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Valdes Michel MF, Phillips BT. SYS-1/beta-catenin inheritance and regulation by Wnt-signaling during asymmetric cell division. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.21.550069. [PMID: 37503055 PMCID: PMC10370182 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.21.550069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) allows daughter cells of a polarized mother to acquire different developmental fates. In C. elegans , the Wnt/β-catenin Asymmetry (WβA) pathway oversees many embryonic and larval ACDs; here, a Wnt gradient induces an asymmetric distribution of Wnt signaling components within the dividing mother cell. One terminal nuclear effector of the WβA pathway is the transcriptional activator SYS-1/β-catenin. SYS-1 is sequentially negatively regulated during ACD; first by centrosomal regulation and subsequent proteasomal degradation and second by asymmetric activity of the β-catenin "destruction complex" in one of the two daughter cells, which decreases SYS-1 levels in the absence of WβA signaling. However, the extent to which mother cell SYS-1 influences cell fate decisions of the daughters is unknown. Here, we quantify inherited SYS-1 in the differentiating daughter cells and the role of SYS-1 inheritance in Wnt-directed ACD. Photobleaching experiments demonstrate the GFP::SYS-1 present in daughter cell nuclei is comprised of inherited and de novo translated SYS-1 pools. We used a photoconvertible DENDRA2::SYS-1, to directly observe the dynamics of inherited SYS-1. Photoconversion during mitosis reveals that SYS-1 clearance at the centrosome preferentially degrades older SYS-1, and this accumulation is regulated via dynein trafficking. Photoconversion of the EMS cell during Wnt-driven ACD shows daughter cell inheritance of mother cell SYS-1. Additionally, loss of centrosomal SYS-1 increased inherited SYS-1 and, surprisingly, loss of centrosomal SYS-1 also resulted in increased levels of de novo SYS-1 in both EMS daughter cells. Lastly, we show that daughter cell negative regulation of SYS-1 via the destruction complex member APR-1/APC is key to limit both the de novo and the inherited SYS-1 pools in both the E and the MS cells. We conclude that regulation of both inherited and newly translated SYS-1 via centrosomal processing in the mother cell and daughter cell regulation via Wnt signaling are critical to maintain sister SYS-1 asymmetry during ACD.
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2
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Bala P, Kavadipula P, Sarkar S, Bashyam MD. To β or Not to β: Lack of Correlation Between APC Mutation and β-Catenin Nuclear Localization in Colorectal Cancer. J Gastrointest Cancer 2023; 54:1181-1184. [PMID: 36586069 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-022-00886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) appears to arise from sequential genetic lesions in tumor suppressor genes (APC, SMAD4, and TP53) and oncogenes (KRAS) leading to the classical adenoma to carcinoma progression. Biallelic APC inactivating genetic aberrations are detected in about 70% of early microadenomas implicating APC inactivation as the first genetic hit in CRC. APC is an essential protein of the Wnt 'destruction complex'; APC inactivation is believed to cause disruption of the complex allowing stabilization and nuclear translocation of β-catenin, resulting in transcriptional activation of cancer-promoting genes. METHODS β-catenin nuclear localization and APC mutation were validated from serial FFPE sections representing the same tumor regions, using immunohistochemistry and Sanger sequencing, respectively. RESULTS Here, we provide evidence for a surprising lack of correlation between APC mutation and β-catenin nuclear localization in early-onset sporadic rectal cancer samples. Several factors including status of KRAS mutation could not explain this anomaly. The lack of correlation was validated in CRC cell lines harboring various APC mutations. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence directly from tumor samples for possible non-canonical role(s) for mutant APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyusha Bala
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, 500039, India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Padmavathi Kavadipula
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, 500039, India
| | - Sanjana Sarkar
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, 500039, India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Murali Dharan Bashyam
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, 500039, India.
