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Richman J, Phelps M. Activin Signaling Pathway Specialization During Embryonic and Skeletal Muscle Development in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024:10.1007/s10126-024-10345-5. [PMID: 39052141 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Activin signaling is essential for proper embryonic, skeletal muscle, and reproductive development. Duplication of the pathway in teleost fish has enabled diversification of gene function across the pathway but how gene duplication influences the function of activin signaling in non-mammalian species is poorly understood. Full characterization of activin receptor signaling pathway expression was performed across embryonic development and during early skeletal muscle growth in rainbow trout (RBT, Oncorhynchus mykiss). Rainbow trout are a model salmonid species that have undergone two additional rounds of whole genome duplication. A small number of genes were expressed early in development and most genes increased expression throughout development. There was limited expression of activin Ab in RBT embryos despite these genes exhibiting significantly elevated expression in post-hatch skeletal muscle. CRISPR editing of the activin Aa1 ohnolog and subsequent production of meiotic gynogenetic offspring revealed that biallelic disruption of activin Aa1 did not result in developmental defects, as occurs with knockout of activin A in mammals. The majority of gynogenetic offspring exhibited homozygous activin Aa1 genotypes (wild type, in-frame, or frameshift) derived from the mosaic founder female. The research identifies mechanisms of specialization among the duplicated activin ohnologs across embryonic development and during periods of high muscle growth in larval and juvenile fish. The knowledge gained provides insights into potential viable gene-targeting approaches for engineering the activin receptor signaling pathway and establishes the feasibility of employing meiotic gynogenesis as a tool for producing homozygous F1 genome-edited fish for species with long-generation times, such as salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Richman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Michael Phelps
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Tan Q, Zhang X, Li S, Liu W, Yan J, Wang S, Cui F, Li D, Li J. DMT1 differentially regulates mitochondrial complex activities to reduce glutathione loss and mitigate ferroptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 207:32-44. [PMID: 37419216 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital for energy production and redox homeostasis, yet knowledge of relevant mechanisms remains limited. Here, through a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening, we have identified DMT1 as a major regulator of mitochondria membrane potential. Our findings demonstrate that DMT1 deficiency increases the activity of mitochondrial complex I and reduces that of complex III. Enhanced complex I activity leads to increased NAD+ production, which activates IDH2 by promoting its deacetylation via SIRT3. This results in higher levels of NADPH and GSH, which improve antioxidant capacity during Erastin-induced ferroptosis. Meanwhile, loss of complex III activity impairs mitochondrial biogenesis and promotes mitophagy, contributing to suppression of ferroptosis. Thus, DMT1 differentially regulates activities of mitochondrial complex I and III to cooperatly suppress Erastin-induced ferroptosis. Furthermore, NMN, an alternative method of increasing mitochondrial NAD+, exhibits similar protective effects against ferroptosis by boosting GSH in a manner similar to DMT1 deficiency, shedding a light on potential therapeutic strategy for ferroptosis-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Shuxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jiaqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Pomella S, Danielli SG, Alaggio R, Breunis WB, Hamed E, Selfe J, Wachtel M, Walters ZS, Schäfer BW, Rota R, Shipley JM, Hettmer S. Genomic and Epigenetic Changes Drive Aberrant Skeletal Muscle Differentiation in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2823. [PMID: 37345159 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children and adolescents, represents an aberrant form of skeletal muscle differentiation. Both skeletal muscle development, as well as regeneration of adult skeletal muscle are governed by members of the myogenic family of regulatory transcription factors (MRFs), which are deployed in a highly controlled, multi-step, bidirectional process. Many aspects of this complex process are deregulated in RMS and contribute to tumorigenesis. Interconnected loops of super-enhancers, called core regulatory circuitries (CRCs), define aberrant muscle differentiation in RMS cells. The transcriptional regulation of MRF expression/activity takes a central role in the CRCs active in skeletal muscle and RMS. In PAX3::FOXO1 fusion-positive (PF+) RMS, CRCs maintain expression of the disease-driving fusion oncogene. Recent single-cell studies have revealed hierarchically organized subsets of cells within the RMS cell pool, which recapitulate developmental myogenesis and appear to drive malignancy. There is a large interest in exploiting the causes of aberrant muscle development in RMS to allow for terminal differentiation as a therapeutic strategy, for example, by interrupting MEK/ERK signaling or by interfering with the epigenetic machinery controlling CRCs. In this review, we provide an overview of the genetic and epigenetic framework of abnormal muscle differentiation in RMS, as it provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of RMS malignancy, its remarkable phenotypic diversity and, ultimately, opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pomella
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara G Danielli
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Alaggio
- Department of Pathology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Willemijn B Breunis
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ebrahem Hamed
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joanna Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 FNG, UK
| | - Marco Wachtel
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zoe S Walters
- Translational Epigenomics Team, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Beat W Schäfer
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Janet M Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 FNG, UK
| | - Simone Hettmer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, 790106 Freiburg, Germany
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Fritzke M, Chen K, Tang W, Stinson S, Pham T, Wang Y, Xu L, Chen EY. The MYC-YBX1 Circuit in Maintaining Stem-like Vincristine-Resistant Cells in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2788. [PMID: 37345125 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric soft tissue sarcoma that causes significant devastation, with no effective therapy for relapsed disease. The mechanisms behind treatment failures are poorly understood. Our study showed that treatment of RMS cells with vincristine led to an increase in CD133-positive stem-like resistant cells. Single cell RNAseq analysis revealed that MYC and YBX1 were among the top-scoring transcription factors in CD133-high expressing cells. Targeting MYC and YBX1 using CRISPR/Cas9 reduced stem-like characteristics and viability of the vincristine-resistant cells. MYC and YBX1 showed mutual regulation, with MYC binding to the YBX1 promoter and YBX1 binding to MYC mRNA. The MYC inhibitor MYC361i synergized with vincristine to reduce tumor growth and stem-like cells in a zebrafish model of RMS. MYC and YBX expression showed a positive correlation in RMS patients, and high MYC expression correlated with poor survival. Targeting the MYC-YBX1 axis holds promise for improving survival in RMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Fritzke
- Department of Laboratory Pathology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kenian Chen
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Weiliang Tang
- Department of Laboratory Pathology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Spencer Stinson
- Department of Laboratory Pathology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thao Pham
- Department of Laboratory Pathology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Astellas US Technologies, Universal Cells, Inc., Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Pathology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eleanor Y Chen
- Department of Laboratory Pathology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Eichner LJ, Curtis SD, Brun SN, McGuire CK, Gushterova I, Baumgart JT, Trefts E, Ross DS, Rymoff TJ, Shaw RJ. HDAC3 is critical in tumor development and therapeutic resistance in Kras-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd3243. [PMID: 36930718 PMCID: PMC10022903 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
HDAC3 is one of the main targets of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in clinical development as cancer therapies, yet the in vivo role of HDAC3 in solid tumors is unknown. We identified a critical role for HDAC3 in Kras-mutant lung cancer. Using genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), we found that HDAC3 is required for lung tumor growth in vivo. HDAC3 was found to direct and enhance the transcription effects of the lung cancer lineage transcription factor NKX2-1 to mediate expression of a common set of target genes. We identified FGFR1 as a critical previously unidentified target of HDAC3. Leveraging this, we identified that an HDAC3-dependent transcriptional cassette becomes hyperactivated as Kras/LKB1-mutant cells develop resistance to the MEK inhibitor trametinib, and this can be reversed by treatment with the HDAC1/HDAC3 inhibitor entinostat. We found that the combination of entinostat plus trametinib treatment elicits therapeutic benefit in the Kras/LKB1 GEMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian J. Eichner
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Stephanie D. Curtis
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Sonja N. Brun
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Caroline K. McGuire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Irena Gushterova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Joshua T. Baumgart
