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Ghosh S, Dutta R, Ghatak D, Goswami D, De R. Immunometabolic characteristics of Dendritic Cells and its significant modulation by mitochondria-associated signaling in the tumor microenvironment influence cancer progression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 726:150268. [PMID: 38909531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) mediated T-cell responses is critical to anti-tumor immunity. This study explores immunometabolic attributes of DC, emphasizing on mitochondrial association, in Tumor Microenvironment (TME) that regulate cancer progression. Conventional DC subtypes cross-present tumor-associated antigens to activate lymphocytes. However, plasmacytoid DCs participate in both pro- and anti-tumor signaling where mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) play crucial role. CTLA-4, CD-47 and other surface-receptors of DC negatively regulates T-cell. Increased glycolysis-mediated mitochondrial citrate buildup and translocation to cytosol with augmented NADPH, enhances mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis fueling DCs. Different DC subtypes and stages, exhibit variable mitochondrial content, membrane potential, structural dynamics and bioenergetic metabolism regulated by various cytokine stimulation, e.g., GM-CSF, IL-4, etc. CD8α+ cDC1s augmented oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) which diminishes at advance effector stages. Glutaminolysis in mitochondria supplement energy in DCs but production of kynurenine and other oncometabolites leads to immunosuppression. Mitochondria-associated DAMPs cause activation of cGAS-STING pathway and inflammasome oligomerization stimulating DC and T cells. In this study, through a comprehensive survey and critical analysis of the latest literature, the potential of DC metabolism for more effective tumor therapy is highlighted. This underscores the need for future research to explore specific therapeutic targets and potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Ghosh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Kolkata, Plot No: 36, 37 & 38, Major Arterial Road, Action Area II, Kadampukur Village, Newtown, Kolkata, 700135, West Bengal, India
| | - Rittick Dutta
- Swami Vivekananda University, Kolkata, 700121, West Bengal, India
| | - Debapriya Ghatak
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Devyani Goswami
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Kolkata, Plot No: 36, 37 & 38, Major Arterial Road, Action Area II, Kadampukur Village, Newtown, Kolkata, 700135, West Bengal, India
| | - Rudranil De
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Kolkata, Plot No: 36, 37 & 38, Major Arterial Road, Action Area II, Kadampukur Village, Newtown, Kolkata, 700135, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Pavlovic I, Zjukovskaja C, Nazir FH, Müller M, Wiberg A, Burman J. Cerebrospinal fluid mtDNA concentrations are increased in multiple sclerosis and were normalized after intervention with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 84:105482. [PMID: 38341978 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern molecule and could be an early indicator for inflammation and disease activity in MS. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) is a potent treatment for MS, but its impact on mtDNA levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) remains unexplored. OBJECTIVES To verify elevated CSF mtDNA concentrations in MS patients and assess the impact of aHSCT on mtDNA concentrations. METHODS Multiplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to quantify mtDNA and nuclear DNA in 182 CSF samples. These samples were collected from 48 MS patients, both pre- and post-aHSCT, over annual follow-ups, and from 32 healthy controls. RESULTS CSF ccf-mtDNA levels were higher in patients with MS, correlated to multiple clinical and analytical factors and were normalized after intervention with aHSCT. Differences before aHSCT were observed with regard to MRI-lesions, prior treatment and number of relapses in the last year prior to aHSCT. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate elevated CSF mtDNA levels in MS patients, which correlate with disease activity and normalize following aHSCT. These results position mtDNA as a potential biomarker for monitoring inflammatory activity and response to treatment in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pavlovic
- Neurology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christina Zjukovskaja
- Neurology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Faisal Hayat Nazir
- Neurology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Müller
- Neurology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Wiberg
- Neurology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; Clinical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joachim Burman
- Neurology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Torp MK, Stensløkken KO, Vaage J. When Our Best Friend Becomes Our Worst Enemy: The Mitochondrion in Trauma, Surgery, and Critical Illness. J Intensive Care Med 2024:8850666241237715. [PMID: 38505947 DOI: 10.1177/08850666241237715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Common for major surgery, multitrauma, sepsis, and critical illness, is a whole-body inflammation. Tissue injury is able to trigger a generalized inflammatory reaction. Cell death causes release of endogenous structures termed damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that initiate a sterile inflammation. Mitochondria are evolutionary endosymbionts originating from bacteria, containing molecular patterns similar to bacteria. These molecular patterns are termed mitochondrial DAMPs (mDAMPs). Mitochondrial debris released into the extracellular space or into the circulation is immunogenic and damaging secondary to activation of the innate immune system. In the circulation, released mDAMPS are either free or exist in extracellular vesicles, being able to act on every organ and cell in the body. However, the role of mDAMPs in trauma and critical care is not fully clarified. There is a complete lack of knowledge how they may be counteracted in patients. Among mDAMPs are mitochondrial DNA, cardiolipin, N-formyl peptides, cytochrome C, adenosine triphosphate, reactive oxygen species, succinate, and mitochondrial transcription factor A. In this overview, we present the different mDAMPs, their function, release, targets, and inflammatory potential. In light of present knowledge, the role of mDAMPs in the pathophysiology of major surgery and trauma as well as sepsis, and critical care is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- May-Kristin Torp
- Section of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, Østfold Hospital Trust, Grålum, Norway
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Section of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Vaage
- Section of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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4
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Wohlsein JC, Meurer M, Mörgelin M, Nessler JN, Flegel T, Schenk HC, Jurina K, Rentmeister K, Fischer A, Gödde T, Baumgärtner W, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Tipold A. Neutrophil extracellular traps in CSF and serum of dogs with steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295268. [PMID: 38241272 PMCID: PMC10798544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA), inflammatory dysregulation is driven by neutrophilic granulocytes resulting in purulent leptomeningitis. Neutrophils can generate neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). Uncontrolled NET-formation or impaired NET-clearance evidently cause tissue and organ damage resulting in immune-mediated diseases. The aim of the study was to verify that NET-formation is detectable in ex vivo samples of acute diseased dogs with SRMA by visualizing and measuring NET-markers in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. CSF-samples of dogs with acute SRMA (n = 5) and in remission (n = 4) were examined using immunofluorescence (IF)-staining of DNA-histone-1-complexes, myeloperoxidase and citrullinated Histone H3 (H3Cit). Immunogold-labeling of H3Cit and neutrophil elastase followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to determine ultrastructural NET-formation in the CSF of one exemplary dog. H3Cit-levels and DNase-activity were measured in CSF and serum samples using an H3Cit-ELISA and a DNase-activity-assay, respectively in patients with the following diseases: acute SRMA (n = 34), SRMA in remission (n = 4), bacterial encephalitis (n = 3), meningioma with neutrophilic inflammation (n = 4), healthy dogs (n = 6). NET-formation was detectable with IF-staining in n = 3/5 CSF samples of dogs with acute SRMA but were not detectable during remission. Vesicular NET-formation was detectable in one exemplary dog using TEM. DNase-activity was significantly reduced in dogs suffering from acute SRMA compared to healthy control group (p < 0.0001). There were no statistical differences of H3Cit levels in CSF or serum samples of acute diseased dogs compared to dogs under treatment, dogs suffering from meningioma or bacterial encephalitis or the healthy control group. Our findings demonstrate that NET-formation and insufficient NET-clearance possibly drive the immunologic dysregulation and complement the pathogenesis of SRMA. The detection of NETs in SRMA offers many possibilities to explore the aetiopathogenetic influence of this defence mechanism of the innate immune system in infectious and non-infectious canine neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Christian Wohlsein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marita Meurer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Research Centre for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jasmin Nicole Nessler
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Flegel
- Department for Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Kai Rentmeister
- Tieraerztliche Praxis für Neurologie, Small Animal Practice, Dettelbach, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Research Centre for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Naue J, Xavier C, Hörer S, Parson W, Lutz-Bonengel S. Assessment of mitochondrial DNA copy number variation relative to nuclear DNA quantity between different tissues. Mitochondrion 2024; 74:101823. [PMID: 38040171 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA is a widely tested genetic marker in various fields of research and diagnostics. Nonetheless, there is still little understanding on its abundance and quality within different tissues. Aiming to obtain deeper knowledge about the content and quality of mtDNA, we investigated nine tissues including blood, bone, brain, hair (root and shaft), cardiac muscle, liver, lung, skeletal muscle, and buccal mucosa of 32 deceased individuals using two real-time quantitative PCR-based assays with differently sized mtDNA and nDNA targets. The results revealed that the quantity of nDNA is a weak surrogate to estimate mtDNA quantities among tissues of an individual, as well as tissues across individuals. Especially hair showed extreme variation, depicting a range of multiple magnitudes of mtDNA molecules per hair fragment. Furthermore, degradation can lead to fewer fragments being available for PCR. The results call for parallel determination of the quantity and quality of mtDNA prior to downstream genotyping assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Naue
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 9, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Catarina Xavier
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Steffen Hörer
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 9, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Walther Parson
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; Forensic Science Program, The Pennsylvania State University, USA.