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3
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Maheshwari R, Rahman MM, Drey S, Onyundo M, Fabig G, Martinez MAQ, Matus DQ, Müller-Reichert T, Cohen-Fix O. A membrane reticulum, the centriculum, affects centrosome size and function in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Biol 2023; 33:791-806.e7. [PMID: 36693370 PMCID: PMC10023444 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes are cellular structures that nucleate microtubules. At their core is a pair of centrioles that recruit pericentriolar material (PCM). Although centrosomes are considered membraneless organelles, in many cell types, including human cells, centrosomes are surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived membranes of unknown structure and function. Using volume electron microscopy (vEM), we show that centrosomes in the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) early embryo are surrounded by a three-dimensional (3D), ER-derived membrane reticulum that we call the centriculum, for centrosome-associated membrane reticulum. The centriculum is adjacent to the nuclear envelope in interphase and early mitosis and fuses with the fenestrated nuclear membrane at metaphase. Centriculum formation is dependent on the presence of an underlying centrosome and on microtubules. Conversely, increasing centriculum size by genetic means led to the expansion of the PCM, increased microtubule nucleation capacity, and altered spindle width. The effect of the centriculum on centrosome function suggests that in the C. elegans early embryo, the centrosome is not membraneless. Rather, it is encased in a membrane meshwork that affects its properties. We provide evidence that the centriculum serves as a microtubule "filter," preventing the elongation of a subset of microtubules past the centriculum. Finally, we propose that the fusion between the centriculum and the nuclear membrane contributes to nuclear envelope breakdown by coupling spindle elongation to nuclear membrane fenestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Maheshwari
- The Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mohammad M Rahman
- The Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seth Drey
- The Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Megan Onyundo
- The Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gunar Fabig
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael A Q Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, 450 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David Q Matus
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, 450 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Thomas Müller-Reichert
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Orna Cohen-Fix
- The Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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4
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Charnley M, Allam AH, Newton LM, Humbert PO, Russell SM. E-cadherin in developing murine T cells controls spindle alignment and progression through β-selection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade5348. [PMID: 36652509 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A critical stage of T cell development is β-selection; at this stage, the T cell receptor β (TCRβ) chain is generated, and the developing T cell starts to acquire antigenic specificity. Progression through β-selection is assisted by low-affinity interactions between the nascent TCRβ chain and peptide presented on stromal major histocompatibility complex and cues provided by the niche. In this study, we identify a cue within the developing T cell niche that is critical for T cell development. E-cadherin mediates cell-cell interactions and influences cell fate in many developmental systems. In developing T cells, E-cadherin contributed to the formation of an immunological synapse and the alignment of the mitotic spindle with the polarity axis during division, which facilitated subsequent T cell development. Collectively, these data suggest that E-cadherin facilitates interactions with the thymic niche to coordinate the β-selection stage of T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirren Charnley
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Amr H Allam
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Lucas M Newton
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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5
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Habib SJ, Acebrón SP. Wnt signalling in cell division: from mechanisms to tissue engineering. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:1035-1048. [PMID: 35717422 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signalling is an essential player in tissue formation, notably in the regulation of stem cell function. Wnt signalling is best known for its roles in G1/S progression. However, a complex Wnt programme that also mediates mitotic progression and asymmetric cell division (ACD) is emerging. Recent developments in this area have provided mechanistic insights as well as tools to engineer or target Wnt signalling for translational and therapeutic purposes. Here, we discuss the bidirectional relationship between Wnt activity and mitosis. We emphasise how various Wnt-dependent mechanisms control spindle dynamics, chromosome segregation, and ACD. Finally, we illustrate how knowledge about these mechanisms has been successfully employed in tissue engineering for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukry J Habib
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7a, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sergio P Acebrón
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Li Z, Zhang YY, Zhang H, Yang J, Chen Y, Lu H. Asymmetric Cell Division and Tumor Heterogeneity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:938685. [PMID: 35859890 PMCID: PMC9289117 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.938685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) gives rise to two daughter cells with different fates after mitosis and is a fundamental process for generating cell diversity and for the maintenance of the stem cell population. The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory suggests that CSCs with dysregulated self-renewal and asymmetric cell division serve as a source of intra-tumoral heterogeneity. This heterogeneity complicates the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients, because CSCs can give rise to aggressive clones that are metastatic and insensitive to multiple drugs, or to dormant tumor cells that are difficult to detect. Here, we review the regulatory mechanisms and biological significance of asymmetric division in tumor cells, with a focus on ACD-induced tumor heterogeneity in early tumorigenesis and cancer progression. We will also discuss how dissecting the relationship between ACD and cancer may help us find new approaches for combatting this heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yi Zhang
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haomiao Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jiaxuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongze Chen
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hezhe Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hezhe Lu,
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7
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Wnt signaling polarizes cortical actin polymerization to increase daughter cell asymmetry. Cell Discov 2022; 8:22. [PMID: 35228529 PMCID: PMC8885824 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric positioning of the mitotic spindle contributes to the generation of two daughter cells with distinct sizes and fates. Here, we investigated an asymmetric division in the Caenorhabditis elegans Q neuroblast lineage. In this division, beginning with an asymmetrically positioned spindle, the daughter-cell size differences continuously increased during cytokinesis, and the smaller daughter cell in the posterior eventually underwent apoptosis. We found that Arp2/3-dependent F-actin assembled in the anterior but not posterior cortex during division, suggesting that asymmetric expansion forces generated by actin polymerization may enlarge the anterior daughter cell. Consistent with this, inhibition of cortical actin polymerization or artificially equalizing actin assembly led to symmetric cell division. Furthermore, disruption of the Wnt gradient or its downstream components impaired asymmetric cortical actin assembly and caused symmetric division. Our results show that Wnt signaling establishes daughter cell asymmetry by polarizing cortical actin polymerization in a dividing cell.
