1
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Paulsel TQ, Williams GJ. Current State-of-the-Art Toward Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Polyketide Natural Products. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300386. [PMID: 37615926 PMCID: PMC10964317 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Polyketide natural products have significant promise as pharmaceutical targets for human health and as molecular tools to probe disease and complex biological systems. While the biosynthetic logic of polyketide synthases (PKS) is well-understood, biosynthesis of designer polyketides remains challenging due to several bottlenecks, including substrate specificity constraints, disrupted protein-protein interactions, and protein solubility and folding issues. Focusing on substrate specificity, PKSs are typically interrogated using synthetic thioesters. PKS assembly lines and their products offer a wealth of information when studied in a chemoenzymatic fashion. This review provides an overview of the past two decades of polyketide chemoenzymatic synthesis and their contributions to the field of chemical biology. These synthetic strategies have successfully yielded natural product derivatives while providing critical insights into enzymatic promiscuity and mechanistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus Q Paulsel
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University Dabney Hall, Room 208, Campus Box 8204, 2620 Yarbrough Dr., NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Gavin J Williams
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University Dabney Hall, Room 208, Campus Box 8204, 2620 Yarbrough Dr., NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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2
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Li F, Lin Z, Krug PJ, Catrow JL, Cox JE, Schmidt EW. Animal FAS-like polyketide synthases produce diverse polypropionates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305575120. [PMID: 37695909 PMCID: PMC10515154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305575120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal cytoplasmic fatty acid synthase (FAS) represents a unique family of enzymes that are classically thought to be most closely related to fungal polyketide synthase (PKS). Recently, a widespread family of animal lipid metabolic enzymes has been described that bridges the gap between these two ubiquitous and important enzyme classes: the animal FAS-like PKSs (AFPKs). Although very similar in sequence to FAS enzymes that produce saturated lipids widely found in animals, AFPKs instead produce structurally diverse compounds that resemble bioactive polyketides. Little is known about the factors that bridge lipid and polyketide synthesis in the animals. Here, we describe the function of EcPKS2 from Elysia chlorotica, which synthesizes a complex polypropionate natural product found in this mollusc. EcPKS2 starter unit promiscuity potentially explains the high diversity of polyketides found in and among molluscan species. Biochemical comparison of EcPKS2 with the previously described EcPKS1 reveals molecular principles governing substrate selectivity that should apply to related enzymes encoded within the genomes of photosynthetic gastropods. Hybridization experiments combining EcPKS1 and EcPKS2 demonstrate the interactions between the ketoreductase and ketosynthase domains in governing the product outcomes. Overall, these findings enable an understanding of the molecular principles of structural diversity underlying the many molluscan polyketides likely produced by the diverse AFPK enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Patrick J. Krug
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA90032
| | - J. Leon Catrow
- Metabolomics Core, Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - James E. Cox
- Metabolomics Core, Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT84112
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Eric W. Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
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3
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Sirirungruang S, Ad O, Privalsky TM, Ramesh S, Sax JL, Dong H, Baidoo EEK, Amer B, Khosla C, Chang MCY. Engineering site-selective incorporation of fluorine into polyketides. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:886-893. [PMID: 35817967 PMCID: PMC10030150 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although natural products and synthetic small molecules both serve important medicinal functions, their structures and chemical properties are relatively distinct. To expand the molecular diversity available for drug discovery, one strategy is to blend the effective attributes of synthetic and natural molecules. A key feature found in synthetic compounds that is rare in nature is the use of fluorine to tune drug behavior. We now report a method to site-selectively incorporate fluorine into complex structures to produce regioselectively fluorinated full-length polyketides. We engineered a fluorine-selective trans-acyltransferase to produce site-selectively fluorinated erythromycin precursors in vitro. We further demonstrated that these analogs could be produced in vivo in Escherichia coli on engineering of the fluorinated extender unit pool. By using engineered microbes, elaborate fluorinated compounds can be produced by fermentation, offering the potential for expanding the identification and development of bioactive fluorinated small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omer Ad
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Swetha Ramesh
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joel L Sax
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hongjun Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Bashar Amer