| | - Sabine Lutz-Bonengel
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 9, Freiburg 79104, Germany
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6
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Vorobjeva NV, Chelombitko MA, Sud’ina GF, Zinovkin RA, Chernyak BV. Role of Mitochondria in the Regulation of Effector Functions of Granulocytes. Cells 2023; 12:2210. [PMID: 37759432 PMCID: PMC10526294 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) are the most abundant circulating cells in the innate immune system. Circulating granulocytes, primarily neutrophils, can cross the endothelial barrier and activate various effector mechanisms to combat invasive pathogens. Eosinophils and basophils also play an important role in allergic reactions and antiparasitic defense. Granulocytes also regulate the immune response, wound healing, and tissue repair by releasing of various cytokines and lipid mediators. The effector mechanisms of granulocytes include the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), degranulation, phagocytosis, and the formation of DNA-containing extracellular traps. Although all granulocytes are primarily glycolytic and have only a small number of mitochondria, a growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondria are involved in all effector functions as well as in the production of cytokines and lipid mediators and in apoptosis. It has been shown that the production of mitochondrial ROS controls signaling pathways that mediate the activation of granulocytes by various stimuli. In this review, we will briefly discuss the data on the role of mitochondria in the regulation of effector and other functions of granulocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V. Vorobjeva
- Department Immunology, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria A. Chelombitko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
- The Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 129226 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina F. Sud’ina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
| | - Roman A. Zinovkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
- The Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 129226 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
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7
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Melbouci D, Haidar Ahmad A, Decker P. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NET): not only antimicrobial but also modulators of innate and adaptive immunities in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. RMD Open 2023; 9:e003104. [PMID: 37562857 PMCID: PMC10423839 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) represent one of the first lines of defence against invading pathogens and are the most abundant leucocytes in the circulation. Generally described as pro-inflammatory cells, recent data suggest that PMN also have immunomodulatory capacities. In response to certain stimuli, activated PMN expel neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), structures made of DNA and associated proteins. Although originally described as an innate immune mechanism fighting bacterial infection, NET formation (or probably rather an excess of NET together with impaired clearance of NET) may be deleterious. Indeed, NET have been implicated in the development of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as fibrosis or cancer. They have been suggested as a source of (neo)autoantigens or regulatory proteins like proteases or to act as a physical barrier. Different mechanisms of NET formation have been described, leading to PMN death or not, depending on the stimulus. Interestingly, NET may be both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory and this probably partly depends on the mechanism, and thus the stimuli, triggering NET formation. Within this review, we will describe the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities of NET and especially how NET may modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyhia Melbouci
- Inserm UMR 1125, Li2P, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord-Campus de Bobigny, Bobigny, Île-de-France, France
| | - Ahmad Haidar Ahmad
- Inserm UMR 1125, Li2P, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord-Campus de Bobigny, Bobigny, Île-de-France, France
| | - Patrice Decker
- Inserm UMR 1125, Li2P, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord-Campus de Bobigny, Bobigny, Île-de-France, France
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8
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Al Amir Dache Z, Thierry AR. Mitochondria-derived cell-to-cell communication. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112728. [PMID: 37440408 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their intracellular mobility, mitochondria and their components can exist outside the cells from which they originate. As a result, they are capable of acting on non-parental distant cells and mediate intercellular communication in physiological conditions and in a variety of pathologies. It has recently been demonstrated that this horizontal transfer governs a wide range of biological processes, such as tissue homeostasis, the rescue of injured recipient cells, and tumorigenesis. In addition, due to mitochondria's bacterial ancestry, they and their components can be recognized as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by the immune cells, leading to inflammation. Here, we provide an overview of the most current and significant findings concerning the different structures of extracellular mitochondria and their by-products and their functions in the physiological and pathological context. This account illustrates the ongoing expansion of our understanding of mitochondria's biological role and functions in mammalian organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Al Amir Dache
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1316, CNRS UMR7057, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alain R Thierry
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; ICM, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier, France.
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9
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Chen S, Liao Z, Xu P. Mitochondrial control of innate immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166214. [PMID: 37325622 PMCID: PMC10267745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are versatile organelles and essential components of numerous biological processes such as energy metabolism, signal transduction, and cell fate determination. In recent years, their critical roles in innate immunity have come to the forefront, highlighting impacts on pathogenic defense, tissue homeostasis, and degenerative diseases. This review offers an in-depth and comprehensive examination of the multifaceted mechanisms underlying the interactions between mitochondria and innate immune responses. We will delve into the roles of healthy mitochondria as platforms for signalosome assembly, the release of mitochondrial components as signaling messengers, and the regulation of signaling via mitophagy, particularly to cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling and inflammasomes. Furthermore, the review will explore the impacts of mitochondrial proteins and metabolites on modulating innate immune responses, the polarization of innate immune cells, and their implications on infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Liao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pinglong Xu
- Institute of Intelligent Medicine, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University (HIC-ZJU), Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Borah S, Mishra R, Dey S, Suchanti S, Bhowmick NA, Giri B, Haldar S. Prognostic Value of Circulating Mitochondrial DNA in Prostate Cancer and Underlying Mechanism. Mitochondrion 2023; 71:40-49. [PMID: 37211294 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Circulating DNAs are considered as degraded DNA fragments of approximately 50-200 bp, found in blood plasma, consisting of cell-free mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Such cell-free DNAs in the blood are found to be altered in different pathological conditions including lupus, heart disease, and malignancies. While nuclear DNAs are being used and being developed as a powerful clinical biomarker in liquid biopsies, mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) are associated with inflammatory conditions including cancer progression. Patients with cancer including prostate cancer are found to have measurable concentrations of mitochondrial DNA in circulation in comparison with healthy controls. The plasma content of mitochondrial DNA is dramatically elevated in both prostate cancer patients and mouse models treated with the chemotherapeutic drug. Cell-free mtDNA, in its oxidized form, induced a pro-inflammatory condition and activates NLRP3-mediated inflammasome formation which causes IL-1β-mediated activation of growth factors. On the other hand, interacting with TLR9, mtDNAs trigger NF-κB-mediated complement C3a positive feedback paracrine loop and activate pro-proliferating signaling through upregulating AKT, ERK, and Bcl2 in the prostate tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the growing evidence supporting cell-free mitochondrial DNA copy number, size, and mutations in mtDNA genes as potential prognostic biomarkers in different cancers and targetable prostate cancer therapeutic candidates impacting stromal-epithelial interactions essential for chemotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Borah
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, CA, USA
| | - Rajeev Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences, CSJM University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208012, India
| | - Sananda Dey
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Surabhi Suchanti
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, CA, USA; Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Biplab Giri
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India.
| | - Subhash Haldar
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700091, India.
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Roy M, Chakraborty S, Kumar Srivastava S, Kaushik S, Jyoti A, Kumar Srivastava V. Entamoeba histolytica induced NETosis and the dual role of NETs in amoebiasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110100. [PMID: 37011501 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica (Eh), a microaerophilic parasite, causes deadly enteric infections that result in Amoebiasis. Every year, the count of invasive infections reaches 50 million approximately and 40,000 to 1,00,000 deaths occurring due to amoebiasis are reported globally. Profound inflammation is the hallmark of severe amoebiasis which is facilitated by immune first defenders, neutrophils. Due to size incompatibility, neutrophils are unable to phagocytose Eh and thus, came up with the miraculous antiparasitic mechanism of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). This review provides an in-depth analysis of NETosis induced by Eh including the antigens involved in the recognition of Eh and the biochemistry of NET formation. Additionally, it underscores its novelty by describing the dual role of NETs in amoebiasis where it acts as a double-edged sword in terms of both clearing and exacerbating amoebiasis. It also provides a comprehensive account of the virulence factors discovered to date that are implicated directly and indirectly in the pathophysiology of Eh infections through the lens of NETs and can be interesting drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini Roy
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur, India
| | - Shreya Chakraborty
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Sanket Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur, India
| | - Anupam Jyoti
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, NH-95, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur, India.