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Elijah Trefts
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Debbie S. Ross
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Tammy J. Rymoff
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Reuben J. Shaw
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA USA
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Chin DH, Osman I, Porch J, Kim H, Buck KK, Rodriguez J, Carapia B, Yan D, Moura SB, Sperry J, Nakashima J, Altman K, Altman D, Gryder BE. BET Bromodomain Degradation Disrupts Function but Not 3D Formation of RNA Pol2 Clusters. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:199. [PMID: 37259348 PMCID: PMC9966215 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma (FP-RMS) is driven by a translocation that creates the chimeric transcription factor PAX3-FOXO1 (P3F), which assembles de novo super enhancers to drive high levels of transcription of other core regulatory transcription factors (CRTFs). P3F recruits co-regulatory factors to super enhancers such as BRD4, which recognizes acetylated lysines via BET bromodomains. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition or degradation of BRD4 leads to global decreases in transcription, and selective downregulation of CRTFs. We also show that the BRD4 degrader ARV-771 halts transcription while preserving RNA Polymerase II (Pol2) loops between super enhancers and their target genes, and causes the removal of Pol2 only past the transcriptional end site of CRTF genes, suggesting a novel effect of BRD4 on Pol2 looping. We finally test the most potent molecule, inhibitor BMS-986158, in an orthotopic PDX mouse model of FP-RMS with additional high-risk mutations, and find that it is well tolerated in vivo and leads to an average decrease in tumor size. This effort represents a partnership with an FP-RMS patient and family advocates to make preclinical data rapidly accessible to the family, and to generate data to inform future patients who develop this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H. Chin
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Issra Osman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jadon Porch
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hyunmin Kim
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | | | | | - Deborah Yan
- Certis Oncology Solutions, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kasey Altman
- Kasey Altman Research Fund, Rein in Sarcoma, Fridley, MN 55432, USA
| | - Delsee Altman
- Kasey Altman Research Fund, Rein in Sarcoma, Fridley, MN 55432, USA
| | - Berkley E. Gryder
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Ten Years of CRISPRing Cancers In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235746. [PMID: 36497228 PMCID: PMC9738354 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell lines have always constituted a good investigation tool for cancer research, allowing scientists to understand the basic mechanisms underlying the complex network of phenomena peculiar to the transforming path from a healthy to cancerous cell. The introduction of CRISPR in everyday laboratory activity and its relative affordability greatly expanded the bench lab weaponry in the daily attempt to better understand tumor biology with the final aim to mitigate cancer's impact in our lives. In this review, we aim to report how this genome editing technique affected in the in vitro modeling of different aspects of tumor biology, its several declinations, and analyze the advantages and drawbacks of each of them.
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Wang Y, Huang C, Zhao W. Recent advances of the biological and biomedical applications of CRISPR/Cas systems. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:7087-7100. [PMID: 35705772 PMCID: PMC9199458 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated endonuclease (Cas) system, referred to as CRISPR/Cas system, has attracted significant interest in scientific community due to its great potential in translating into versatile therapeutic tools in biomedical field. For instance, a myriad of studies has demonstrated that the CRISPR/Cas system is capable of detecting various types of viruses, killing antibiotic-resistant bacteria, treating inherited genetic diseases, and providing new strategies for cancer therapy. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas systems are also exploited as research tools such as genome engineering tool that allows researchers to interrogate the biological roles of unexplored genes or uncover novel functions of known genes. Additionally, the CRISPR/Cas system has been employed to edit the genome of a wide range of eukaryotic, prokaryotic organisms and experimental models, including but not limited to mammalian cells, mice, zebrafish, plants, yeast, and Escherichia coli. The present review mainly focuses on summarizing recent discoveries regarding the type II CRISPR/Cas9 and type VI CRISPR/Cas13a systems to give researchers a glimpse of their potential applications in the biological and biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, 58 Yanta Zhonglu, 710054, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Chun Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, 58 Yanta Zhonglu, 710054, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiqin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, 58 Yanta Zhonglu, 710054, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Pediatric Sarcomas: The Next Generation of Molecular Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102515. [PMID: 35626119 PMCID: PMC9139929 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There has been an incredible amount of discovery in pediatric sarcomas, but much remains to be accomplished. Clinical challenges include diagnostic heterogeneity and the poor outcome of patients with high risk, metastatic, and relapsed disease. The emergence of single cell sequencing has allowed the ability to document tumor cell heterogeneity in amazing detail, but it does not allow the ability to visualize spatial orientation. This problem has been solved by spatial multi-omics, which can be used to map tumors and visualize the distribution of critical transcripts, mutations, and proteins. However, these tools only offer observational data. High-throughput functional genomics provides a powerful way to highlight oncogenic drivers and potential therapy opportunities. Research has been hamstrung by a need for annotated specimens, particularly in post-therapy, relapsed, and metastatic disease, and initial biopsies offer only limited data opportunities. Data complexity, variability, and inconsistency present problems best approached with AI/machine learning. We stand on the threshold of a revolution in cancer cell biology that has the potential for translation into more effective and more directed therapies, particularly for previously recalcitrant diseases. Abstract Pediatric sarcomas constitute one of the largest groups of childhood cancers, following hematopoietic, neural, and renal lesions. Partly because of their diversity, they continue to offer challenges in diagnosis and treatment. In spite of the diagnostic, nosologic, and therapeutic gains made with genetic technology, newer means for investigation are needed. This article reviews emerging technology being used to study human neoplasia and how these methods might be applicable to pediatric sarcomas. Methods reviewed include single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), spatial multi-omics, high-throughput functional genomics, and clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic sequence-Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) technology. In spite of these advances, the field continues to be challenged by a dearth of properly annotated materials, particularly from recurrences and metastases and pre- and post-treatment samples.
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Kuehner F, Stubenrauch F. Functions of Papillomavirus E8^E2 Proteins in Tissue Culture and In Vivo. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050953. [PMID: 35632695 PMCID: PMC9143700 DOI: 10.3390/v14050953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PV) replicate in undifferentiated keratinocytes at low levels and to high levels in differentiated cells. The restricted replication in undifferentiated cells is mainly due to the expression of the conserved viral E8^E2 repressor protein, a fusion protein consisting of E8 and the hinge, DNA-binding, and dimerization domain of E2. E8^E2 binds to viral genomes and represses viral transcription and genome replication by recruiting cellular NCoR/SMRT-HDAC3 corepressor complexes. Tissue culture experiments have revealed that E8^E2 modulates long-term maintenance of extrachromosomal genomes, productive replication, and immortalization properties in a virus type-dependent manner. Furthermore, in vivo experiments have indicated that Mus musculus PV1 E8^E2 is required for tumor formation in immune-deficient mice. In summary, E8^E2 is a crucial inhibitor whose levels might determine the outcome of PV infections.
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HDACs and the epigenetic plasticity of cancer cells: Target the complexity. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108190. [PMID: 35430294 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells must adapt to the hostile conditions of the microenvironment in terms of nutrition, space, and immune system attack. Mutations of DNA are the drivers of the tumorigenic process, but mutations must be able to hijack cellular functions to sustain the spread of mutant genomes. Transcriptional control is a key function in this context and is controlled by the rearrangement of the epigenome. Unlike genomic mutations, the epigenome of cancer cells can in principle be reversed. The discovery of the first epigenetic drugs triggered a contaminating enthusiasm. Unfortunately, the complexity of the epigenetic machinery has frustrated this enthusiasm. To develop efficient patient-oriented epigenetic therapies, we need to better understand the nature of this complexity. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in understanding the contribution of HDACs to the maintenance of the transformed state and the rational for their selective targeting.