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle C Y Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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4
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Cheng X, Ma L. Enzymatic synthesis of fluorinated compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8033-8058. [PMID: 34625820 PMCID: PMC8500828 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated compounds are widely used in the fields of molecular imaging, pharmaceuticals, and materials. Fluorinated natural products in nature are rare, and the introduction of fluorine atoms into organic compound molecules can give these compounds new functions and make them have better performance. Therefore, the synthesis of fluorides has attracted more and more attention from biologists and chemists. Even so, achieving selective fluorination is still a huge challenge under mild conditions. In this review, the research progress of enzymatic synthesis of fluorinated compounds is summarized since 2015, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, aldolases, fluoroacetyl coenzyme A thioesterases, lipases, transaminases, reductive aminases, purine nucleoside phosphorylases, polyketide synthases, fluoroacetate dehalogenases, tyrosine phenol-lyases, glycosidases, fluorinases, and multienzyme system. Of all enzyme-catalyzed synthesis methods, the direct formation of the C-F bond by fluorinase is the most effective and promising method. The structure and catalytic mechanism of fluorinase are introduced to understand fluorobiochemistry. Furthermore, the distribution, applications, and future development trends of fluorinated compounds are also outlined. Hopefully, this review will help researchers to understand the significance of enzymatic methods for the synthesis of fluorinated compounds and find or create excellent fluoride synthase in future research.Key points• Fluorinated compounds are distributed in plants and microorganisms, and are used in imaging, medicine, materials science.• Enzyme catalysis is essential for the synthesis of fluorinated compounds.• The loop structure of fluorinase is the key to forming the C-F bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, Thirteenth Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, Thirteenth Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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5
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Calero P, Volke DC, Lowe PT, Gotfredsen CH, O'Hagan D, Nikel PI. A fluoride-responsive genetic circuit enables in vivo biofluorination in engineered Pseudomonas putida. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5045. [PMID: 33028813 PMCID: PMC7541441 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine is a key element in the synthesis of molecules broadly used in medicine, agriculture and materials. Addition of fluorine to organic structures represents a unique strategy for tuning molecular properties, yet this atom is rarely found in Nature and approaches to integrate fluorometabolites into the biochemistry of living cells are scarce. In this work, synthetic gene circuits for organofluorine biosynthesis are implemented in the platform bacterium Pseudomonas putida. By harnessing fluoride-responsive riboswitches and the orthogonal T7 RNA polymerase, biochemical reactions needed for in vivo biofluorination are wired to the presence of fluoride (i.e. circumventing the need of feeding expensive additives). Biosynthesis of fluoronucleotides and fluorosugars in engineered P. putida is demonstrated with mineral fluoride both as only fluorine source (i.e. substrate of the pathway) and as inducer of the synthetic circuit. This approach expands the chemical landscape of cell factories by providing alternative biosynthetic strategies towards fluorinated building-blocks. Addition of fluorine to organic structures is a unique strategy for tuning molecular properties, but approaches to integrate fluorometabolites into the biochemistry of living cells are scarce. Here, the authors develop a fluoride-responsive genetic circuit to enable in vivo biofluorination in engineered Pseudomonas putida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Calero
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniel C Volke
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Phillip T Lowe
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9ST St, Andrews, UK
| | | | - David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9ST St, Andrews, UK
| | - Pablo I Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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6
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Drufva EE, Hix EG, Bailey CB. Site directed mutagenesis as a precision tool to enable synthetic biology with engineered modular polyketide synthases. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:62-80. [PMID: 32637664 PMCID: PMC7327777 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) are a multidomain megasynthase class of biosynthetic enzymes that have great promise for the development of new compounds, from new pharmaceuticals to high value commodity and specialty chemicals. Their colinear biosynthetic logic has been viewed as a promising platform for synthetic biology for decades. Due to this colinearity, domain swapping has long been used as a strategy to introduce molecular diversity. However, domain swapping often fails because it perturbs critical protein-protein interactions within the PKS. With our increased level of structural elucidation of PKSs, using judicious targeted mutations of individual residues is a more precise way to introduce molecular diversity with less potential for global disruption of the protein architecture. Here we review examples of targeted point mutagenesis to one or a few residues harbored within the PKS that alter domain specificity or selectivity, affect protein stability and interdomain communication, and promote more complex catalytic reactivity.