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12
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Singh J, Boettcher M, Dölling M, Heuer A, Hohberger B, Leppkes M, Naschberger E, Schapher M, Schauer C, Schoen J, Stürzl M, Vitkov L, Wang H, Zlatar L, Schett GA, Pisetsky DS, Liu ML, Herrmann M, Knopf J. Moonlighting chromatin: when DNA escapes nuclear control. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:861-875. [PMID: 36755071 PMCID: PMC9907214 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular chromatin, for example in the form of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), is an important element that propels the pathological progression of a plethora of diseases. DNA drives the interferon system, serves as autoantigen, and forms the extracellular scaffold for proteins of the innate immune system. An insufficient clearance of extruded chromatin after the release of DNA from the nucleus into the extracellular milieu can perform a secret task of moonlighting in immune-inflammatory and occlusive disorders. Here, we discuss (I) the cellular events involved in the extracellular release of chromatin and NET formation, (II) the devastating consequence of a dysregulated NET formation, and (III) the imbalance between NET formation and clearance. We include the role of NET formation in the occlusion of vessels and ducts, in lung disease, in autoimmune diseases, in chronic oral disorders, in cancer, in the formation of adhesions, and in traumatic spinal cord injury. To develop effective therapies, it is of utmost importance to target pathways that cause decondensation of chromatin during exaggerated NET formation and aggregation. Alternatively, therapies that support the clearance of extracellular chromatin are conceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeshan Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Boettcher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian Dölling
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annika Heuer
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred-Scheel Cancer Career Center Hamburg HaTriCS4, University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Hohberger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Moritz Leppkes
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Naschberger
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universtität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mirco Schapher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Paracelsus University, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Stürzl
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universtität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ljubomir Vitkov
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
- Department of Dental Pathology, University of East Sarajevo, East Sarajevo, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leticija Zlatar
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg A Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David S Pisetsky
- Department of Medicine and Immunology and Medical Research Service, Duke University Medical Center and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ming-Lin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Ryan KM, Doody E, McLoughlin DM. Whole blood mitochondrial DNA copy number in depression and response to electroconvulsive therapy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 121:110656. [PMID: 36216200 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction may play a role in various psychiatric conditions. Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), the ratio of mitochondrial DNA to nuclear DNA, represents an attractive marker of mitochondrial health that is easily measured from stored DNA samples, and has been shown to be altered in depression. In this study, we measured mtDNAcn in whole blood samples from medicated patients with depression (n = 100) compared to healthy controls (n = 89) and determined the relationship between mtDNAcn and depression severity and the therapeutic response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). We also explored the relationship between mtDNAcn and telomere length and inflammatory markers. Our results show that mtDNAcn was significantly elevated in blood from patients with depression when compared to control samples, and this result survived statistical adjustment for potential confounders (p = 0.002). mtDNAcn was significantly elevated in blood from subgroups of patients with non-psychotic or unipolar depression. There was no difference in mtDNAcn noted in subgroups of ECT remitters/non-remitters or responders/non-responders. Moreover, mtDNAcn was not associated with depression severity, telomere length, or circulating inflammatory marker concentrations. Overall, our results show that mtDNAcn is elevated in blood from patients with depression, though whether this translates to mitochondrial function is unknown. Further work is required to clarify the contribution of mitochondria and mtDNA to the pathophysiology of depression and the therapeutic response to antidepressant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ryan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, St. Patrick's University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, James Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Eimear Doody
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Patrick's University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, James Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Declan M McLoughlin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, St. Patrick's University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, James Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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14
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Li J, Chen J, Sun J, Li K. The Formation of NETs and Their Mechanism of Promoting Tumor Metastasis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2023; 2023:7022337. [PMID: 36942262 PMCID: PMC10024627 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7022337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are network structures comprised of decondensed DNA strands coated with granule proteins. There have been three types of NETs recorded. NETs have been discovered concerning the progression of some malignancies, including gastric cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and lung cancer, among others. In various methods, tumors encourage the formation of NETs, and NETs, in turn, promote tumor growth. NETs can stimulate primary tumor cell proliferation, suppress immune cells to create a tumor-friendly immune microenvironment, and stimulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). NETs significantly promote liver and lung metastasis, possibly by altering vascular permeability, inducing cytoskeleton rearrangement and directional cell migration, and reawakening dormant cancer cells. NETs are therapeutically promising targets for cancer patients. Cancer patients may benefit from anti-NETs therapy, especially when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Kaichun Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China
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15
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Behnke A, Gumpp AM, Rojas R, Sänger T, Lutz-Bonengel S, Moser D, Schelling G, Krumbholz A, Kolassa IT. Circulating inflammatory markers, cell-free mitochondrial DNA, cortisol, endocannabinoids, and N-acylethanolamines in female depressed outpatients. World J Biol Psychiatry 2023; 24:58-69. [PMID: 35532037 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2070666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Major depressive disorder (MDD) involves peripheral low-grade pro-inflammatory activity. This multi-biomarker case-control study characterises the proinflammatory status in MDD beyond C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin (IL)-6 levels through investigating concomitant alterations of immunoregulatory biomolecules. METHODS In 20 female MDD patients and 24 non-depressed women, circulating levels of CRP, IL-6, cortisol, selected endocannabinoids (ECs; anandamide [AEA], 2-arachidonylglycerol [2-AG]), and N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), as well as circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) were measured. RESULTS We found higher serum CRP and plasma AEA levels in MDD and a positive association of CRP and AEA levels with current depressive symptoms. Blood levels of cortisol, ccf-mtDNA, 2-AG, and NAEs did depend on MDD diagnosis nor correlated with the severity of current depressive symptoms. CRP correlated positively with AEA, and AEA showed positive associations with 2-AG and NAE levels. CONCLUSIONS In this study, female MDD outpatients with mild to moderate disorder severity did not substantially differ from non-depressed controls in the resting levels of multiple immunoregulatory markers in peripheral blood. Instead of investigating resting levels, future research on the role of inflammatory activity in MDD should focus on investigating the reactivity of pathways modulating the immune system upon exposure to physical and psychosocial stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Behnke
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anja Maria Gumpp
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Roberto Rojas
- University Psychotherapeutic Outpatient Clinic, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Sänger
- Forensic Molecular Biology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Lutz-Bonengel
- Forensic Molecular Biology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Moser
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Department of Genetic Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gustav Schelling
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Aniko Krumbholz
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry (IDAS) Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Iris-Tatjana Kolassa
- Clinical & Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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16
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Lee SW, Oh SY, Park HJ, Kim TC, Park YH, Van Kaer L, Hong S. Phosphorothioate-linked guanine/cytosine-based stem-loop oligonucleotides induce the extracellular release of mitochondrial DNA from peritoneal B1a cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:252-262. [PMID: 36347365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously demonstrated that phosphorothioate-linked GpC-based stem-loop oligonucleotides (GC-SL ODN) induce the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells. Although CLL B cells are believed to originate from CD5+ B cells because of their phenotypic similarities, it remains unclear whether GC-SL ODN can stimulate CD5+ B1 cells to secrete mtDNA. To explore this possibility, we compared the frequency of the mtDNA-producing population among peritoneal cells after GC-SL ODN treatment. We found that mtDNA-releasing cells are enriched for peritoneal CD19+ B cells upon GC-SL ODN challenge. Among peritoneal CD19+ B cells, the CD5+ B1a subpopulation was a primary cellular source of mtDNA secretion in GC-SL ODN-elicited immune responses. GC-SL ODN-stimulated mtDNA release by B1a cells was positively regulated by MyD88 and TRIF signaling pathways. In vivo GC-SL ODN treatment increased lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of innate immune cells such as NK cells, suggesting the immune-enhancing effects of mtDNA secretion. Furthermore, the loop size formed by GC-SL ODNs was a critical factor in inducing mtDNA release by B1a cells. Taken together, our results identified GC-SL ODN as promising biomaterials for enhancing immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Cheol Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hoo Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Seokmann Hong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
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17
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He W, Xiao Y, Yan S, Zhu Y, Ren S. Cell-free DNA in the management of prostate cancer: Current status and future prospective. Asian J Urol 2022. [PMID: 37538150 PMCID: PMC10394290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective With the escalating prevalence of prostate cancer (PCa) in China, there is an urgent demand for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Extensive investigations have been conducted on the clinical implementation of circulating free DNA (cfDNA) in PCa. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the present state of cfDNA as a biomarker for PCa and to examine its merits and obstacles for future clinical utilization. Methods Relevant peer-reviewed manuscripts on cfDNA as a PCa marker were evaluated by PubMed search (2010-2022) to evaluate the roles of cfDNA in PCa diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction, respectively. Results cfDNA is primarily released from cells undergoing necrosis and apoptosis, allowing for non-invasive insight into the genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic alterations within various PCa disease states. Next-generation sequencing, among other detection methods, enables the assessment of cfDNA abundance, mutation status, fragment characteristics, and epigenetic modifications. Multidimensional analysis based on cfDNA can facilitate early detection of PCa, risk stratification, and treatment monitoring. However, standardization of cfDNA detection methods is still required to expedite its clinical application. Conclusion cfDNA provides a non-invasive, rapid, and repeatable means of acquiring multidimensional information from PCa patients, which can aid in guiding clinical decisions and enhancing patient management. Overcoming the application barriers of cfDNA necessitates increased data sharing and international collaboration.