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Target Protein for Xklp2 Functions as Coactivator of Androgen Receptor and Promotes the Proliferation of Prostate Carcinoma Cells. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:6085948. [PMID: 35444697 PMCID: PMC9015851 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6085948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the androgen receptor (AR) pathway is crucial in the progression of human prostate cancer. Results of the present study indicated that the target protein xenopus kinesin-like protein (TPX2) enhanced the transcription activation of AR and promoted the proliferation of LNCaP (ligand-dependent prostate carcinoma) cells. The protein-protein interaction between AR and TPX2 was investigated using coimmunoprecipitation assays. Results of the present study further demonstrated that TPX2 enhanced the transcription factor activation of AR and enhanced the expression levels of the downstream gene prostate-specific antigen (PSA). TPX2 did this by promoting the accumulation of AR in the nucleus and also promoting the recruitment of AR to the androgen response element, located in the promoter region of the PSA gene. Overexpression of TPX2 enhanced both the in vitro and in vivo proliferation of LNCaP cells. By revealing a novel role of TPX2 in the AR signaling pathway, the present study indicated that TPX2 may be an activator of AR and thus exhibits potential as a novel target for prostate carcinoma treatment.
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Lanzi C, Cassinelli G. Combinatorial strategies to potentiate the efficacy of HDAC inhibitors in fusion-positive sarcomas. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Hsu JY, Danis EP, Nance S, O'Brien JH, Gustafson AL, Wessells VM, Goodspeed AE, Talbot JC, Amacher SL, Jedlicka P, Black JC, Costello JC, Durbin AD, Artinger KB, Ford HL. SIX1 reprograms myogenic transcription factors to maintain the rhabdomyosarcoma undifferentiated state. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110323. [PMID: 35108532 PMCID: PMC8917510 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric muscle sarcoma characterized by expression of the myogenic lineage transcription factors (TFs) MYOD1 and MYOG. Despite high expression of these TFs, RMS cells fail to terminally differentiate, suggesting the presence of factors that alter their functions. Here, we demonstrate that the developmental TF SIX1 is highly expressed in RMS and critical for maintaining a muscle progenitor-like state. SIX1 loss induces differentiation of RMS cells into myotube-like cells and impedes tumor growth in vivo. We show that SIX1 maintains the RMS undifferentiated state by controlling enhancer activity and MYOD1 occupancy at loci more permissive to tumor growth over muscle differentiation. Finally, we demonstrate that a gene signature derived from SIX1 loss correlates with differentiation status and predicts RMS progression in human disease. Our findings demonstrate a master regulatory role of SIX1 in repression of RMS differentiation via genome-wide alterations in MYOD1 and MYOG-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Etienne P Danis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie Nance
- Division of Molecular Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jenean H O'Brien
- Department of Biology, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Annika L Gustafson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Molecular Biology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Andrew E Goodspeed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jared C Talbot
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Sharon L Amacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Joshua C Black
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adam D Durbin
- Division of Molecular Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kristin B Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA.
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15
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Hariprabu KNG, Sathya M, Vimalraj S. CRISPR/Cas9 in cancer therapy: A review with a special focus on tumor angiogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:913-930. [PMID: 34655593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is a critical target for cancer treatment and its inhibition has become a common anticancer approach following chemotherapy. However, due to the simultaneous activation of different compensatory molecular mechanisms that enhance tumor angiogenesis, clinically authorized anti-angiogenic medicines are ineffective. Additionally, medications used to treat cancer have an effect on normal body cells; nonetheless, more research is needed to create new cancer therapeutic techniques. With advances in molecular biology, it is now possible to use gene-editing technology to alter the genome and study the functional changes resulting from genetic manipulation. With the development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, it has become a very powerful tool for altering the genomes of many organisms. It was determined that CRISPR/Cas9, which first appeared in bacteria as a part of an adaptive immune system, could be used, in modified forms, to alter genomes and function. In conclusion, CRISPR/Cas9 could be a major step forward to cancer management by providing patients with an effective method for dealing with cancers by dissecting the carcinogenesis pathways, identifying new biologic targets, and perhaps arming cancer cells with drugs. Hence, this review will discuss the current applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in tumor angiogenesis research for the purpose of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muthusamy Sathya
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Vimalraj
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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16
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Kuganesan N, Dlamini S, Tillekeratne LV, Taylor WR. Tumor suppressor p53 promotes ferroptosis in oxidative stress conditions independent of modulation of ferroptosis by p21, CDKs, Rb and E2F. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101365. [PMID: 34728216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is a well-established critical cell cycle regulator. By inducing transcription of the gene encoding p21, p53 inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-mediated phosphorylation of cell cycle inhibitor RB proteins. Phosphorylation of RB releases E2F transcription factor proteins that transactivate cell cycle-promoting genes. Here we sought to uncover the contribution of p53, p21, CDK, RB, and E2F to the regulation of ferroptosis, an oxidative form of cell death. Our studies have uncovered unexpected complexity in this regulation. First, we showed that elevated levels of p53 enhance ferroptosis in multiple inducible and isogenic systems. On the other hand, we found that p21 suppresses ferroptosis. Elevation of CDK activity also suppressed ferroptosis under conditions where p21 suppressed ferroptosis, suggesting that the impact of p21 must extend beyond CDK inhibition. Furthermore, we showed that overexpression of E2F suppresses ferroptosis in part via a p21-dependent mechanism, consistent with reports that this transcription factor can induce transcription of p21. Finally, deletion of RB genes enhanced ferroptosis. Taken together, these results show that signals affecting ferroptotic sensitivity emanate from multiple points within the p53 tumor suppressor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishanth Kuganesan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 601, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Samkeliso Dlamini
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 601, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Lm Viranga Tillekeratne
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 601, Toledo, OH 43606.
| | - William R Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 601, Toledo, OH 43606.
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17
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MS-275 (Entinostat) Promotes Radio-Sensitivity in PAX3-FOXO1 Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910671. [PMID: 34639012 PMCID: PMC8508838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. About 25% of RMS expresses fusion oncoproteins such as PAX3/PAX7-FOXO1 (fusion-positive, FP) while fusion-negative (FN)-RMS harbors RAS mutations. Radiotherapy (RT) plays a crucial role in local control but metastatic RMS is often radio-resistant. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) radio-sensitize different cancer cells types. Thus, we evaluated MS-275 (Entinostat), a Class I and IV HDACi, in combination with RT on RMS cells in vitro and in vivo. MS-275 reversibly hampered cell survival in vitro in FN-RMS RD (RASmut) and irreversibly in FP-RMS RH30 cell lines down-regulating cyclin A, B, and D1, up-regulating p21 and p27 and reducing ERKs activity, and c-Myc expression in RD and PI3K/Akt/mTOR activity and N-Myc expression in RH30 cells. Further, MS-275 and RT combination reduced colony formation ability of RH30 cells. In both cell lines, co-treatment increased DNA damage repair inhibition and reactive oxygen species formation, down-regulated NRF2, SOD, CAT and GPx4 anti-oxidant genes and improved RT ability to induce G2 growth arrest. MS-275 inhibited in vivo growth of RH30 cells and completely prevented the growth of RT-unresponsive RH30 xenografts when combined with radiation. Thus, MS-275 could be considered as a radio-sensitizing agent for the treatment of intrinsically radio-resistant PAX3-FOXO1 RMS.