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Key Words
- ACP, acyl carrier protein
- AT, acyltransferase
- DEBS, 6-deoxyerthronolide B synthase
- DH, dehydratase
- EI, enoylisomerase
- ER, enoylreductase
- KR, ketoreductase
- KS, ketosynthase
- LM, loading module
- MT, methyltransferase
- Mod, module
- PKS, polyketide synthase
- PS, pyran synthase
- Polyketide synthase
- Protein engineering
- Rational design
- SNAC, N-acetyl cysteamine
- Saturation mutagenesis
- Site directed mutagenesis
- Synthetic biology
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Drufva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Elijah G. Hix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Constance B. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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7
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Wu L, Maglangit F, Deng H. Fluorine biocatalysis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 55:119-126. [PMID: 32087550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluorine atoms into organic molecules has received considerable attention as these organofluorines have often found widespread applications in bioorganic chemistry, medicinal chemistry and biomaterial science. Despite innovation of synthetic C-F forming methodologies, selective fluorination is still extremely challenging. Therefore, a biotransformation approach using fluorine biocatalysts is needed to selectively introduce fluorine into structurally diverse molecules. Yet, there are few ways that enable incorporation of fluorine into structurally complex bioactive molecules. One is to extend the substrate scope of the existing enzyme inventory. Another is to expand the biosynthetic pathways to accept fluorinated precursors for producing fluorinated bioactive molecules. Finally, an understanding of the physiological roles of fluorometabolites in the producing microorganisms will advance our ability to engineer a microorganism to produce novel fluorinated commodities. Here, we review the fluorinase biotechnology and fluorine biocatalysts that incorporate fluorine motifs to generate fluorinated molecules, and highlight areas for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linrui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Fleurdeliz Maglangit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK; College of Science, University of the Philippines Cebu, Lahug, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines
| | - Hai Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK.
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8
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Facile Bioinspired Preparation of Fluorinase@Fluoridated Hydroxyapatite Nanoflowers for the Biosynthesis of 5′-Fluorodeoxy Adenosine. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12010431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To develop an environmentally friendly biocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of organofluorine compounds, we prepared the enzyme@fluoridated hydroxyapatite nanoflowers (FHAp-NFs) using fluorinase expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) as the biomineralization framework. The obtained fluorinase@FHAp-NFs were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and FT-IR spectrum and used in the enzymatic synthesis of 5′-fluorodeoxy adenosin with S-adenosyl-L-methionine and fluoride as substrate. At an optimum pH of 7.5, fluorinase confined in the hybrid nanoflowers presents an approximately 2-fold higher synthetic activity than free fluorinase. Additionally, after heating at 30 °C for 8 h, the FHAp-NFs retained approximately 80.0% of the initial activity. However, free enzyme could remain only 48.2% of its initial activity. The results indicate that the fluoride and hybrid nanoflowers efficiently enhance the catalytic activity and thermal stability of fluorinase in the synthesis of 5′-fluorodeoxy adenosine, which gives a green method for producing the fluorinated organic compounds.