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18
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Shannon SR, Ben-Akiva E, Green JJ. Approaches towards biomaterial-mediated gene editing for cancer immunotherapy. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:6675-6687. [PMID: 35858470 PMCID: PMC10112382 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00806h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapies are transforming treatment modalities for many human diseases and disorders, including those in ophthalmology, oncology, and nephrology. To maximize the clinical efficacy and safety of these treatments, consideration of both delivery materials and cargos is critical. In consideration of the former, a large effort has been placed on transitioning away from potentially immunoreactive and toxic viral delivery mechanisms towards safer and highly tunable nonviral delivery mechanisms, including polymeric, lipid-based, and inorganic carriers. This change of paradigm does not come without obstacles, as efficient non-viral delivery is challenging, particularly to immune cells, and has yet to see clinical translation breakthroughs for gene editing. This mini-review describes notable examples of biomaterial-based gene delivery to immune cells, with emphasis on recent in vivo successes. In consideration of delivery cargos, clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technology is reviewed and its great promise in the field of immune cell gene editing is described. This mini-review describes how leading non-viral delivery materials and CRISPR technology can be integrated together to advance its clinical potential for therapeutic gene transfer to immune cells to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney R Shannon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Elana Ben-Akiva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Jordan J Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Oncology, Neurosurgery, Materials Science & Engineering, and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, and the Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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19
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Asthma: Friends or Foes? Cells 2022; 11:cells11213521. [PMID: 36359917 PMCID: PMC9654069 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by variable airflow limitation and airway hyperresponsiveness. A plethora of immune and structural cells are involved in asthma pathogenesis. The roles of neutrophils and their mediators in different asthma phenotypes are largely unknown. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are net-like structures composed of DNA scaffolds, histones and granular proteins released by activated neutrophils. NETs were originally described as a process to entrap and kill a variety of microorganisms. NET formation can be achieved through a cell-death process, termed NETosis, or in association with the release of DNA from viable neutrophils. NETs can also promote the resolution of inflammation by degrading cytokines and chemokines. NETs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various non-infectious conditions, including autoimmunity, cancer and even allergic disorders. Putative surrogate NET biomarkers (e.g., double-strand DNA (dsDNA), myeloperoxidase-DNA (MPO-DNA), and citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3)) have been found in different sites/fluids of patients with asthma. Targeting NETs has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in several diseases. However, different NETs and NET components may have alternate, even opposite, consequences on inflammation. Here we review recent findings emphasizing the pathogenic and therapeutic potential of NETs in asthma.
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20
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Peng S, Gao J, Stojkov D, Yousefi S, Simon H. Established and emerging roles for mitochondria in neutrophils. Immunol Rev 2022; 314:413-426. [PMID: 36331270 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant innate immune cells in human blood, emerging as important players in a variety of diseases. Mitochondria are bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and signaling organelles critical for cell fate and function. Mitochondria have been overlooked in neutrophil research owing to the conventional view that neutrophils contain few, if any, competent mitochondria and do not rely on these organelles for adenosine triphosphate production. A growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondria participate in neutrophil biology at many levels, ranging from neutrophil development to chemotaxis, effector function, and cell death. Moreover, mitochondria and mitochondrial components, such as mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid, can be released by neutrophils to eliminate infection and/or shape immune response, depending on the specific context. In this review, we provide an update on the functional role of mitochondria in neutrophils, highlight mitochondria as key players in modulating the neutrophil phenotype and function during infection and inflammation, and discuss the possibilities and challenges to exploit the unique aspects of mitochondria in neutrophils for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Peng
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas USA
| | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Hans‐Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology Sechenov University Moscow Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University Kazan Russia
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School Neuruppin Germany
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21
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She X, Zhang P, Shi D, Peng J, Wang Q, Meng X, Jiang Y, Calderone R, Bellanti JA, Liu W, Li D. The mitochondrial complex I proteins of Candida albicans moderate phagocytosis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in murine macrophages and dendritic cells. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22575. [PMID: 36208290 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200275rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of respiratory functions impairs Candida albicans colonization of host tissues and virulence in a murine model of candidiasis. Furthermore, it is known that respiratory inhibitors decrease mannan synthesis and glucan exposure and thereby promotes phagocytosis. To understand the impact of respiratory proteins of C. albicans on host innate immunity, we characterized cell wall defects in three mitochondrial complex I (CI) null mutants (nuo1Δ, nuo2Δ and ndh51Δ) and in one CI regulator mutant (goa1Δ), and we studied the corresponding effects of these mutants on phagocytosis, neutrophil killing and cytokine production by dendritic cells (DCs). We find that reductions of phosphopeptidomannan (PPM) in goa1Δ, nuo1Δ and phospholipomannan (PLM) in nuo2Δ lead to reductions of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 but increase of TNF-α in infected DCs. While PPM loss is a consequence of a reduced phospho-Cek1/2 MAPK that failed to promote phagocytosis and IL-22 production in goa1Δ and nuo1Δ, a 30% glucan reduction and a defective Mek1 MAPK response in ndh51Δ lead to only minor changes in phagocytosis and cytokine production. Glucan exposure and PLM abundance seem to remain sufficient to opsonize neutrophil killing perhaps via humoral immunity. The diversity of immune phenotypes in these mutants possessing divergent cell wall defects is further supported by their transcriptional profiles in each infected murine macrophage scenario. Since metabolic processes, oxidative stress-induced senescence, and apoptosis are differently affected in these scenarios, we speculate that during the early stages of infection, host immune cells coordinate their bioactivities based upon a mixture of signals generated during host-fungi interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong She
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Jiangsu Key laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Disease and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengyi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Sport Science Research Center, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Department of Dermatology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Jingwen Peng
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangjing Meng
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joseph A Bellanti
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Weida Liu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Disease and STIs, Nanjing, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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22
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Thompson-Souza GA, Vasconcelos CRI, Neves JS. Eosinophils: Focus on DNA extracellular traps. Life Sci 2022; 311:121191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Appelgren D, O’Sullivan KM. Editorial: The role of leukocyte extracellular traps in Inflammation and autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1075026. [PMID: 36389784 PMCID: PMC9664385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1075026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Appelgren
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kim Maree O’Sullivan
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Kim Maree O’Sullivan,
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24
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Zhang R, Su L, Fu M, Wang Z, Tan L, Chen H, Lin Z, Tong Y, Ma S, Ye R, Zhao Z, Wang Z, Chen W, Yu J, Zhong W, Zeng J, Liu F, Chai C, Guan X, Liu T, Liang J, Zhu Y, Gu X, Zhang Y, Lui VCH, Tam PKH, Lamb JR, Wen Z, Chen Y, Xia H. CD177 + cells produce neutrophil extracellular traps that promote biliary atresia. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1299-1310. [PMID: 35803543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We have previously reported on the potential pathogenic role of neutrophils in biliary atresia (BA). Herein, we aimed to delineate the role of CD177+ neutrophils in the pathogenesis of BA. METHODS Immune cells from the livers of mice with rhesus rotavirus-induced BA were analysed. Single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed to specifically analyse Gr-1+ (Ly6C/Ly6G+) cells in the liver. Gene expression profiles of CD177+ cells were analysed using the Smart-Seq RNA-sequencing method, and the pathogenesis of BA was examined in Cd177-/- mice. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) inhibitors were used to determine the role of CD177+ cell-derived NETs in BA-associated bile duct damage, and a pilot clinical study evaluated the potential effects of N-acetylcysteine on NET release in BA. RESULTS Increased levels of Gr-1+ cells were observed in the livers of mice with rhesus rotavirus-induced BA. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that CD177+ cells were the main population of Gr-1+ cells and expressed elevated levels of both interferon-stimulated and neutrophil degranulation genes. Cd177-/- BALB/c mice exhibited delayed disease onset and reduced morbidity and mortality. High numbers of mitochondria were detected in CD177+ cells derived from mice with BA; these cells were associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species and increased NET formation, which induced the apoptosis of biliary epithelial cells in cocultures. In a pilot clinical study, the administration of N-acetylcysteine to patients with BA reduced CD177+ cell numbers and reactive oxygen species levels, indicating a potential beneficial effect. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that CD177+ cells play an important role in the initiation of BA pathogenesis via NET formation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The pilot study of N-acetylcysteine treatment in patients with BA was registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2000040505). LAY SUMMARY Neutrophils (a type of innate immune cell, i.e. an immune cell that doesn't target a specific antigen) are thought to play a role in the development of biliary atresia (a rare but potentially lethal condition of the bile ducts that occurs in infants). Herein, we found that neutrophils expressing a particular protein (CD177) played an important role in bile duct damage by releasing a special structure (NET) that can trap and kill pathogens but that can also cause severe tissue damage. A pilot study in patients with biliary atresia showed that inhibiting NETs could have a beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhong Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Su
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Fu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Ledong Tan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongjiao Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Zefeng Lin
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanlu Tong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Sige Ma
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongchen Ye
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyang Zhao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziqing Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiakang Yu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Jixiao Zeng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenwei Chai
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Xisi Guan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiankun Liang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Gu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Vincent C H Lui
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul K H Tam
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Jonathan R Lamb
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Zhe Wen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China; Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Huimin Xia
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.
