for selecting the best available analogue for a given application. As the unmet need for high-potency analogues remains, we also propose starting points for medicinal chemists in search of nanomolar myosin II inhibitors.
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23
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Roman BI, Guedes RC, Stevens CV, García-Sosa AT. Recovering Actives in Multi-Antitarget and Target Design of Analogs of the Myosin II Inhibitor Blebbistatin. Front Chem 2018; 6:179. [PMID: 29881723 PMCID: PMC5976736 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In multitarget drug design, it is critical to identify active and inactive compounds against a variety of targets and antitargets. Multitarget strategies thus test the limits of available technology, be that in screening large databases of compounds vs. a large number of targets, or in using in silico methods for understanding and reliably predicting these pharmacological outcomes. In this paper, we have evaluated the potential of several in silico approaches to predict the target, antitarget and physicochemical profile of (S)-blebbistatin, the best-known myosin II ATPase inhibitor, and a series of analogs thereof. Standard and augmented structure-based design techniques could not recover the observed activity profiles. A ligand-based method using molecular fingerprints was, however, able to select actives for myosin II inhibition. Using further ligand- and structure-based methods, we also evaluated toxicity through androgen receptor binding, affinity for an array of antitargets and the ADME profile (including assay-interfering compounds) of the series. In conclusion, in the search for (S)-blebbistatin analogs, the dissimilarity distance of molecular fingerprints to known actives and the computed antitarget and physicochemical profile of the molecules can be used for compound design for molecules with potential as tools for modulating myosin II and motility-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart I Roman
- Research Group SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rita C Guedes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Research Group SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alfonso T García-Sosa
- Department of Molecular Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
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24
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An intermediate along the recovery stroke of myosin VI revealed by X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6213-6218. [PMID: 29844196 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711512115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosins form a class of actin-based, ATPase motor proteins that mediate important cellular functions such as cargo transport and cell motility. Their functional cycle involves two large-scale swings of the lever arm: the force-generating powerstroke, which takes place on actin, and the recovery stroke during which the lever arm is reprimed into an armed configuration. Previous analyses of the prerecovery (postrigor) and postrecovery (prepowerstroke) states predicted that closure of switch II in the ATP binding site precedes the movement of the converter and the lever arm. Here, we report on a crystal structure of myosin VI, called pretransition state (PTS), which was solved at 2.2 Å resolution. Structural analysis and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations are consistent with PTS being an intermediate along the recovery stroke, where the Relay/SH1 elements adopt a postrecovery conformation, and switch II remains open. In this state, the converter appears to be largely uncoupled from the motor domain and explores an ensemble of partially reprimed configurations through extensive, reversible fluctuations. Moreover, we found that the free energy cost of hydrogen-bonding switch II to ATP is lowered by more than 10 kcal/mol compared with the prerecovery state. These results support the conclusion that closing of switch II does not initiate the recovery stroke transition in myosin VI. Rather, they suggest a mechanism in which lever arm repriming would be mostly driven by thermal fluctuations and eventually stabilized by the switch II interaction with the nucleotide in a ratchet-like fashion.
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25
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Hashem S, Tiberti M, Fornili A. Allosteric modulation of cardiac myosin dynamics by omecamtiv mecarbil. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005826. [PMID: 29108014 PMCID: PMC5690683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
New promising avenues for the pharmacological treatment of skeletal and heart muscle diseases rely on direct sarcomeric modulators, which are molecules that can directly bind to sarcomeric proteins and either inhibit or enhance their activity. A recent breakthrough has been the discovery of the myosin activator omecamtiv mecarbil (OM), which has been shown to increase the power output of the cardiac muscle and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of heart failure. While the overall effect of OM on the mechano-chemical cycle of myosin is to increase the fraction of myosin molecules in the sarcomere that are strongly bound to actin, the molecular basis of its action is still not completely clear. We present here a Molecular Dynamics study of the motor domain of human cardiac myosin bound to OM, where the effects of the drug on the dynamical properties of the protein are investigated for the first time with atomistic resolution. We found that OM has a double effect on myosin dynamics, inducing a) an increased coupling of the motions of the converter and lever arm subdomains to the rest of the protein and b) a rewiring of the network of dynamic correlations, which produces preferential communication pathways between the OM binding site and distant functional regions. The location of the residues responsible for these effects suggests possible strategies for the future development of improved drugs and the targeting of specific cardiomyopathy-related mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaima Hashem
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Tiberti
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arianna Fornili
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- The Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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26