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18
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Al-Hamashi AA, Koranne R, Dlamini S, Alqahtani A, Karaj E, Rashid MS, Knoff JR, Dunworth M, Pflum MKH, Casero RA, Perera L, Taylor WR, Tillekeratne LMV. A new class of cytotoxic agents targets tubulin and disrupts microtubule dynamics. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105297. [PMID: 34509798 PMCID: PMC8530978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advances in treatment strategies, cancer is still the second leading cause of death in the USA. A majority of the currently used cancer drugs have limitations in their clinical use due to poor selectivity, toxic side effects and multiple drug resistance, warranting the development of new anticancer drugs of different mechanisms of action. Here we describe the design, synthesis and initial biological evaluation of a new class of antimitotic agents that modulate tubulin polymerization. Structurally, these compounds are chalcone mimics containing a 1-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)ethan-1-one moiety, which was initially introduced to act as a metal-binding group and inhibit histone deacetylase enzymes. Although several analogues selectively inhibited purified HDAC8 with IC50 values in low micromolar range, tissue culture studies suggest that HDAC inhibition is not a major mechanism responsible for cytotoxicity. The compounds demonstrated cell growth inhibition with GI50 values of upper nanomolar to low micromolar potency with significant selectively for cancer over normal cells. Interestingly, several compounds arrested HeLaM cells in mitosis and seem to target tubulin to cause mitotic arrest. For example, when combined with inhibitors of Aurora B kinase, they led to dramatic disassembly of the mitotic spindle. In-vitro tubulin polymerization studies showed that the compounds reduced the rate of polymerization of microtubules during the elongation phase and lowered the amount of polymerized tubulin during the plateau phase. Finally, in silico docking studies identified binding of IPE-7 to the colchicine site with similar affinity as the test compound D64131. These compounds represent a new antimitotic pharmacophore with limited HDAC inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayad A Al-Hamashi
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA
| | - Radhika Koranne
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA
| | - Samkeliso Dlamini
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA
| | - Abdulateef Alqahtani
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA
| | - Endri Karaj
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA
| | - Maisha S Rashid
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA
| | - Joseph R Knoff
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Matthew Dunworth
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bunting/Blaustein Cancer Research Building 1 1650 Orleans Street - Room 551, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Mary Kay H Pflum
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Robert A Casero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bunting/Blaustein Cancer Research Building 1 1650 Orleans Street - Room 551, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Lalith Perera
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - William R Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA.
| | - L M Viranga Tillekeratne
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801, W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH-43606, USA.
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19
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Tang F, Tie Y, Wei YQ, Tu CQ, Wei XW. Targeted and immuno-based therapies in sarcoma: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188606. [PMID: 34371128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas represent a distinct group of rare malignant tumors with high heterogeneity. Limited options with clinical efficacy for the metastatic or local advanced sarcoma existed despite standard therapy. Recently, targeted therapy according to the molecular and genetic phenotype of individual sarcoma is a promising option. Among these drugs, anti-angiogenesis therapy achieved favorable efficacy in sarcomas. Inhibitors targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, mTOR, NTRK, metabolisms, and epigenetic drugs are under clinical evaluation for sarcomas bearing the corresponding signals. Immunotherapy represents a promising and favorable method in advanced solid tumors. However, most sarcomas are immune "cold" tumors, with only alveolar soft part sarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cellular therapies with TCR-engineered T cells, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, and nature killer cells transfer show therapeutic potential. Identifying tumor-specific antigens and exploring immune modulation factors arguing the efficacy of these immunotherapies are the current challenges. This review focuses on the mechanisms, advances, and potential strategies of targeted and immune-based therapies in sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Tang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Orthopeadics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Tie
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chong-Qi Tu
- Department of Orthopeadics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xia-Wei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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20
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Olivieri D, Castelli E, Kawamura YK, Papasaikas P, Lukonin I, Rittirsch M, Hess D, Smallwood SA, Stadler MB, Peters AHFM, Betschinger J. Cooperation between HDAC3 and DAX1 mediates lineage restriction of embryonic stem cells. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106818. [PMID: 33909924 PMCID: PMC8204867 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are biased toward producing embryonic rather than extraembryonic endoderm fates. Here, we identify the mechanism of this barrier and report that the histone deacetylase Hdac3 and the transcriptional corepressor Dax1 cooperatively limit the lineage repertoire of mESCs by silencing an enhancer of the extraembryonic endoderm-specifying transcription factor Gata6. This restriction is opposed by the pluripotency transcription factors Nr5a2 and Esrrb, which promote cell type conversion. Perturbation of the barrier extends mESC potency and allows formation of 3D spheroids that mimic the spatial segregation of embryonic epiblast and extraembryonic endoderm in early embryos. Overall, this study shows that transcriptional repressors stabilize pluripotency by biasing the equilibrium between embryonic and extraembryonic lineages that is hardwired into the mESC transcriptional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Olivieri
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Eleonora Castelli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Yumiko K Kawamura
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Panagiotis Papasaikas
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBaselSwitzerland
| | - Ilya Lukonin
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Melanie Rittirsch
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Hess
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Michael B Stadler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBaselSwitzerland
| | - Antoine H F M Peters
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Joerg Betschinger
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
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21
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Rossetti A, Petragnano F, Milazzo L, Vulcano F, Macioce G, Codenotti S, Cassandri M, Pomella S, Cicchetti F, Fasciani I, Antinozzi C, Di Luigi L, Festuccia C, De Felice F, Vergine M, Fanzani A, Rota R, Maggio R, Polimeni A, Tombolini V, Gravina GL, Marampon F. Romidepsin (FK228) fails in counteracting the transformed phenotype of rhabdomyosarcoma cells but efficiently radiosensitizes, in vitro and in vivo, the alveolar phenotype subtype. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:943-957. [PMID: 33979259 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1928786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Herein we describe the in vitro and in vivo activity of FK228 (Romidepsin), an inhibitor of class I HDACs, in counteracting and radiosensitizing embryonal (ERMS, fusion-negative) and alveolar (ARMS, fusion-positive) rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). METHODS RH30 (ARMS, fusion-positive) and RD (ERMS, fusion-negative) cell lines and human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (HMSC) were used. Flow cytometry analysis, RT-qPCR, western blotting and enzymatic assays were performed. Irradiation was delivered by using an x-6 MV photon linear accelerator. FK228 (1.2 mg/kg) in vivo activity, combined or not with radiation therapy (2 Gy), was assessed in murine xenografts. RESULTS Compared to HMSC, RMS expressed low levels of class I HDACs. In vitro, FK228, as single agents, reversibly downregulated class I HDACs expression and activity and induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and a concomitant growth arrest associated with PARP-1-mediated transient non-apoptotic cell death. Surviving cells upregulated the expression of cyclin A, B, D1, p27, Myc and activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling, known to be differently involved in cancer chemoresistance. Interestingly, while no radiosensitizing effects were detected, in vitro or in vivo, on RD cells, FK228 markedly radiosensitized RH30 cells by impairing antioxidant and DSBs repair pathways in vitro. Further, FK228 when combined with RT in vivo significantly reduced tumor mass in mouse RH30 xenografts. CONCLUSION FK228 did not show antitumor activity as a single agent whilst its combination with RT resulted in radiosensitization of fusion-positive RMS cells, thus representing a possible strategy for the treatment of the most aggressive RMS subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rossetti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Petragnano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Luisa Milazzo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Vulcano
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Macioce
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Codenotti
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Cassandri
- Group of Epigenetics of Pediatric Sarcomas, Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Pomella
- Group of Epigenetics of Pediatric Sarcomas, Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Irene Fasciani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Cristina Antinozzi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca De Felice
- Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Vergine
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fanzani
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rossella Rota
- Group of Epigenetics of Pediatric Sarcomas, Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tombolini
- Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Gravina
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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22
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Carraro U, Yablonka-Reuveni Z. Translational research on Myology and Mobility Medicine: 2021 semi-virtual PDM3 from Thermae of Euganean Hills, May 26 - 29, 2021. Eur J Transl Myol 2021; 31:9743. [PMID: 33733717 PMCID: PMC8056169 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2021.9743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
On 19-21 November 2020, the meeting of the 30 years of the Padova Muscle Days was virtually held while the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic was hitting the world after a seemingly quiet summer. During the 2020-2021 winter, the epidemic is still active, despite the start of vaccinations. The organizers hope to hold the 2021 Padua Days on Myology and Mobility Medicine in a semi-virtual form (2021 S-V PDM3) from May 26 to May 29 at the Thermae of Euganean Hills, Padova, Italy. Here the program and the Collection of Abstracts are presented. Despite numerous world problems, the number of submitted/selected presentations (lectures and oral presentations) has increased, prompting the organizers to extend the program to four dense days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Carraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Padova, Italy; CIR-Myo - Myology Centre, University of Padova, Italy; A-C Mioni-Carraro Foundation for Translational Myology, Padova.