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25
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Wang X, Sun J, Lu L, Pu FY, Zhang DR, Xie FQ. Evolutionary dynamics of codon usages for peste des petits ruminants virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:968034. [PMID: 36032280 PMCID: PMC9412750 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.968034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is an important agent of contagious, acute and febrile viral diseases in small ruminants, while its evolutionary dynamics related to codon usage are still lacking. Herein, we adopted information entropy, the relative synonymous codon usage values and similarity indexes and codon adaptation index to analyze the viral genetic features for 45 available whole genomes of PPRV. Some universal, lineage-specific, and gene-specific genetic features presented by synonymous codon usages of the six genes of PPRV that encode N, P, M, F, H and L proteins reflected evolutionary plasticity and independence. The high adaptation of PPRV to hosts at codon usages reflected high viral gene expression, but some synonymous codons that are rare in the hosts were selected in high frequencies in the viral genes. Another obvious genetic feature was that the synonymous codons containing CpG dinucleotides had weak tendencies to be selected in viral genes. The synonymous codon usage patterns of PPRV isolated during 2007–2008 and 2013–2014 in China displayed independent evolutionary pathway, although the overall codon usage patterns of these PPRV strains matched the universal codon usage patterns of lineage IV. According to the interplay between nucleotide and synonymous codon usages of the six genes of PPRV, the evolutionary dynamics including mutation pressure and natural selection determined the viral survival and fitness to its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Geriatrics Department, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Lu
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fei-yang Pu
- Center for Biomedical Research, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - De-rong Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Research, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fu-qiang Xie
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fu-qiang Xie
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26
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Innate Immunity in Calcinosis Cutis. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcinosis cutis is the deposition of calcium salts in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, manifesting as variably shaped papules, nodules, and plaques that can substantially impair quality of life. The pathophysiology of calcinosis cutis involves dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, leukocytes, and other components of the innate immune system. In some conditions associated with calcinosis cutis, elevated serum calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D may also perturb innate immunity. The mechanisms by which these lead to cutaneous and subcutaneous calcification likely parallel those seen in vascular calcification. The role of aberrant innate immunity is further supported by the association between various autoantibodies with calcinosis cutis, such as anti-MDA5, anti-NXP2, anti-centromere, and anti-topoisomerase I. Treatments for calcinosis cutis remain limited and largely experimental, although mechanistically many therapies appear to focus on dampening innate immune responses. Further research is needed to better understand the innate immune pathophysiology and establish treatment options based on randomized-controlled trials.
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27
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Colciaghi F, Costanza M. Unveiling Leukocyte Extracellular Traps in Inflammatory Responses of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915392. [PMID: 35844591 PMCID: PMC9283689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past nearly two decades, increasing evidence has uncovered how immune cells can actively extrude genetic material to entrap invading pathogens or convey sterile inflammatory signals that contribute to shaping immune responses. Originally identified in neutrophils, the release of decondensed chromatin fibers decorated with antimicrobial proteins, called extracellular traps (ETs), has been recognized as a specific form of programmed inflammatory cell death, which is now known to occur in several other leukocytes. Subsequent reports have shown that self-DNA can be extruded from immune cells even in the absence of cell death phenomena. More recent data suggest that ETs formation could exacerbate neuroinflammation in several disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). This review article provides an overview of the varied types, sources, and potential functions of extracellular DNA released by immune cells. Key evidence suggesting the involvement of ETs in neurodegenerative, traumatic, autoimmune, and oncological disorders of the CNS will be discussed, outlining ongoing challenges and drawing potentially novel lines of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Colciaghi
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Costanza
- Molecular Neuro-Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Massimo Costanza,
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28
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Ouyang K, Oparaugo N, Nelson AM, Agak GW. T Cell Extracellular Traps: Tipping the Balance Between Skin Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:900634. [PMID: 35795664 PMCID: PMC9250990 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of extracellular traps (ETs) in the innate immune response against pathogens is well established. ETs were first identified in neutrophils and have since been identified in several other immune cells. Although the mechanistic details are not yet fully understood, recent reports have described antigen-specific T cells producing T cell extracellular traps (TETs). Depending on their location within the cutaneous environment, TETs may be beneficial to the host by their ability to limit the spread of pathogens and provide protection against damage to body tissues, and promote early wound healing and degradation of inflammatory mediators, leading to the resolution of inflammatory responses within the skin. However, ETs have also been associated with worse disease outcomes. Here, we consider host-microbe ET interactions by highlighting how cutaneous T cell-derived ETs aid in orchestrating host immune responses against Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), a commensal skin bacterium that contributes to skin health, but is also associated with acne vulgaris and surgical infections following joint-replacement procedures. Insights on the role of the skin microbes in regulating T cell ET formation have broad implications not only in novel probiotic design for acne treatment, but also in the treatment for other chronic inflammatory skin disorders and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Ouyang
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicole Oparaugo
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amanda M. Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - George W. Agak
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: George W. Agak,
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29
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Zhu K, Suttner B, Knee J, Capone D, Moe CL, Stauber CE, Konstantinidis KT, Wallach TE, Pickering AJ, Brown J. Elevated Fecal Mitochondrial DNA from Symptomatic Norovirus Infections Suggests Potential Health Relevance of Human Mitochondrial DNA in Fecal Source Tracking. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2022; 9:543-550. [PMID: 35719858 PMCID: PMC9202355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An end goal of fecal source tracking (FST) is to provide information on risk of transmission of waterborne illnesses associated with fecal contamination. Ideally, concentrations of FST markers in ambient waters would reflect exposure risk. Human mtDNA is an FST marker that is exclusively human in origin and may be elevated in feces of individuals experiencing gastrointestinal inflammation. In this study, we examined whether human mtDNA is elevated in fecal samples from individuals with symptomatic norovirus infections using samples from the United States (US), Mozambique, and Bangladesh. We quantified hCYTB484 (human mtDNA) and HF183/BacR287 (human-associated Bacteroides) FST markers using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. We observed the greatest difference in concentrations of hCYTB484 when comparing samples from individuals with symptomatic norovirus infections versus individuals without norovirus infections or diarrhea symptoms: log10 increase of 1.42 in US samples (3,820% increase, p-value = 0.062), 0.49 in Mozambique (308% increase, p-value = 0.061), and 0.86 in Bangladesh (648% increase, p-value = 0.035). We did not observe any trends in concentrations of HF183/BacR287 in the same samples. These results suggest concentrations of fecal mtDNA may increase during symptomatic norovirus infection and that mtDNA in environmental samples may represent an unambiguously human source-tracking marker that correlates with enteric pathogen exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
J. Zhu
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Brittany Suttner
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jackie Knee
- Department
of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT,United Kingdom
| | - Drew Capone
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Christine L. Moe
- Center
for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Rollins School of
Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Christine E. Stauber
- Department
of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Kostas T. Konstantinidis
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Thomas E. Wallach
- Division
of Pediatric Gastroenterology, SUNY Downstate
Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York 11203, United States
| | - Amy J. Pickering
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joe Brown
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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30
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Huang SUS, O’Sullivan KM. The Expanding Role of Extracellular Traps in Inflammation and Autoimmunity: The New Players in Casting Dark Webs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073793. [PMID: 35409152 PMCID: PMC8998317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The first description of a new form of neutrophil cell death distinct from that of apoptosis or necrosis was discovered in 2004 and coined neutrophil extracellular traps "(NETs)" or "NETosis". Different stimuli for NET formation, and pathways that drive neutrophils to commit to NETosis have been elucidated in the years that followed. Critical enzymes required for NET formation have been discovered and targeted therapeutically. NET formation is no longer restricted to neutrophils but has been discovered in other innate cells: macrophages/monocytes, mast Cells, basophils, dendritic cells, and eosinophils. Furthermore, extracellular DNA can also be extruded from both B and T cells. It has become clear that although this mechanism is thought to enhance host defense by ensnaring bacteria within large webs of DNA to increase bactericidal killing capacity, it is also injurious to innocent bystander tissue. Proteases and enzymes released from extracellular traps (ETs), injure epithelial and endothelial cells perpetuating inflammation. In the context of autoimmunity, ETs release over 70 well-known autoantigens. ETs are associated with pathology in multiple diseases: lung diseases, vasculitis, autoimmune kidney diseases, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and psoriasis. Defining these pathways that drive ET release will provide insight into mechanisms of pathological insult and provide potential therapeutic targets.
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31
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Early Plasma Nuclear DNA, Mitochondrial DNA, and Nucleosome Concentrations Are Associated With Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Trauma Patients. Crit Care Explor 2022; 4:e0663. [PMID: 35372847 PMCID: PMC8963825 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating nucleic acids, alone and in complex with histones as nucleosomes, have been proposed to link systemic inflammation and coagulation after trauma to acute kidney injury (AKI). We sought to determine the association of circulating nucleic acids measured at multiple time points after trauma with AKI risk.