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8
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Sugioka K. Symmetry-breaking of animal cytokinesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 127:100-109. [PMID: 34955355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is a mechanism that separates dividing cells via constriction of a supramolecular structure, the contractile ring. In animal cells, three modes of symmetry-breaking of cytokinesis result in unilateral cytokinesis, asymmetric cell division, and oriented cell division. Each mode of cytokinesis plays a significant role in tissue patterning and morphogenesis by the mechanisms that control the orientation and position of the contractile ring relative to the body axis. Despite its significance, the mechanisms involved in the symmetry-breaking of cytokinesis remain unclear in many cell types. Classical embryologists have identified that the geometric relationship between the mitotic spindle and cell cortex induces cytokinesis asymmetry; however, emerging evidence suggests that a concerted flow of compressional cell-cortex materials (cortical flow) is a spindle-independent driving force in spatial cytokinesis control. This review provides an overview of both classical and emerging mechanisms of cytokinesis asymmetry and their roles in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugioka
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada; Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada.
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9
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Garbrecht J, Laos T, Holzer E, Dillinger M, Dammermann A. An acentriolar centrosome at the C. elegans ciliary base. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2418-2428.e8. [PMID: 33798427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In animal cells, the functions of the microtubule cytoskeleton are coordinated by centriole-based centrosomes via γ-tubulin complexes embedded in the pericentriolar material or PCM.1 PCM assembly has been best studied in the context of mitosis, where centriolar SPD-2 recruits PLK-1, which in turn phosphorylates key scaffolding components like SPD-5 and CNN to promote expansion of the PCM polymer.2-4 To what extent these mechanisms apply to centrosomes in interphase or in differentiated cells remains unclear.5 Here, we examine a novel type of centrosome found at the ciliary base of C. elegans sensory neurons, which we show plays important roles in neuronal morphogenesis, cellular trafficking, and ciliogenesis. These centrosomes display similar dynamic behavior to canonical, mitotic centrosomes, with a stable PCM scaffold and dynamically localized client proteins. Unusually, however, they are not organized by centrioles, which degenerate early in terminal differentiation.6 Yet, PCM not only persists but continues to grow with key scaffolding proteins including SPD-5 expressed under control of the RFX transcription factor DAF-19. This assembly occurs in the absence of the mitotic regulators SPD-2, AIR-1 and PLK-1, but requires tethering by PCMD-1, a protein which also plays a role in the initial, interphase recruitment of PCM in early embryos.7 These results argue for distinct mechanisms for mitotic and non-mitotic PCM assembly, with only the former requiring PLK-1 phosphorylation to drive rapid expansion of the scaffold polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Garbrecht
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna
| | - Triin Laos
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna
| | - Elisabeth Holzer
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarita Dillinger
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Dammermann
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Bouvrais H, Chesneau L, Le Cunff Y, Fairbrass D, Soler N, Pastezeur S, Pécot T, Kervrann C, Pécréaux J. The coordination of spindle-positioning forces during the asymmetric division of the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50770. [PMID: 33900015 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans zygote, astral microtubules generate forces essential to position the mitotic spindle, by pushing against and pulling from the cortex. Measuring microtubule dynamics there, we revealed the presence of two populations, corresponding to pulling and pushing events. It offers a unique opportunity to study, under physiological conditions, the variations of both spindle-positioning forces along space and time. We propose a threefold control of pulling force, by polarity, spindle position and mitotic progression. We showed that the sole anteroposterior asymmetry in dynein on-rate, encoding pulling force imbalance, is sufficient to cause posterior spindle displacement. The positional regulation, reflecting the number of microtubule contacts in the posterior-most region, reinforces this imbalance only in late anaphase. Furthermore, we exhibited the first direct proof that dynein processivity increases along mitosis. It reflects the temporal control of pulling forces, which strengthens at anaphase onset following mitotic progression and independently from chromatid separation. In contrast, the pushing force remains constant and symmetric and contributes to maintaining the spindle at the cell centre during metaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Le Cunff
- CNRS, IGDR - UMR 6290, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Nina Soler
- CNRS, IGDR - UMR 6290, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Thierry Pécot
- INRIA, Centre Rennes - Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
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11
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Chapa-Y-Lazo B, Hamanaka M, Wray A, Balasubramanian MK, Mishima M. Polar relaxation by dynein-mediated removal of cortical myosin II. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151836. [PMID: 32497213 PMCID: PMC7401816 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly six decades ago, Lewis Wolpert proposed the relaxation of the polar cell cortex by the radial arrays of astral microtubules as a mechanism for cleavage furrow induction. While this mechanism has remained controversial, recent work has provided evidence for polar relaxation by astral microtubules, although its molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, using C. elegans embryos, we show that polar relaxation is achieved through dynein-mediated removal of myosin II from the polar cortexes. Mutants that position centrosomes closer to the polar cortex accelerated furrow induction, whereas suppression of dynein activity delayed furrowing. We show that dynein-mediated removal of myosin II from the polar cortexes triggers a bidirectional cortical flow toward the cell equator, which induces the assembly of the actomyosin contractile ring. These results provide a molecular mechanism for the aster-dependent polar relaxation, which works in parallel with equatorial stimulation to promote robust cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Chapa-Y-Lazo