| | - Zipora Yablonka-Reuveni
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
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23
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Liu W, Wang S, Lin B, Zhang W, Ji G. Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in the research of malignant musculoskeletal tumors. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:149. [PMID: 33546657 PMCID: PMC7866880 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant tumors of the musculoskeletal system, especially osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma, pose a major threat to the lives and health of adolescents and children. Current treatments for musculoskeletal tumors mainly include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The problems of chemotherapy resistance, poor long-term outcome of radiotherapy, and the inherent toxicity and side effects of chemical drugs make it extremely urgent to seek new treatment strategies. Main text As a potent gene editing tool, the rapid development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in recent years has prompted scientists to apply it to the study of musculoskeletal tumors. This review summarizes the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology for the treatment of malignant musculoskeletal tumors, focusing on its essential role in the field of basic research. Conclusion CRISPR, has demonstrated strong efficacy in targeting tumor-related genes, and its future application in the clinical treatment of musculoskeletal tumors is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, No. 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shubin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, No. 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Binhui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, No. 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guangrong Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, No. 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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HDAC6 promotes growth, migration/invasion, and self-renewal of rhabdomyosarcoma. Oncogene 2020; 40:578-591. [PMID: 33199827 PMCID: PMC7855743 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a devastating pediatric sarcoma. The survival outcomes remain poor for patients with relapsed or metastatic disease. Effective targeted therapy is lacking due to our limited knowledge of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to disease progression. In this study, we used functional assays in vitro and in vivo (zebrafish and xenograft mouse models) to demonstrate the crucial role of HDAC6, a cytoplasmic histone deacetylase, in driving RMS tumor growth, self-renewal, and migration/invasion. Treatment with HDAC6-selective inhibitors recapitulates the HDAC6 loss-of-function phenotypes. HDAC6 regulates cytoskeletal dynamics to promote tumor cell migration and invasion. RAC1, a Rho family GTPase, is an essential mediator of HDAC6 function, and is necessary and sufficient for RMS cell migration and invasion. High expression of RAC1 correlates with poor clinical prognosis in RMS patients. Targeting the HDAC6-RAC1 axis represents a promising therapeutic option for improving survival outcomes of RMS patients.
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25
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Li G, Tian Y, Zhu WG. The Roles of Histone Deacetylases and Their Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:576946. [PMID: 33117804 PMCID: PMC7552186 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.576946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations and abnormal gene regulation are key mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis. Nucleosomes, which consist of DNA wrapped around histone cores, represent the basic units of chromatin. The fifth amino group (Nε) of histone lysine residues is a common site for post-translational modifications (PTMs), and of these, acetylation is the second most common. Histone acetylation is modulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), and is involved in the regulation of gene expression. Over the past two decades, numerous studies characterizing HDACs and HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have provided novel and exciting insights concerning their underlying biological mechanisms and potential anti-cancer treatments. In this review, we detail the diverse structures of HDACs and their underlying biological functions, including transcriptional regulation, metabolism, angiogenesis, DNA damage response, cell cycle, apoptosis, protein degradation, immunity and other several physiological processes. We also highlight potential avenues to use HDACi as novel, precision cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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26
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Mastoraki A, Schizas D, Vlachou P, Melissaridou NM, Charalampakis N, Fioretzaki R, Kole C, Savvidou O, Vassiliu P, Pikoulis E. Assessment of Synergistic Contribution of Histone Deacetylases in Prognosis and Therapeutic Management of Sarcoma. Mol Diagn Ther 2020; 24:557-569. [PMID: 32696211 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are a rare group of neoplasms with a mesenchymal origin that are mainly characterized by the abnormal growth of connective tissue cells. The standard treatment for local control of sarcomas includes surgery and radiation, while for adjuvant and palliative therapy, chemotherapy has been strongly recommended. Despite the availability of multimodal therapies, the survival rate for patients with sarcoma is still not satisfactory. In recent decades, there has been a considerable effort to overcome chemotherapy resistance in sarcoma cells. This has led to the investigation of more cellular compounds implicated in gene expression and transcription processes. Furthermore, it has been discovered that histone acetylation/deacetylation equilibrium is affected in carcinogenesis, leading to a modified chromatin structure and therefore changes in gene expression. In addition, histone deacetylase inhibition is found to play a key role in limiting the tumor burden in sarcomas, as histone deacetylase inhibitors act on well-described oncogenic signaling pathways. Histone deacetylase inhibitors disrupt the increased cell motility and invasiveness of sarcoma cells, undermining their metastatic potential. Moreover, their activity on evoking cell arrest has been extensively described, with histone deacetylase inhibitors regulating the reactivation of tumor suppressor genes and induction of apoptosis. Promoting autophagy and increasing cellular reactive oxygen species are also included in the antitumor activity of histone deacetylase inhibitors. It should be noted that many studies revealed the synergy between histone deacetylase inhibitors and other drugs, leading to the enhancement of an antitumor effect in sarcomas. Therefore, there is an urgent need for therapeutic interventions modulated according to the distinct clinical and molecular characteristics of each sarcoma subtype. It is concluded that a better understanding of histone deacetylase and histone deacetylase inhibitors could provide patients with sarcoma with more targeted and efficient therapies, which may contribute to significant improvement of their survival potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Mastoraki
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pigi Vlachou
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Maria Melissaridou
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Christo Kole
- First Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Savvidou
- First Department of Orthopedics, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pantelis Vassiliu
- Fourth Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Pikoulis
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, Athens, Greece
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27
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Ahad A, Smita S, Mishra GP, Biswas VK, Sen K, Gupta B, Garcin D, Acha‐Orbea H, Raghav SK. NCoR1 fine‐tunes type‐I IFN response in cDC1 dendritic cells by directly regulating Myd88‐IRF7 axis under TLR9. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1959-1975. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- Immuno‐genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) Bhubaneswar India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal India
| | - Shuchi Smita
- Immuno‐genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) Bhubaneswar India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal India
| | - Gyan Prakash Mishra
- Immuno‐genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) Bhubaneswar India
- School of Biotechnology Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Bhubaneswar India
| | - Viplov Kumar Biswas
- Immuno‐genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) Bhubaneswar India
- School of Biotechnology Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Bhubaneswar India
| | - Kaushik Sen
- Immuno‐genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) Bhubaneswar India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology NCR Biotech Science Cluster Faridabad India
| | - Bhawna Gupta
- School of Biotechnology Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Bhubaneswar India
| | - Dominique Garcin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine University of Geneva (UNIGE) Geneva Switzerland
| | - Hans Acha‐Orbea
- Department of Biochemistry CIIL University of Lausanne (UNIL) Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Sunil K. Raghav
- Immuno‐genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) Bhubaneswar India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal India
- School of Biotechnology Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Bhubaneswar India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology NCR Biotech Science Cluster Faridabad India
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28
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Liang H, Wang Q, Wang D, Zheng H, Kalvakolanu DV, Lu H, Wen N, Chen X, Xu L, Ren J, Guo B, Zhang L. RGFP966, a histone deacetylase 3 inhibitor, promotes glioma stem cell differentiation by blocking TGF-β signaling via SMAD7. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114118. [PMID: 32585142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSC) play a major role in drug resistance and tumor recurrence. Using a genetic screen with a set of shRNAs that can target chromatin regulators in a GSC model, we have HDAC3 as a major negative regulator of GSC differentiation. Inhibition of HDAC3 using a pharmacological inhibitor or a siRNA led to the induction of GSC differentiation into astrocytes. Consequently, HDAC3-inhibition also caused a strong reduction of tumor-promoting and self-renewal capabilities of GSCs. These phenotypes were highly associated with an increased acetylation of SMAD7, which protected its ubiquitination. SMAD7 inhibits a TGF-β signaling axis that is required for maintaining stemness. These results demonstrate that HDAC3 appears to be a proper target in anti-glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Ding Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Hongwu Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Naiyan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Xuyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Libo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Baofeng Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, PR China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