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32
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Guo Y, Tsai HI, Zhang L, Zhu H. Mitochondrial DNA on Tumor-Associated Macrophages Polarization and Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1452. [PMID: 35326602 PMCID: PMC8946090 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As the richest immune cells in most tumor microenvironments (TMEs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in tumor development and treatment sensitivity. The phenotypes and functions of TAMs vary according to their sources and tumor progression. Different TAM phenotypes display distinct behaviors in terms of tumor immunity and are regulated by intracellular and exogenous molecules. Additionally, dysfunctional and oxidatively stressed mitochondrial-derived mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) plays an important role in remodeling the phenotypes and functions of TAMs. This article reviews the interactions between mtDNA and TAMs in the TME and further discusses the influence of their performance on tumor genesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Guo
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China;
| | - Hsiang-i Tsai
- Laboratory of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China;
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China;
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China;
- Laboratory of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China;
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33
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Stojkov D, Gigon L, Peng S, Lukowski R, Ruth P, Karaulov A, Rizvanov A, Barlev NA, Yousefi S, Simon HU. Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of Metabolic Pathways for NET Formation and Other Neutrophil Functions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826515. [PMID: 35251008 PMCID: PMC8889909 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most numerous cells in the leukocyte population and essential for innate immunity. To limit their effector functions, neutrophils are able to modulate glycolysis and other cellular metabolic pathways. These metabolic pathways are essential not only for energy usage, but also for specialized effector actions, such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), chemotaxis, phagocytosis, degranulation, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). It has been demonstrated that activated viable neutrophils can produce NETs, which consists of a DNA scaffold able to bind granule proteins and microorganisms. The formation of NETs requires the availability of increased amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as it is an active cellular and therefore energy-dependent process. In this article, we discuss the glycolytic and other metabolic routes in association with neutrophil functions focusing on their role for building up NETs in the extracellular space. A better understanding of the requirements of metabolic pathways for neutrophil functions may lead to the discovery of molecular targets suitable to develop novel anti-infectious and/or anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lea Gigon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shuang Peng
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Lukowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Ruth
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Nickolai A Barlev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Regulation of Cell Signaling Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
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Lyamzaev KG, Zinovkin RA, Chernyak BV. Extrusion of mitochondria: Garbage clearance or cell–cell communication signals? J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2345-2356. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G. Lyamzaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico‐Chemical Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
- The “Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Moscow Russia
| | - Roman A. Zinovkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico‐Chemical Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Boris V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico‐Chemical Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
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Chowdhury A, Witte S, Aich A. Role of Mitochondrial Nucleic Acid Sensing Pathways in Health and Patho-Physiology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:796066. [PMID: 35223833 PMCID: PMC8873532 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.796066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, in symbiosis with the host cell, carry out a wide variety of functions from generating energy, regulating the metabolic processes, cell death to inflammation. The most prominent function of mitochondria relies on the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. OXPHOS heavily influences the mitochondrial-nuclear communication through a plethora of interconnected signaling pathways. Additionally, owing to the bacterial ancestry, mitochondria also harbor a large number of Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs). These molecules relay the information about the state of the mitochondrial health and dysfunction to the innate immune system. Consequently, depending on the intracellular or extracellular nature of detection, different inflammatory pathways are elicited. One group of DAMPs, the mitochondrial nucleic acids, hijack the antiviral DNA or RNA sensing mechanisms such as the cGAS/STING and RIG-1/MAVS pathways. A pro-inflammatory response is invoked by these signals predominantly through type I interferon (T1-IFN) cytokines. This affects a wide range of organ systems which exhibit clinical presentations of auto-immune disorders. Interestingly, tumor cells too, have devised ingenious ways to use the mitochondrial DNA mediated cGAS-STING-IRF3 response to promote neoplastic transformations and develop tumor micro-environments. Thus, mitochondrial nucleic acid-sensing pathways are fundamental in understanding the source and nature of disease initiation and development. Apart from the pathological interest, recent studies also attempt to delineate the structural considerations for the release of nucleic acids across the mitochondrial membranes. Hence, this review presents a comprehensive overview of the different aspects of mitochondrial nucleic acid-sensing. It attempts to summarize the nature of the molecular patterns involved, their release and recognition in the cytoplasm and signaling. Finally, a major emphasis is given to elaborate the resulting patho-physiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Chowdhury
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Witte
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abhishek Aich
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging, from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Fingerhut L, Yücel L, Strutzberg-Minder K, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Ohnesorge B, de Buhr N. Ex Vivo and In Vitro Analysis Identify a Detrimental Impact of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps on Eye Structures in Equine Recurrent Uveitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830871. [PMID: 35251020 PMCID: PMC8896353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a common ocular disease of horses and described as a model for human autoimmune uveitis. This immune-mediated, inflammatory condition progressively destroys the eye, ultimately leading to blindness. Genetic and autoimmune factors, next to infections with Leptospira, are discussed as key factors in the pathogenesis. Furthermore, a release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by activated neutrophils is involved. NETs are composed of decondensed chromatin and proteins that can immobilize invading pathogens. However, if NETs accumulate, they can contribute to detrimental autoimmune processes. Thus, we aimed to investigate the impact of NETs in ERU patients. Therefore, we quantified several NET-markers (cell-free DNA, nucleosomes, citrullinated histone H3, histone-myeloperoxidase complexes, interleukin-17, equine cathelicidin 1 and DNase I activity) and NET-autoantibodies in sera and vitreous body fluids (VBF) of ERU-diseased horses and correlated the data with the disease status (signalment, ERU scores and Leptospira infection status). NET markers were detected to varying degrees in VBF of diseased horses, and partially correlated to disease severity and the presence of Leptospira spp. Cell-free DNA and nucleosomes as NET markers correlate with ERU severity in total and VBF scores, despite the presence of active DNases. Additionally, a significant correlation between fundus affection in the eye and NET autoantibodies was detectable. Therefore, we further investigated the influence of VBF samples from equine patients and isolated NETs on the blood-retina barrier in a cell culture model. VBF of diseased horses significantly induced cytotoxicity in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Moreover, partially digested NETs also resulted in cytotoxic effects. In the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the main component of the leptospiral surface, both undigested and completely digested NETs were cytotoxic. Correlations between the ERU-scores and Leptospira were also calculated. Detection of leptospiral DNA, and antibody titers of the serovar Grippotyphosa correlated with disease severity. In addition, a correlation between Leptospira and several NET markers was observed in VBF. Altogether, our findings suggest a positive correlation between NET markers with disease severity and involvement of Leptospira in the VBF of ERU-diseased horses, as well as a cytotoxic effect of NETs in eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Fingerhut
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leyla Yücel
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ohnesorge
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: More Complicated Than Anticipated. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the most abundant leucocytes in the circulation in humans. They represent a heterogeneous population exerting diverse functions through several activities. Usually described as typical pro-inflammatory cells, immunomodulatory properties of PMNs have been reported. Among others, once activated and depending on the stimulus, PMNs expel neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) in the extracellular space. NETs are complexes made of DNA and granule proteins representing an innate immune mechanism fighting infections. Nevertheless, an excess of NET formation might be involved in the development of inflammatory or autoimmune responses. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are two chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune diseases of unknown etiology and affecting mostly women. Several abnormal or non-classical functions of PMNs or PMN sub-populations have been described in SLE and RA. Particularly, NETs have been suggested to trigger pro-inflammatory responses by exposing pro-inflammatory mediators. Likewise, NETs may be the targets of autoantibodies or even might trigger the development of autoantibodies by exposing autoantigens. In the present review, we will summarize heterogeneous properties of human PMNs and we will discuss recent evidence linking PMNs and NETs to the pathogenesis of both SLE and RA.
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Valdés-Aguayo JJ, Garza-Veloz I, Badillo-Almaráz JI, Bernal-Silva S, Martínez-Vázquez MC, Juárez-Alcalá V, Vargas-Rodríguez JR, Gaeta-Velasco ML, González-Fuentes C, Ávila-Carrasco L, Martinez-Fierro ML. Mitochondria and Mitochondrial DNA: Key Elements in the Pathogenesis and Exacerbation of the Inflammatory State Caused by COVID-19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57090928. [PMID: 34577851 PMCID: PMC8471487 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives. The importance of mitochondria in inflammatory pathologies, besides providing energy, is associated with the release of mitochondrial damage products, such as mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA), which may perpetuate inflammation. In this review, we aimed to show the importance of mitochondria, as organelles that produce energy and intervene in multiple pathologies, focusing mainly in COVID-19 and using multiple molecular mechanisms that allow for the replication and maintenance of the viral genome, leading to the exacerbation and spread of the inflammatory response. The evidence suggests that mitochondria are implicated in the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which forms double-membrane vesicles and evades detection by the cell defense system. These mitochondrion-hijacking vesicles damage the integrity of the mitochondrion’s membrane, releasing mt-DNA into circulation and triggering the activation of innate immunity, which may contribute to an exacerbation of the pro-inflammatory state. Conclusions. While mitochondrial dysfunction in COVID-19 continues to be studied, the use of mt-DNA as an indicator of prognosis and severity is a potential area yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J. Valdés-Aguayo
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - Idalia Garza-Veloz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - José I. Badillo-Almaráz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - Sofia Bernal-Silva
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Venustiano Carranza 2405, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico;
| | - Maria C. Martínez-Vázquez
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - Vladimir Juárez-Alcalá
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - José R. Vargas-Rodríguez
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - María L. Gaeta-Velasco
- Hospital General de Zacatecas “Luz González Cosío”, Circuito Ciudad Gobierno 410, Col. Ciudad Gobierno, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (M.L.G.-V.); (C.G.-F.)