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9
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Kornfuehrer T, Eustáquio AS. Diversification of polyketide structures via synthase engineering. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1256-1272. [PMID: 32180918 PMCID: PMC7053703 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00141g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyketide natural products possess diverse biological activities including antibiotic, anticancer, and immunosuppressive. Their equally varied and complex structures arise from head-to-tail condensation of simple carboxyacyl monomers. Since the seminal discovery that biosynthesis of polyketides such as the macrolide erythromycin is catalyzed by uncharacteristically large, multifunctional enzymes, termed modular type I polyketide synthases, chemists and biologists alike have been inspired to harness the apparent modularity of the synthases to further diversify polyketide structures. Yet, initial attempts to perform "combinatorial biosynthesis" failed due to challenges associated with maintaining the structural and catalytic integrity of large, chimeric synthases. Fast forward nearly 30 years, and advancements in our understanding of polyketide synthase structure and function have allowed the field to make significant progress toward effecting desired modifications to polyketide scaffolds in addition to engineering small, chiral fragments. This review highlights selected examples of polyketide diversification via control of monomer selection, oxidation state, stereochemistry, and cyclization. We conclude with a perspective on the present and future of polyketide structure diversification and hope that the examples presented here will encourage medicinal chemists to embrace polyketide synthetic biology as a means to revitalize polyketide drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Kornfuehrer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Center for Biomolecular Sciences , College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , USA . ; Tel: +1 3124137082
| | - Alessandra S Eustáquio
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and Center for Biomolecular Sciences , College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , USA . ; Tel: +1 3124137082
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10
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Mayerthaler F, Finley MF, Pfeifer TA, Antolin AA. Meeting Proceedings from ICBS 2018- Toward Translational Impact. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:567-578. [PMID: 30860357 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mayerthaler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael F. Finley
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Tom A. Pfeifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Albert A. Antolin
- The Department of Data Science, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
- The Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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11
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Kalkreuter E, CroweTipton JM, Lowell AN, Sherman DH, Williams GJ. Engineering the Substrate Specificity of a Modular Polyketide Synthase for Installation of Consecutive Non-Natural Extender Units. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1961-1969. [PMID: 30676722 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is significant interest in diversifying the structures of polyketides to create new analogues of these bioactive molecules. This has traditionally been done by focusing on engineering the acyltransferase (AT) domains of polyketide synthases (PKSs) responsible for the incorporation of malonyl-CoA extender units. Non-natural extender units have been utilized by engineered PKSs previously; however, most of the work to date has been accomplished with ATs that are either naturally promiscuous and/or located in terminal modules lacking downstream bottlenecks. These limitations have prevented the engineering of ATs with low native promiscuity and the study of any potential gatekeeping effects by domains downstream of an engineered AT. In an effort to address this gap in PKS engineering knowledge, the substrate preferences of the final two modules of the pikromycin PKS were compared for several non-natural extender units and through active site mutagenesis. This led to engineering of the methylmalonyl-CoA specificity of both modules and inversion of their selectivity to prefer consecutive non-natural derivatives. Analysis of the product distributions of these bimodular reactions revealed unexpected metabolites resulting from gatekeeping by the downstream ketoreductase and ketosynthase domains. Despite these new bottlenecks, AT engineering provided the first full-length polyketide products incorporating two non-natural extender units. Together, this combination of tandem AT engineering and the identification of previously poorly characterized bottlenecks provides a platform for future advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Kalkreuter
- Department of Chemistry , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Jared M CroweTipton
- Department of Chemistry , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Andrew N Lowell
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Microbiology & Immunology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Gavin J Williams
- Department of Chemistry , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
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12