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Motonari Hamanaka
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.,Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Alexander Wray
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.,University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Masanori Mishima
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
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12
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Xiong R, Sugioka K. Improved 3D cellular morphometry of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos using a refractive index matching medium. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238955. [PMID: 32997668 PMCID: PMC7526913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell shape change is one of the driving forces of animal morphogenesis, and the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans has played a significant role in analyzing the underlying mechanisms involved. The analysis of cell shape change requires quantification of cellular shape descriptors, a method known as cellular morphometry. However, standard C. elegans live imaging methods limit the capability of cellular morphometry in 3D, as spherical aberrations generated by samples and the surrounding medium misalign optical paths. Here, we report a 3D live imaging method for C. elegans embryos that minimized spherical aberrations caused by refractive index (RI) mismatch. We determined the composition of a refractive index matching medium (RIMM) for C. elegans live imaging. The 3D live imaging with the RIMM resulted in a higher signal intensity in the deeper cell layers. We also found that the obtained images improved the 3D cell segmentation quality. Furthermore, our 3D cellular morphometry and 2D cell shape simulation indicated that the germ cell precursor P4 had exceptionally high cortical tension. Our results demonstrate that the RIMM is a cost-effective solution to improve the 3D cellular morphometry of C. elegans. The application of this method should facilitate understanding of C. elegans morphogenesis from the perspective of cell shape changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rain Xiong
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kenji Sugioka
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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13
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Kaur S, Mélénec P, Murgan S, Bordet G, Recouvreux P, Lenne PF, Bertrand V. Wnt ligands regulate the asymmetric divisions of neuronal progenitors in C. elegans embryos. Development 2020; 147:dev183186. [PMID: 32156756 PMCID: PMC10679509 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signalling has been implicated in the terminal asymmetric divisions of neuronal progenitors in vertebrates and invertebrates. However, the role of Wnt ligands in this process remains poorly characterized. Here, we used the terminal divisions of the embryonic neuronal progenitors in C. elegans to characterize the role of Wnt ligands during this process, focusing on a lineage that produces the cholinergic interneuron AIY. We observed that, during interphase, the neuronal progenitor is elongated along the anteroposterior axis, then divides along its major axis, generating an anterior and a posterior daughter with different fates. Using time-controlled perturbations, we show that three Wnt ligands, which are transcribed at higher levels at the posterior of the embryo, regulate the orientation of the neuronal progenitor and its asymmetric division. We also identify a role for a Wnt receptor (MOM-5) and a cortical transducer APC (APR-1), which are, respectively, enriched at the posterior and anterior poles of the neuronal progenitor. Our study establishes a role for Wnt ligands in the regulation of the shape and terminal asymmetric divisions of neuronal progenitors, and identifies downstream components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Kaur
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Pauline Mélénec
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Sabrina Murgan
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Guillaume Bordet
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Pierre Recouvreux
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Vincent Bertrand
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
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Torisawa T, Kimura A. The Generation of Dynein Networks by Multi-Layered Regulation and Their Implication in Cell Division. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:22. [PMID: 32083077 PMCID: PMC7004958 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (hereafter referred to as dynein) is a major microtubule-based motor critical for cell division. Dynein is essential for the formation and positioning of the mitotic spindle as well as the transport of various cargos in the cell. A striking feature of dynein is that, despite having a wide variety of functions, the catalytic subunit is coded in a single gene. To perform various cellular activities, there seem to be different types of dynein that share a common catalytic subunit. In this review, we will refer to the different kinds of dynein as “dyneins.” This review attempts to classify the mechanisms underlying the emergence of multiple dyneins into four layers. Inside a cell, multiple dyneins generated through the multi-layered regulations interact with each other to form a network of dyneins. These dynein networks may be responsible for the accurate regulation of cellular activities, including cell division. How these networks function inside a cell, with a focus on the early embryogenesis of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, is discussed, as well as future directions for the integration of our understanding of molecular layering to understand the totality of dynein’s function in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Torisawa