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29
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Dreer M, Blondzik S, Straub E, Iftner T, Stubenrauch F. Contribution of HDAC3 to transcriptional repression by the human papillomavirus 31 E8^E2 protein. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:751-759. [PMID: 32421493 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) such as HPV16 and HPV31 encode an E8^E2 protein that acts as a repressor of viral replication and transcription. E8^E2's repression activities are mediated via the interaction with host-cell NCoR (nuclear receptor corepressor)/SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid receptors) corepressor complexes, which consist of NCoR, its homologue SMRT, GPS2 (G-protein pathway suppressor 2), HDAC3 (histone deacetylase 3), TBL1 (transducin b-like protein 1) and its homologue TBLR1 (TBL1-related protein 1). We now provide evidence that transcriptional repression by HPV31 E8^E2 is NCoR/SMRT-dependent but surprisingly always HDAC3-independent when analysing different HPV promoters. This is in contrast to the majority of several cellular transcription factors using NCoR/SMRT complexes whose transcriptional repression activities are both NCoR/SMRT- and HDAC3-dependent. However, NCoR/SMRT-dependent but HDAC3-independent repression has been described for specific cellular genes, suggesting that this may not be specific for HPV promoters but could be a feature of a subset of NCoR/SMRT-HDAC3 regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dreer
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Blondzik
- Present address: Saskia Blondzik: Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany.,University Hospital Tuebingen, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Elke Straub
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Iftner
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frank Stubenrauch
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
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30
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Pham T, Robinson K, Vleeshouwer-Neumann T, Annis JE, Chen EY. Characterization of GRK5 as a novel regulator of rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cell growth and self-renewal. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1448-1461. [PMID: 32363002 PMCID: PMC7185065 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue pediatric sarcoma. Clinical outcomes for RMS patients with relapsed or metastatic disease remain poor. Treatment options remain limited, presenting an urgent need for novel therapeutic targets. Using a high-throughput siRNA screen against the human kinome, we identified GRK5, a G-protein receptor kinase, as a novel regulator of RMS tumor cell growth and self-renewal. Through functional assays in vitro and in vivo, we show that GRK5 regulates cell cycle in a kinase-independent manner to promote RMS tumor cell growth. NFAT1 expression is regulated by GRK5 in a kinase independent manner, and loss of NFAT1 phenocopies GRK5 loss-of-function effects on the cell cycle alterations. Self-renewal of tumor propagating cells (TPCs) is thought to give rise to tumor relapse. We show that loss of GRK5 results in a significant reduction of RMS self-renewal capacity in part due to increased cell death. Treatment of human RMS xenografts in mice with CCG-215022, a GRK5-selective inhibitor, results in reduced tumor growth and self-renewal in both major subtypes of RMS. GRK5 represents a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Pham
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristin Robinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - James E. Annis
- Quellos HTS Core, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eleanor Y. Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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31
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Hainberger D, Stolz V, Zhu C, Schuster M, Müller L, Hamminger P, Rica R, Waltenberger D, Alteneder M, Krausgruber T, Hladik A, Knapp S, Bock C, Trauner M, Farrar MA, Ellmeier W. NCOR1 Orchestrates Transcriptional Landscapes and Effector Functions of CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579. [PMID: 32318068 PMCID: PMC7147518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into T helper (Th) subsets is key for a functional immune response and has to be tightly controlled by transcriptional and epigenetic processes. However, the function of cofactors that connect gene-specific transcription factors with repressive chromatin-modifying enzymes in Th cells is yet unknown. Here we demonstrate an essential role for nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) in regulating naïve CD4+ T cell and Th1/Th17 effector transcriptomes. Moreover, NCOR1 binds to a conserved cis-regulatory element within the Ifng locus and controls the extent of IFNγ expression in Th1 cells. Further, NCOR1 controls the survival of activated CD4+ T cells and Th1 cells in vitro, while Th17 cell survival was not affected in the absence of NCOR1. In vivo, effector functions were compromised since adoptive transfer of NCOR1-deficient CD4+ T cells resulted in attenuated colitis due to lower frequencies of IFNγ+ and IFNγ+IL-17A+ Th cells and overall reduced CD4+ T cell numbers. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the coregulator NCOR1 shapes transcriptional landscapes in CD4+ T cells and controls Th1/Th17 effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hainberger
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Stolz
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ci Zhu
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schuster
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Müller
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Hamminger
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramona Rica
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Darina Waltenberger
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlis Alteneder
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasiya Hladik
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A. Farrar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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32
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Phelps MP, Seeb LW, Seeb JE. Transforming ecology and conservation biology through genome editing. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:54-65. [PMID: 30693970 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As the conservation challenges increase, new approaches are needed to help combat losses in biodiversity and slow or reverse the decline of threatened species. Genome-editing technology is changing the face of modern biology, facilitating applications that were unimaginable only a decade ago. The technology has the potential to make significant contributions to the fields of evolutionary biology, ecology, and conservation, yet the fear of unintended consequences from designer ecosystems containing engineered organisms has stifled innovation. To overcome this gap in the understanding of what genome editing is and what its capabilities are, more research is needed to translate genome-editing discoveries into tools for ecological research. Emerging and future genome-editing technologies include new clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) targeted sequencing and nucleic acid detection approaches as well as species genetic barcoding and somatic genome-editing technologies. These genome-editing tools have the potential to transform the environmental sciences by providing new noninvasive methods for monitoring threatened species or for enhancing critical adaptive traits. A pioneering effort by the conservation community is required to apply these technologies to real-world conservation problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Phelps
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Box 357705, Seattle, WA, 98195, U.S.A
| | - Lisa W Seeb
- School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, U.S.A
| | - James E Seeb
- School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, U.S.A
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33
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Li L, Barth NKH, Pilarsky C, Taher L. Cancer Is Associated with Alterations in the Three-Dimensional Organization of the Genome. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121886. [PMID: 31783642 PMCID: PMC6966451 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome is organized into topologically associating domains (TADs), which represent contiguous regions with a higher frequency of intra-interactions as opposed to inter-interactions. TADs contribute to gene expression regulation by restricting the interactions between their regulatory elements, and TAD disruption has been associated with cancer. Here, we provide a proof of principle that mutations within TADs can be used to predict the survival of cancer patients. Specifically, we constructed a set of 1467 consensus TADs representing the three-dimensional organization of the human genome and used Cox regression analysis to identify a total of 35 prognostic TADs in different cancer types. Interestingly, only 46% of the 35 prognostic TADs comprised genes with known clinical relevance. Moreover, in the vast majority of such cases, the prognostic value of the TAD was not directly related to the presence/absence of mutations in the gene(s), emphasizing the importance of regulatory mutations. In addition, we found that 34% of the prognostic TADs show strong structural perturbations in the cancer genome, consistent with the widespread, global epigenetic dysregulation often observed in cancer patients. In summary, this study elucidates the mechanisms through which non-coding variants may influence cancer progression and opens new avenues for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Li
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.); (N.K.H.B.)
| | - Nicolai K. H. Barth
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.); (N.K.H.B.)
| | - Christian Pilarsky
- Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Leila Taher
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.); (N.K.H.B.)