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Telfer TJ, Codd R. Fluorinated Analogues of Desferrioxamine B from Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis Provide New Insight into the Capacity of DesBCD. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2456-2471. [PMID: 30081629 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB, 1) native to Streptomyces pilosus is biosynthesized by the DesABCD enzyme cluster. DesA-mediated decarboxylation of l-lysine gives 1,5-diaminopentane (DP) for processing by DesBCD. S. pilosus culture medium was supplemented with rac-1,4-diamino-2-fluorobutane ( rac-FDB) to compete against DP to generate fluorinated analogues of DFOB, as agents of potential clinical interest. LC-MS/MS analysis identified fluorinated analogues of DFOB with one, two, or three DP units (binary notation: 0) exchanged for one (DFOA-F1[001] (2), DFOA-F1[010] (3), DFOA-F1[100] (4)), two (DFOA-F2[011] (5), DFOA-F2[110] (6), DFOA-F2[101] (7)), or three (DFOA-F3[111] (8)) rac-FDB units (binary notation: 1). The two sets of constitutional isomers 2-4 and 5-7 arose from the position of the substrates in the N-acetyl, internal, or amine-containing regions of the DFOB trimer. N-Acetylated fluorinated DFOB analogues were formed where the rac-FDB substrate was positioned in the amine region ( e.g., N-Ac-DFOA-F1[001] (2a)). Other analogues contained two hydroxamic acid groups and three amide bonds. Experiments using rac-FDB, R-FDB, or S-FDB showed a similar species profile between rac-FDB and R-FDB. These data are consistent with the following. (i) DesB can act on rac-FDB. (ii) DesC can act directly on rac-FDB. (iii) The products of DesBC or DesC catalysis of rac-FDB can undergo a second round of DesC catalysis at the free amine. (iv) DesD catalysis of these products gives N, N'-diacetylated compounds. (v) A minimum of two hydroxamic acid groups is required to form a viable DesD-substrate(s) precomplex. (vi) One or more DesBCD-catalyzed steps in DFOB biosynthesis is enantioselective. This work has provided a potential path to access fluorinated analogues of DFOB and new insight into its biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Telfer
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rachel Codd
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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13
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Zargar A, Barajas JF, Lal R, Keasling JD. Polyketide synthases as a platform for chemical product design. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zargar
- Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryJoint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608
- Physical Biosciences Div.Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720
| | - Jesus F. Barajas
- Physical Biosciences Div.Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720
- Dept. of Energy Agile BioFoundryEmeryvilleCA94608
| | - Ravi Lal
- Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryJoint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryJoint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608
- Physical Biosciences Div.Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720
- QB3 Institute, University of California‐BerkeleyEmeryvilleCA94608
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720
- Dept. of BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720
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14
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Abstract
Directed evolution is a powerful technique for generating tailor-made enzymes for a wide range of biocatalytic applications. Following the principles of natural evolution, iterative cycles of mutagenesis and screening or selection are applied to modify protein properties, enhance catalytic activities, or develop completely new protein catalysts for non-natural chemical transformations. This review briefly surveys the experimental methods used to generate genetic diversity and screen or select for improved enzyme variants. Emphasis is placed on a key challenge, namely how to generate novel catalytic activities that expand the scope of natural reactions. Two particularly effective strategies, exploiting catalytic promiscuity and rational design, are illustrated by representative examples of successfully evolved enzymes. Opportunities for extending these approaches to more complex biocatalytic systems are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Zeymer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland;,
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland;,
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15
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Kalkreuter E, Williams GJ. Engineering enzymatic assembly lines for the production of new antimicrobials. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 45:140-148. [PMID: 29733997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A large portion of natural products are biosynthesized by the polyketide synthase and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase enzymatic assembly lines. Recent advancements in the study of these megasynthases has led to many new examples that demonstrate the production of non-natural natural products. The field is likely nearing the ability to design and build new biosynthetic pathways de novo. We discuss the various recent approaches taken towards this goal, focusing on the installation of new substrates, the swapping of enzymatic domains and modules, and the impact of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. We also address the challenges remaining alongside the many successes in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Kalkreuter
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Gavin J Williams
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
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16