| | - Carolina González-Fuentes
- Hospital General de Zacatecas “Luz González Cosío”, Circuito Ciudad Gobierno 410, Col. Ciudad Gobierno, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (M.L.G.-V.); (C.G.-F.)
| | - Lorena Ávila-Carrasco
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - Margarita L. Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(492)-925669 (ext. 4511)
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de Miranda FS, Barauna VG, dos Santos L, Costa G, Vassallo PF, Campos LCG. Properties and Application of Cell-Free DNA as a Clinical Biomarker. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9110. [PMID: 34502023 PMCID: PMC8431421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are valuable tools in clinical practice. In 2001, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) standardized the definition of a biomarker as a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. A biomarker has clinical relevance when it presents precision, standardization and reproducibility, suitability to the patient, straightforward interpretation by clinicians, and high sensitivity and/or specificity by the parameter it proposes to identify. Thus, serum biomarkers should have advantages related to the simplicity of the procedures and to the fact that venous blood collection is commonplace in clinical practice. We described the potentiality of cfDNA as a general clinical biomarker and focused on endothelial dysfunction. Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) refers to extracellular DNA present in body fluid that may be derived from both normal and diseased cells. An increasing number of studies demonstrate the potential use of cfDNA as a noninvasive biomarker to determine physiologic and pathologic conditions. However, although still scarce, increasing evidence has been reported regarding using cfDNA in cardiovascular diseases. Here, we have reviewed the history of cfDNA, its source, molecular features, and release mechanism. We also show recent studies that have investigated cfDNA as a possible marker of endothelial damage in clinical settings. In the cardiovascular system, the studies are quite new, and although interesting, stronger evidence is still needed. However, some drawbacks in cfDNA methodologies should be overcome before its recommendation as a biomarker in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Silva de Miranda
- Post Graduation Program in Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil;
- Department of Biological Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Valério Garrone Barauna
- Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil;
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory of Exercise Science, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Espírito Santo, Brazil; (G.C.); (P.F.V.)
| | - Leandro dos Santos
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada 56909-535, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Gustavo Costa
- Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Espírito Santo, Brazil; (G.C.); (P.F.V.)
| | - Paula Frizera Vassallo
- Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Espírito Santo, Brazil; (G.C.); (P.F.V.)
- Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciene Cristina Gastalho Campos
- Post Graduation Program in Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil;
- Department of Biological Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil;
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40
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Mitochondrial DNA in innate immune responses against infectious diseases. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2823-2838. [PMID: 33155647 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can initiate an innate immune response when mislocalized in a compartment other than the mitochondrial matrix. mtDNA plays significant roles in regulating mitochondrial dynamics as well as mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR). The mislocalized extra-mtDNA can elicit innate immune response via cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes) pathway, inducing the expression of the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Also, cytosolic damaged mtDNA is cleared up by various pathways which are responsible for participating in the activation of inflammatory responses. Four pathways of extra-mitochondrial mtDNA clearance are highlighted in this review - the inflammasome activation mechanism, neutrophil extracellular traps formation, recognition by Toll-like receptor 9 and transfer of mtDNA between cells packaged into extracellular vesicles. Anomalies in these pathways are associated with various diseases. We posit our review in the present pandemic situation and discuss how mtDNA elicits innate immune responses against different viruses and bacteria. This review gives a comprehensive picture of the role of extra-mitochondrial mtDNA in infectious diseases and speculates that research towards its understanding would help establish its therapeutic potential.
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Chen W, Jiang M, Yu W, Xu Z, Liu X, Jia Q, Guan X, Zhang W. CpG-Based Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5281-5299. [PMID: 34385817 PMCID: PMC8352601 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s317626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has been a serious health hazard to the people all over the world with its high incidence and horrible mortality. In recent years, tumor vaccines in immunotherapy have become a hotspot in cancer therapy due to their many practical advantages and good therapeutic potentials. Among the various vaccines, nanovaccine utilized nanoparticles (NPs) as the carrier and/or adjuvant has presented significant therapeutic effect in cancer treatment. For tumor nanovaccines, unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) is a commonly used adjuvant. It has been reported that CpG ODN was the most effective immune stimulant among the currently known adjuvants. It could be recognized by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) to activate humoral and cellular immunity for preventing or treating cancer. In this review, the topic of CpG-based nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy will be focused. The types and properties of different CpG will be introduced in detail first, and then some representative tumor nanovaccines will be reviewed according to the diverse loading modes of CpG, such as electrostatic adsorption, covalent bonding, hydrophilic and hydrophobic interaction, and DNA self-assembly, for summarizing the current progress of CpG-based tumor nanovaccines. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives will be discussed. It is hoped that this review will provide valuable references for the development of nanovaccines in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingmiao Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Target Drug Delivery System, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Smart Materials and Regenerative Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Target Drug Delivery System, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Smart Materials and Regenerative Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
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Valenti D, Vacca RA, Moro L, Atlante A. Mitochondria Can Cross Cell Boundaries: An Overview of the Biological Relevance, Pathophysiological Implications and Therapeutic Perspectives of Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8312. [PMID: 34361078 PMCID: PMC8347886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are complex intracellular organelles traditionally identified as the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells due to their central role in bioenergetic metabolism. In recent decades, the growing interest in mitochondria research has revealed that these multifunctional organelles are more than just the cell powerhouses, playing many other key roles as signaling platforms that regulate cell metabolism, proliferation, death and immunological response. As key regulators, mitochondria, when dysfunctional, are involved in the pathogenesis of a wide range of metabolic, neurodegenerative, immune and neoplastic disorders. Far more recently, mitochondria attracted renewed attention from the scientific community for their ability of intercellular translocation that can involve whole mitochondria, mitochondrial genome or other mitochondrial components. The intercellular transport of mitochondria, defined as horizontal mitochondrial transfer, can occur in mammalian cells both in vitro and in vivo, and in physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondrial transfer can provide an exogenous mitochondrial source, replenishing dysfunctional mitochondria, thereby improving mitochondrial faults or, as in in the case of tumor cells, changing their functional skills and response to chemotherapy. In this review, we will provide an overview of the state of the art of the up-to-date knowledge on intercellular trafficking of mitochondria by discussing its biological relevance, mode and mechanisms underlying the process and its involvement in different pathophysiological contexts, highlighting its therapeutic potential for diseases with mitochondrial dysfunction primarily involved in their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valenti
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM)-CNR, Via G. Amendola122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (R.A.V.); (L.M.)
| | | | | | - Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM)-CNR, Via G. Amendola122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (R.A.V.); (L.M.)
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The Immune System Throws Its Traps: Cells and Their Extracellular Traps in Disease and Protection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081891. [PMID: 34440659 PMCID: PMC8391883 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first formal description of the microbicidal activity of extracellular traps (ETs) containing DNA occurred in neutrophils in 2004. Since then, ETs have been identified in different populations of cells involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Much of the knowledge has been obtained from in vitro or ex vivo studies; however, in vivo evaluations in experimental models and human biological materials have corroborated some of the results obtained. Two types of ETs have been described—suicidal and vital ETs, with or without the death of the producer cell. The studies showed that the same cell type may have more than one ETs formation mechanism and that different cells may have similar ETs formation mechanisms. ETs can act by controlling or promoting the mechanisms involved in the development and evolution of various infectious and non-infectious diseases, such as autoimmune, cardiovascular, thrombotic, and neoplastic diseases, among others. This review discusses the presence of ETs in neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and recent evidence of the presence of ETs in B lymphocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, due to recently collected information, the effect of ETs on COVID-19 is also discussed.