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Ušaj M, Henn A. Kinetic adaptation of human Myo19 for active mitochondrial transport to growing filopodia tips. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11596. [PMID: 28912602 PMCID: PMC5599584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosins are actin-based molecular motors which are enzymatically adapted for their cellular functions such as transportation and membrane tethering. Human Myo19 affects mitochondrial motility, and promotes their localization to stress-induced filopodia. Therefore, studying Myo19 enzymology is essential to understand how this motor may facilitate mitochondrial motility. Towards this goal, we have purified Myo19 motor domain (Myo19-3IQ) from a human-cell expression system and utilized transient kinetics to study the Myo19-3IQ ATPase cycle. We found that Myo19-3IQ exhibits noticeable conformational changes (isomerization steps) preceding both ATP and ADP binding, which may contribute to nucleotide binding regulation. Notably, the ADP isomerization step and subsequent ADP release contribute significantly to the rate-limiting step of the Myo19-3IQ ATPase cycle. Both the slow ADP isomerization and ADP release prolong the time Myo19-3IQ spend in the strong actin binding state and hence contribute to its relatively high duty ratio. However, the predicted duty ratio is lower than required to support motility as a monomer. Therefore, it may be that several Myo19 motors are required to propel mitochondria movement on actin filaments efficiently. Finally, we provide a model explaining how Myo19 translocation may be regulated by the local ATP/ADP ratio, coupled to the mitochondria presence in the filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Ušaj
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Arnon Henn
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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27
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Heissler SM, Chinthalapudi K, Sellers JR. Kinetic signatures of myosin-5B, the motor involved in microvillus inclusion disease. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18372-18385. [PMID: 28882893 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.801456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin-5B is a ubiquitous molecular motor that transports cargo vesicles of the endomembrane system in intracellular recycling pathways. Myosin-5B malfunction causes the congenital enteropathy microvillus inclusion disease, underlining its importance in cellular homeostasis. Here we describe the interaction of myosin-5B with F-actin, nucleotides, and the pyrazolopyrimidine compound myoVin-1. We show that single-headed myosin-5B is an intermediate duty ratio motor with a kinetic ATPase cycle that is rate-limited by the release of phosphate. The presence of a second head generates strain and gating in the myosin-5B dimer that alters the kinetic signature by reducing the actin-activated ADP release rate to become rate-limiting. This kinetic transition into a high-duty ratio motor is a prerequisite for the proposed transport function of myosin-5B in cellular recycling pathways. Moreover, we show that the small molecule compound myoVin-1 inhibits the enzymatic and functional activity of myosin-5B in vitro Partial inhibition of the actin-activated steady-state ATPase activity and sliding velocity suggests that caution should be used when probing the effect of myoVin-1 on myosin-5-dependent transport processes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Heissler
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8015 and
| | - Krishna Chinthalapudi
- the Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - James R Sellers
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8015 and
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28
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Planelles-Herrero VJ, Hartman JJ, Robert-Paganin J, Malik FI, Houdusse A. Mechanistic and structural basis for activation of cardiac myosin force production by omecamtiv mecarbil. Nat Commun 2017; 8:190. [PMID: 28775348 PMCID: PMC5543065 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Omecamtiv mecarbil is a selective, small-molecule activator of cardiac myosin that is being developed as a potential treatment for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Here we determine the crystal structure of cardiac myosin in the pre-powerstroke state, the most relevant state suggested by kinetic studies, both with (2.45 Å) and without (3.10 Å) omecamtiv mecarbil bound. Omecamtiv mecarbil does not change the motor mechanism nor does it influence myosin structure. Instead, omecamtiv mecarbil binds to an allosteric site that stabilizes the lever arm in a primed position resulting in accumulation of cardiac myosin in the primed state prior to onset of cardiac contraction, thus increasing the number of heads that can bind to the actin filament and undergo a powerstroke once the cardiac cycle starts. The mechanism of action of omecamtiv mecarbil also provides insights into uncovering how force is generated by molecular motors.Omecamtiv mecarbil (OM) is a cardiac myosin activator that is currently in clinical trials for heart failure treatment. Here, the authors give insights into its mode of action and present the crystal structure of OM bound to bovine cardiac myosin, which shows that OM stabilizes the pre-powerstroke state of myosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente J Planelles-Herrero
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, Sorbonne Universités, IFD, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris, cedex 05, France
| | - James J Hartman
- Research and Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Julien Robert-Paganin
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Fady I Malik
- Research and Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabiso E Motaung
- a Variety Improvement, South African Sugarcane Research Institute - Crop Biology Resource Center, Mount Edgecombe , Durban , South Africa.,b Germplasm Development, Agricultural Research Council - Small Grain Institute , Bethlehem , South Africa
| | - Toi J Tsilo
- b Germplasm Development, Agricultural Research Council - Small Grain Institute , Bethlehem , South Africa.,c Department of Life and Consumer Sciences , University of South Africa , Pretoria , South Africa
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