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Reed KB, Alper HS. Expanding beyond canonical metabolism: Interfacing alternative elements, synthetic biology, and metabolic engineering. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2018; 3:20-33. [PMID: 29911196 PMCID: PMC5884228 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering offers an exquisite capacity to produce new molecules in a renewable manner. However, most industrial applications have focused on only a small subset of elements from the periodic table, centered around carbon biochemistry. This review aims to illustrate the expanse of chemical elements that can currently (and potentially) be integrated into useful products using cellular systems. Specifically, we describe recent advances in expanding the cellular scope to include the halogens, selenium and the metalloids, and a variety of metal incorporations. These examples range from small molecules, heteroatom-linked uncommon elements, and natural products to biomining and nanotechnology applications. Collectively, this review covers the promise of an expanded range of elemental incorporations and the future impacts it may have on biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B. Reed
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200E Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hal S. Alper
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200E Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Avenue, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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17
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Thuronyi BW, Privalsky TM, Chang MCY. Engineered Fluorine Metabolism and Fluoropolymer Production in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13637-13640. [PMID: 28861937 PMCID: PMC5818260 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine has become an important element for the design of synthetic molecules for use in medicine, agriculture, and materials. Despite the many advantages provided by fluorine for tuning key molecular properties, it is rarely found in natural metabolism. We seek to expand the molecular space available for discovery through the development of new biosynthetic strategies that cross synthetic with natural compounds. Towards this goal, we engineered a microbial host for organofluorine metabolism and show that we can achieve the production of the fluorinated diketide 2-fluoro-3-hydroxybutyrate at approximately 50 % yield. This fluorinated diketide can be used as a monomer in vivo to produce fluorinated poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) bioplastics with fluorine substitutions ranging from around 5-15 %. This system provides a platform to produce mm flux through the key fluoromalonyl coenzyme A (CoA) building block, thereby offering the potential to generate a broad range of fluorinated small-molecule targets in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Thuronyi
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
- Current address: Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Thomas M Privalsky
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
- Current address: Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michelle C Y Chang
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
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18
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Thuronyi BW, Privalsky TM, Chang MCY. Engineered Fluorine Metabolism and Fluoropolymer Production in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Thuronyi
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Current address: Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Thomas M. Privalsky
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Current address: Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Michelle C. Y. Chang
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
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Barajas JF, Blake-Hedges JM, Bailey CB, Curran S, Keasling JD. Engineered polyketides: Synergy between protein and host level engineering. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2017; 2:147-166. [PMID: 29318196 PMCID: PMC5655351 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering efforts toward rewiring metabolism of cells to produce new compounds often require the utilization of non-native enzymatic machinery that is capable of producing a broad range of chemical functionalities. Polyketides encompass one of the largest classes of chemically diverse natural products. With thousands of known polyketides, modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) share a particularly attractive biosynthetic logic for generating chemical diversity. The engineering of modular PKSs could open access to the deliberate production of both existing and novel compounds. In this review, we discuss PKS engineering efforts applied at both the protein and cellular level for the generation of a diverse range of chemical structures, and we examine future applications of PKSs in the production of medicines, fuels and other industrially relevant chemicals.
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Key Words
- ACP, Acyl carrier protein
- AT, Acyltransferase
- CoL, CoA-Ligase
- Commodity chemical
- DE, Dimerization element
- DEBS, 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase
- DH, Dehydratase
- ER, Enoylreductase
- FAS, Fatty acid synthases
- KR, Ketoreductase
- KS, Ketosynthase
- LM, Loading module
- LTTR, LysR-type transcriptional regulator
- Metabolic engineering
- Natural products
- PCC, Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
- PDB, Precursor directed biosynthesis
- PK, Polyketide
- PKS, Polyketide synthase
- Polyketide
- Polyketide synthase
- R, Reductase domain
- SARP, Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory protein
- SNAC, N-acetylcysteamine
- Synthetic biology
- TE, Thioesterase
- TKL, Triketide lactone
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Constance B. Bailey
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Samuel Curran
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Comparative Biochemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jay. D. Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University Denmark, DK2970 Horsholm, Denmark
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