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Melki I, Allaeys I, Tessandier N, Lévesque T, Cloutier N, Laroche A, Vernoux N, Becker Y, Benk-Fortin H, Zufferey A, Rollet-Labelle E, Pouliot M, Poirier G, Patey N, Belleannee C, Soulet D, McKenzie SE, Brisson A, Tremblay ME, Lood C, Fortin PR, Boilard E. Platelets release mitochondrial antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/581/eaav5928. [PMID: 33597264 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav5928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of DNA and nuclear components in blood and their recognition by autoantibodies play a central role in the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Despite the efforts, the sources of circulating autoantigens in SLE are still unclear. Here, we show that in SLE, platelets release mitochondrial DNA, the majority of which is associated with the extracellular mitochondrial organelle. Mitochondrial release in patients with SLE correlates with platelet degranulation. This process requires the stimulation of platelet FcγRIIA, a receptor for immune complexes. Because mice lack FcγRIIA and murine platelets are completely devoid of receptor capable of binding IgG-containing immune complexes, we used transgenic mice expressing FcγRIIA for our in vivo investigations. FcγRIIA expression in lupus-prone mice led to the recruitment of platelets in kidneys and to the release of mitochondria in vivo. Using a reporter mouse with red fluorescent protein targeted to the mitochondrion, we confirmed platelets as a source of extracellular mitochondria driven by FcγRIIA and its cosignaling by the fibrinogen receptor α2bβ3 in vivo. These findings suggest that platelets might be a key source of mitochondrial antigens in SLE and might be a therapeutic target for treating SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imene Melki
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Isabelle Allaeys
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nicolas Tessandier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Tania Lévesque
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nathalie Cloutier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Audrée Laroche
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nathalie Vernoux
- Axe Neurosciences du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval et Département de Médecine Moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Yann Becker
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Hadrien Benk-Fortin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Anne Zufferey
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Rollet-Labelle
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marc Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Guy Poirier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Natacha Patey
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Justine, Faculté de Médecine, Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Clemence Belleannee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec-Université Laval et Département de médecine moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Denis Soulet
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Steven E McKenzie
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Alain Brisson
- UMR-CBMN CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-IPB, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval et Département de Médecine Moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Christian Lood
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Paul R Fortin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada. .,Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada. .,Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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Skoglund C, Appelgren D, Johansson I, Casas R, Ludvigsson J. Increase of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, Mitochondrial DNA and Nuclear DNA in Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes Children but Not in High-Risk Children. Front Immunol 2021; 12:628564. [PMID: 34211456 PMCID: PMC8239297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are inflammatory mediators involved in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Pancreas-infiltrating neutrophils can release NETs, contributing to the inflammatory process. Levels of NETs are increased in serum from patients with T1D and mtDNA is increased in adult T1D patients. Our aim was to investigate extracellular DNA (NETs, mtDNA and nuclear DNA) in children with newly diagnosed T1D and in children at high risk of the disease. We also elucidated if extracellular DNA short after diagnosis could predict loss of endogenous insulin production. Samples were analysed for mtDNA and nuclear DNA using droplet digital PCR and NETs were assessed by a NET-remnants ELISA. In addition, in vitro assays for induction and degradation of NETs, as well as analyses of neutrophil elastase, HLA genotypes, levels of c-peptide, IL-1beta, IFN and autoantibodies (GADA, IA-2A, IAA and ZnT8A) were performed. In serum from children 10 days after T1D onset there was an increase in NETs (p=0.007), mtDNA (p<0.001) and nuclear DNA (p<0.001) compared to healthy children. The elevated levels were found only in younger children. In addition, mtDNA increased in consecutive samples short after onset (p=0.017). However, levels of extracellular DNA short after onset did not reflect future loss of endogenous insulin production. T1D serum induced NETs in vitro and did not deviate in the ability to degrade NETs. HLA genotypes and autoantibodies, except for ZnT8A, were not associated with extracellular DNA in T1D children. Serum from children with high risk of T1D showed fluctuating levels of extracellular DNA, sometimes increased compared to healthy children. Therefore, extracellular DNA in serum from autoantibody positive high-risk children does not seem to be a suitable biomarker candidate for prediction of T1D. In conclusion, we found increased levels of extracellular DNA in children with newly diagnosed T1D, which might be explained by an ongoing systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Skoglund
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Appelgren
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ingela Johansson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rosaura Casas
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
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46
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Fang XZ, Wang YX, Xu JQ, He YJ, Peng ZK, Shang Y. Immunothrombosis in Acute Respiratory Dysfunction of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651545. [PMID: 34149692 PMCID: PMC8207198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an acute, complex disorder that was caused by a new β-coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Based on current reports, it was surprising that the characteristics of many patients with COVID-19, who fulfil the Berlin criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are not always like those of patients with typical ARDS and can change over time. While the mechanisms of COVID-19–related respiratory dysfunction in COVID-19 have not yet been fully elucidated, pulmonary microvascular thrombosis is speculated to be involved. Considering that thrombosis is highly related to other inflammatory lung diseases, immunothrombosis, a two-way process that links coagulation and inflammation, seems to be involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, including respiratory dysfunction. Thus, the current manuscript will describe the proinflammatory milieu in COVID-19, summarize current evidence of thrombosis in COVID-19, and discuss possible interactions between these two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhi Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Xin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Qain Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Jun He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe-Kang Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - You Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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47
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Moradi-Marjaneh R, Asgharzadeh F, Khordad E, Marjaneh MM. The Clinical Impact of Quantitative Cell-free DNA, KRAS, and BRAF Mutations on Response to Anti-EGFR Treatment in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:942-952. [PMID: 33030125 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201007163116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common leading causes of cancer death in the world. Although EGFR inhibitors have established efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), some patients do not respond to this treatment. The EGFR inhibitors' failure and acquired resistance are partly due to KRAS and BRAF mutations. Thus, prognostic biomarkers that help to select eligible patients are highly in demand. To improve patient selection, assessment of mutational status in circulating cell free DNA (cfDNA), which possibly represents the dynamicity of tumor genetic status better than tumor tissue, could be advantageous. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the prognostic value of cfDNA in patients with mCRC treated with EGFR inhibitors with emphasis on the clinical importance of identification of KRAS and BRAF mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Moradi-Marjaneh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Khordad
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
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48
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Sangaletti S, Ferrara R, Tripodo C, Garassino MC, Colombo MP. Myeloid cell heterogeneity in lung cancer: implication for immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2429-2438. [PMID: 33797567 PMCID: PMC8017108 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung is a specialized tissue where metastases from primary lung tumors takeoff and those originating from extra-pulmonary sites land. One commonality characterizing these processes is the supportive role exerted by myeloid cells, particularly neutrophils, whose recruitment is facilitated in this tissue microenvironment. Indeed, neutrophils have important part in the pathophysiology of this organ and the key mechanisms regulating neutrophil expansion and recruitment during infection can be co-opted by tumor cells to promote growth and metastasis. Although neutrophils dominate the myeloid landscape of lung cancer other populations including macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils contribute to the complexity of lung cancer TME. In this review, we discuss the origin and significance of myeloid cells heterogeneity in lung cancer, which translates not only in a different frequency of immune populations but it encompasses state of activation, morphology, localization and mutual interactions. The relevance of such heterogeneity is considered in the context of tumor growth and response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sangaletti
- Department of Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Chiara Garassino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Paolo Colombo
- Department of Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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49
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O'Sullivan KM, Holdsworth SR. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: A Potential Therapeutic Target in MPO-ANCA Associated Vasculitis? Front Immunol 2021; 12:635188. [PMID: 33790907 PMCID: PMC8005609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of immune recognition and response to infection and non-infectious forms of cell damage and death is rapidly increasing. The major focus is on host immunity and microbiological invasion. However, it is also clear that these same pathways are important in the initiation and maintenance of autoimmunity and the damage caused to targeted organs. Understanding the involvement of cell death in autoimmune disease is likely to help define critical pathways in the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune disease and new therapeutic targets. An important immune responder cell population in host defense and autoimmunity is the neutrophil. One autoimmune disease where neutrophils play important roles is MPO-ANCA Microscopic Vasculitis. This a severe disease that results from inflammation to small blood vessels in the kidney, the glomeruli (high blood flow and pressure filters). One of the best studied ways in which neutrophils participate in this disease is by cell death through NETosis resulting in the discharge of proinflammatory enzymes and nuclear fragments. In host defense against infection this process helps neutralize pathogens however in auto immunity NETosis results in injury and death to the surrounding healthy tissues. The major autoimmune target in this disease is myeloperoxidase (MPO) which is found uniquely in the cytoplasm of neutrophils. Although the kidney is the major organ targeted in this disease MPO is not expressed in the kidney. Autoantibodies target surface MPO on activated circulating neutrophils resulting in their lodgment in glomerular capillaries where they NETose releasing extracellularly MPO and nuclear fragments initiating injury and planting the key autoantigen MPO. It is the cell death of neutrophils that changes the kidney from innocent bystander to major autoimmune target. Defining the immunopathogenesis of this autoimmune disease and recognizing critical injurious pathways will allow therapeutic intervention to block these pathways and attenuate autoimmune injury. The insights (regarding mechanisms of injury and potential therapeutic targets) are likely to be highly relevant to many other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M O'Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen R Holdsworth
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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50
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Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules which foment inflammation and are associated with disorders in sepsis and cancer. Thus, therapeutically targeting DAMPs has potential to provide novel and effective treatments. When establishing anti-DAMP strategies, it is important not only to focus on the DAMPs as inflammatory mediators but also to take into account the underlying mechanisms of their release from cells and tissues. DAMPs can be released passively by membrane rupture due to necrosis/necroptosis, although the mechanisms of release appear to differ between the DAMPs. Other types of cell death, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and NETosis, can also contribute to DAMP release. In addition, some DAMPs can be exported actively from live cells by exocytosis of secretory lysosomes or exosomes, ectosomes, and activation of cell membrane channel pores. Here we review the shared and DAMP-specific mechanisms reported in the literature for high mobility group box 1, ATP, extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein, histones, heat shock proteins, extracellular RNAs and cell-free DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Murao
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Haichao Wang
- Center for Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Max Brenner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA.
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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