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence:
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34
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Chemical genomics reveals histone deacetylases are required for core regulatory transcription. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3004. [PMID: 31285436 PMCID: PMC6614369 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Identity determining transcription factors (TFs), or core regulatory (CR) TFs, are governed by cell-type specific super enhancers (SEs). Drugs to selectively inhibit CR circuitry are of high interest for cancer treatment. In alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, PAX3-FOXO1 activates SEs to induce the expression of other CR TFs, providing a model system for studying cancer cell addiction to CR transcription. Using chemical genetics, the systematic screening of chemical matter for a biological outcome, here we report on a screen for epigenetic chemical probes able to distinguish between SE-driven transcription and constitutive transcription. We find that chemical probes along the acetylation-axis, and not the methylation-axis, selectively disrupt CR transcription. Additionally, we find that histone deacetylases (HDACs) are essential for CR TF transcription. We further dissect the contribution of HDAC isoforms using selective inhibitors, including the newly developed selective HDAC3 inhibitor LW3. We show HDAC1/2/3 are the co-essential isoforms that when co-inhibited halt CR transcription, making CR TF sites hyper-accessible and disrupting chromatin looping. Core regulatory transcription factors are usually regulated by cell-type specific super enhancers (SEs). Here, the authors screen for chemical probes able to distinguish between SE-driven and promoter-driven transcription and find that histone deacetylases are selectively required for core regulatory transcription.
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35
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Bharathy N, Berlow NE, Wang E, Abraham J, Settelmeyer TP, Hooper JE, Svalina MN, Bajwa Z, Goros MW, Hernandez BS, Wolff JE, Pal R, Davies AM, Ashok A, Bushby D, Mancini M, Noakes C, Goodwin NC, Ordentlich P, Keck J, Hawkins DS, Rudzinski ER, Mansoor A, Perkins TJ, Vakoc CR, Michalek JE, Keller C. Preclinical rationale for entinostat in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Skelet Muscle 2019; 9:12. [PMID: 31113472 PMCID: PMC6528217 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-019-0198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in the pediatric cancer population. Survival among metastatic RMS patients has remained dismal yet unimproved for years. We previously identified the class I-specific histone deacetylase inhibitor, entinostat (ENT), as a pharmacological agent that transcriptionally suppresses the PAX3:FOXO1 tumor-initiating fusion gene found in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS), and we further investigated the mechanism by which ENT suppresses PAX3:FOXO1 oncogene and demonstrated the preclinical efficacy of ENT in RMS orthotopic allograft and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. In this study, we investigated whether ENT also has antitumor activity in fusion-negative eRMS orthotopic allografts and PDX models either as a single agent or in combination with vincristine (VCR). METHODS We tested the efficacy of ENT and VCR as single agents and in combination in orthotopic allograft and PDX mouse models of eRMS. We then performed CRISPR screening to identify which HDAC among the class I HDACs is responsible for tumor growth inhibition in eRMS. To analyze whether ENT treatment as a single agent or in combination with VCR induces myogenic differentiation, we performed hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining in tumors. RESULTS ENT in combination with the chemotherapy VCR has synergistic antitumor activity in a subset of fusion-negative eRMS in orthotopic "allografts," although PDX mouse models were too hypersensitive to the VCR dose used to detect synergy. Mechanistic studies involving CRISPR suggest that HDAC3 inhibition is the primary mechanism of cell-autonomous cytoreduction in eRMS. Following cytoreduction in vivo, residual tumor cells in the allograft models treated with chemotherapy undergo a dramatic, entinostat-induced (70-100%) conversion to non-proliferative rhabdomyoblasts. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the targeting class I HDACs may provide a therapeutic benefit for selected patients with eRMS. ENT's preclinical in vivo efficacy makes ENT a rational drug candidate in a phase II clinical trial for eRMS.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage
- Benzamides/administration & dosage
- Benzamides/therapeutic use
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cellular Reprogramming/drug effects
- Cellular Reprogramming/genetics
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- Histone Deacetylase 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Histone Deacetylase 1/genetics
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Pyridines/administration & dosage
- Pyridines/therapeutic use
- RNA-Seq
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/drug therapy
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/enzymology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/pathology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/drug therapy
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/enzymology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/pathology
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Vincristine/administration & dosage
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Bharathy
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, 12655 Sw Beaverdam Rd. W, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA.
| | - Noah E Berlow
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, 12655 Sw Beaverdam Rd. W, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Jinu Abraham
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Teagan P Settelmeyer
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, 12655 Sw Beaverdam Rd. W, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA
| | - Jody E Hooper
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Matthew N Svalina
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, 12655 Sw Beaverdam Rd. W, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA
| | - Zia Bajwa
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, 12655 Sw Beaverdam Rd. W, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Martin W Goros
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Brian S Hernandez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Johannes E Wolff
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Present Address: AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Ranadip Pal
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | | | - Arya Ashok
- Champions Oncology, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James Keck
- The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, CA, 95838, USA
| | | | | | - Atiya Mansoor
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Theodore J Perkins
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | | | - Joel E Michalek
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Charles Keller
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, 12655 Sw Beaverdam Rd. W, Beaverton, OR, 97005, USA.
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36
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Pellenz S, Phelps M, Tang W, Hovde BT, Sinit RB, Fu W, Li H, Chen E, Monnat RJ. New Human Chromosomal Sites with "Safe Harbor" Potential for Targeted Transgene Insertion. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:814-828. [PMID: 30793977 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study identified 35 new sites for targeted transgene insertion that have the potential to serve as new human genomic "safe harbor" sites (SHS). SHS potential for these 35 sites, located on 16 chromosomes, including both arms of the human X chromosome, and for the existing human SHS AAVS1, hROSA26, and CCR5 was assessed using eight different desirable, widely accepted criteria for SHS verifiable with human genomic data. Three representative newly identified sites on human chromosomes 2 and 4 were then experimentally validated by in vitro and in vivo cleavage-sensitivity tests, and analyzed for population-level and cell line-specific sequence variants that might confound site targeting. The highly ranked site on chromosome 4 (SHS231) was further characterized by targeted homology-dependent and -independent transgene insertion and expression in different human cell lines. The structure and fidelity of transgene insertions at this site were confirmed, together with analyses that demonstrated stable expression and function of transgene-encoded proteins, including fluorescent protein markers, selectable marker cassettes, and Cas9 protein variants. SHS-integrated transgene-encoded Cas9 proteins were shown to be capable of introducing a large (17 kb) gRNA-specified deletion in the PAX3/FOXO1 fusion oncogene in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells and as a Cas9-VPR fusion protein to upregulate expression of the muscle-specific transcription factor MYF5 in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. An engineering "toolkit" was developed to enable easy use of the most extensively characterized of these new human sites, SHS231, located on the proximal long arm of chromosome 4. The target sites identified here have the potential to serve as additional human SHS to enable basic and clinical gene editing and genome-engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pellenz
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Phelps
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Weiliang Tang
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Blake T Hovde
- 2Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ryan B Sinit
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wenqing Fu
- 2Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hui Li
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eleanor Chen
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Raymond J Monnat
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,2Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Ghayad SE, Rammal G, Sarkis O, Basma H, Ghamloush F, Fahs A, Karam M, Harajli M, Rabeh W, Mouawad JE, Zalzali H, Saab R. The histone deacetylase inhibitor Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA) as a therapeutic agent in rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:272-283. [PMID: 30307360 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1529093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an aggressive childhood sarcoma with two distinct subtypes, embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS) histologies. More effective treatment is needed to improve outcomes, beyond conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. The pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor, Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA), has shown promising efficacy in limited preclinical studies. We used a panel of human ERMS and ARMS cell lines and xenografts to evaluate the effects of SAHA as a therapeutic agent in both RMS subtypes. SAHA decreased cell viability by inhibiting S-phase progression in all cell lines tested, and induced apoptosis in all but one cell line. Molecularly, SAHA-treated cells showed activation of a DNA damage response, induction of the cell cycle inhibitors p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 and downregulation of Cyclin D1. In a subset of RMS cell lines, SAHA promoted features of cellular senescence and myogenic differentiation. Interestingly, SAHA treatment profoundly decreased protein levels of the driver fusion oncoprotein PAX3-FOXO1 in ARMS cells at a post-translational level. In vivo, SAHA-treated xenografts showed increased histone acetylation and induction of a DNA damage response, along with variable upregulation of p21Cip1 and p27Kip1. However, while the ARMS Rh41 xenograft tumor growth was significantly inhibited, there was no significant inhibition of the ERMS tumor xenograft RD. Thus, our work shows that, while SAHA is effective against ERMS and ARMS tumor cells in vitro, it has divergent in vivo effects . Together with the observed effects on the PAX3-FOXO1 fusion protein, these data suggest SAHA as a possible therapeutic agent for clinical testing in patients with fusion protein-positive RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Ghayad
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science II , Lebanese University , Fanar , Lebanon
| | - Ghina Rammal
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science II , Lebanese University , Fanar , Lebanon.,b Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Omar Sarkis
- b Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Hussein Basma
- b Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Farah Ghamloush
- b Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Assil Fahs
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science II , Lebanese University , Fanar , Lebanon
| | - Mia Karam
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science II , Lebanese University , Fanar , Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Harajli
- b Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Wissam Rabeh
- b Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Joe E Mouawad
- b Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Hassan Zalzali
- b Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Raya Saab
- b Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.,c Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
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38
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Phelps MP, Yang H, Patel S, Rahman MM, McFadden G, Chen E. Oncolytic Virus-Mediated RAS Targeting in Rhabdomyosarcoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2018; 11:52-61. [PMID: 30364635 PMCID: PMC6197336 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated RAS signaling cascade is the primary driver of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS), a pediatric cancer characterized by a block in myogenic differentiation. To investigate the cellular function of activated RAS signaling in regulating the growth and differentiation of ERMS cells, we genetically ablated activated RAS oncogenes with high-efficiency genome-editing technology. Knockout of NRAS in CRISPR-inducible ERMS xenograft models resulted in near-complete tumor regression through a combination of cell death and myogenic differentiation. Utilizing this strategy for therapeutic RAS targeting in ERMS, we developed a recombinant oncolytic myxoma virus (MYXV) engineered with CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing capability. Treatment of pre-clinical human ERMS tumor xenografts with an NRAS-targeting version of this MYXV significantly reduced tumor growth and increased overall survival. Our data suggest that targeted gene-editing cancer therapies have promising translational applications, especially with improvements to gene-targeting specificity and oncolytic vector technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Phelps
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Heechang Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shivani Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Masmudur M Rahman
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Eleanor Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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39
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Huang R, Zhang X, Min Z, Shadia AS, Yang S, Liu X. MGCD0103 induces apoptosis and simultaneously increases the expression of NF-κB and PD-L1 in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3827-3834. [PMID: 30344659 PMCID: PMC6176203 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
At present there is no consensus on the treatment of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (CHL) following relapse. The aim of the present study was to access the class I-selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (HDACI) MGCD0103 on the expression levels of Bcl-2, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in CHL, to explore the possible therapeutic value of MGCD0103 in combined relative target drugs for patients with CHL. In L1236 and L428 cell lines, apoptosis and cell cycle stage were identified using flow cytometry, and the effects of HDACI on CHL were assessed in terms of Bcl-2, NF-κB and PD-L1 expression levels, which were detected by western blotting and co-focusing experiments. The results demonstrated that MGCD0103 could induce cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, down-regulate Bcl-2 and increase NF-κB and PD-L1 expression levels in L1236 and L428 cell lines. MGCD0103 decreases Bcl-2 levels and upregulates PD-L1, which indicates that the combined use of HDACIs and a PD-L1 inhibitor in theory may improve treatment outcomes in patients with CHL. MGCD0103 may also up-regulate NF-κB, which seems to induce resistance towards anti-apoptotic drugs. Clinical trials combining HDACIs with NF-κB and/or PD-L1 inhibitors should be designed to further improve treatment outcomes for patients with CHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhong Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Min
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Abdelbari Sophia Shadia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Shun'e Yang
- Department of Lymphoma, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojian Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
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40
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Korman B, Marangoni RG, Lord G, Olefsky J, Tourtellotte W, Varga J. Adipocyte-specific Repression of PPAR-gamma by NCoR Contributes to Scleroderma Skin Fibrosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:145. [PMID: 29996896 PMCID: PMC6042240 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A pivotal role for adipose tissue homeostasis in systemic sclerosis (SSc) skin fibrosis is increasingly recognized. The nuclear receptor PPAR-γ is the master regulator of adipogenesis. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) has antifibrotic effects by blocking transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and is dysregulated in SSc. To unravel the impact of dysregulated PPAR-γ in SSc, we focused on nuclear corepressor (NCoR), which negatively regulates PPAR-γ activity and suppresses adipogenesis. METHODS An NCoR-regulated gene signature was measured in the SSc skin transcriptome. Experimental skin fibrosis was examined in mice with adipocyte-specific NCoR ablation. RESULTS SSc skin biopsies demonstrated deregulated NCoR signaling. A 43-gene NCoR gene signature showed strong positive correlation with PPAR-γ signaling (R = 0.919, p < 0.0001), whereas negative correlations with TGF-β signaling (R = - 0.796, p < 0.0001) and the modified Rodnan skin score (R = - 0.49, p = 0.004) were found. Mice with adipocyte-specific NCoR ablation demonstrated significant protection from experimental skin fibrosis and inflammation. The protective effects were mediated primarily through endogenous PPAR-γ. CONCLUSIONS Our results implicate, for the first time, to our knowledge, deregulated NCoR/PPAR-γ pathways in SSc, and they support a role of adipocyte modulation of skin fibrosis. Pharmacologic restoration of NCoR/PPAR-γ signaling may represent a novel strategy to control skin fibrosis in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Korman
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Roberta Goncalves Marangoni
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Gabriel Lord
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Jerrold Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | | | - John Varga
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
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41
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Guo X, Chitale P, Sanjana NE. Target Discovery for Precision Medicine Using High-Throughput Genome Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1016:123-145. [PMID: 29130157 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63904-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, programmable RNA-guided nucleases such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system have ushered in a new era of precision genome editing in diverse model systems and in human cells. Functional screens using large libraries of RNA guides can interrogate a large hypothesis space to pinpoint particular genes and genetic elements involved in fundamental biological processes and disease-relevant phenotypes. Here, we review recent high-throughput CRISPR screens (e.g. loss-of-function, gain-of-function, and targeting noncoding elements) and highlight their potential for uncovering novel therapeutic targets, such as those involved in cancer resistance to small molecular drugs and immunotherapies, tumor evolution, infectious disease, inborn genetic disorders, and other therapeutic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Guo
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Poonam Chitale
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Neville E Sanjana
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA.
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
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42
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Somanath P, Herndon Klein R, Knoepfler PS. CRISPR-mediated HDAC2 disruption identifies two distinct classes of target genes in human cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185627. [PMID: 28982113 PMCID: PMC5628847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional functions of the class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) HDAC1 and HDAC2 are mainly viewed as both repressive and redundant based on murine knockout studies, but they may have additional independent roles and their physiological functions in human cells are not as clearly defined. To address the individual epigenomic functions of HDAC2, here we utilized CRISPR-Cas9 to disrupt HDAC2 in human cells. We find that while HDAC2 null cells exhibited signs of cross-regulation between HDAC1 and HDAC2, specific epigenomic phenotypes were still apparent using RNA-seq and ChIP assays. We identified specific targets of HDAC2 repression, and defined a novel class of genes that are actively expressed in a partially HDAC2-dependent manner. While HDAC2 was required for the recruitment of HDAC1 to repressed HDAC2-gene targets, HDAC2 was dispensable for HDAC1 binding to HDAC2-activated targets, supporting the notion of distinct classes of targets. Both active and repressed classes of gene targets demonstrated enhanced histone acetylation and methylation in HDAC2-null cells. Binding of the HDAC1/2-associated SIN3A corepressor was altered at most HDAC2-targets, but without a clear pattern. Overall, our study defines two classes of HDAC2 targets in human cells, with a dependence of HDAC1 on HDAC2 at one class of targets, and distinguishes unique functions for HDAC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Somanath
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital For Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Rachel Herndon Klein
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital For Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Knoepfler
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital For Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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