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
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15
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Remo A, Li X, Schiebel E, Pancione M. The Centrosome Linker and Its Role in Cancer and Genetic Disorders. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:380-393. [PMID: 32277932 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Centrosome cohesion, the joining of the two centrosomes of a cell, is increasingly appreciated as a major regulator of cell functions such as Golgi organization and cilia positioning. One major element of centrosome cohesion is the centrosome linker that consists of a growing number of proteins. The timely disassembly of the centrosome linker enables centrosomes to separate and assemble a functional bipolar mitotic spindle that is crucial for maintaining genomic integrity. Exciting new findings link centrosome linker defects to cell transformation and genetic disorders. We review recent data on the molecular mechanisms of the assembly and disassembly of the centrosome linker, and discuss how defects in the proper execution of these processes cause DNA damage and genomic instability leading to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Remo
- Pathology Unit, Mater Salutis Hospital, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria (AULSS) 9 'Scaligera', Verona, Italy
| | - Xue Li
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ)-ZMBH Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School (HBIGS), Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ)-ZMBH Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Massimo Pancione
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Cravo J, van den Heuvel S. Tissue polarity and PCP protein function: C. elegans as an emerging model. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:159-167. [PMID: 31884395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polarity is the basis for the generation of cell diversity, as well as the organization, morphogenesis, and functioning of tissues. Studies in Caenorhabditis elegans have provided much insight into PAR-protein mediated polarity; however, the molecules and mechanisms critical for cell polarization within the plane of epithelia have been identified in other systems. Tissue polarity in C. elegans is organized by Wnt-signaling with some resemblance to the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, but lacking core PCP protein functions. Nonetheless, recent studies revealed that conserved PCP proteins regulate directed cell migratory events in C. elegans, such as convergent extension movements and neurite formation and guidance. Here, we discuss the latest insights and use of C. elegans as a PCP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Cravo
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sander van den Heuvel
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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17
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Kiyomitsu T. The cortical force-generating machinery: how cortical spindle-pulling forces are generated. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 60:1-8. [PMID: 30954860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cortical force-generating machinery pulls on dynamic plus-ends of astral microtubules to control spindle position and orientation, which underlie division type specification and cellular patterning in many eukaryotic cells. A prior work identified cytoplasmic dynein, a minus-end directed microtubule motor, as a key conserved unit of the cortical force-generating machinery. Here, I summarize recent structural, biophysical, and cell-biological studies that advance our understanding of how dynein is activated and organized at the mitotic cell cortex to generate functional spindle-pulling forces. In addition, I introduce recent findings of dynein-independent or parallel mechanisms for achieving oriented cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kiyomitsu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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18
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Schaefer KN, Peifer M. Wnt/Beta-Catenin Signaling Regulation and a Role for Biomolecular Condensates. Dev Cell 2019; 48:429-444. [PMID: 30782412 PMCID: PMC6386181 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-Catenin signaling plays key roles in tissue homeostasis and cell fate decisions in embryonic and post-embryonic development across the animal kingdom. As a result, pathway mutations are associated with developmental disorders and many human cancers. The multiprotein destruction complex keeps signaling off in the absence of Wnt ligands and needs to be downregulated for pathway activation. We discuss new insights into destruction complex activity and regulation, highlighting parallels to the control of other cell biological processes by biomolecular condensates that form by phase separation to suggest that the destruction complex acts as a biomolecular condensate in Wnt pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina N Schaefer
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark Peifer
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Rodriguez-Garcia R, Chesneau L, Pastezeur S, Roul J, Tramier M, Pécréaux J. The polarity-induced force imbalance in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos is caused by asymmetric binding rates of dynein to the cortex. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:3093-3104. [PMID: 30332325 PMCID: PMC6340208 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-11-0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During asymmetric cell division, the molecular motor dynein generates cortical pulling forces that position the spindle to reflect polarity and adequately distribute cell fate determinants. In Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, despite a measured anteroposterior force imbalance, antibody staining failed to reveal dynein enrichment at the posterior cortex, suggesting a transient localization there. Dynein accumulates at the microtubule plus ends, in an EBP-2EB-dependent manner. This accumulation, although not transporting dynein, contributes modestly to cortical forces. Most dyneins may instead diffuse to the cortex. Tracking of cortical dynein revealed two motions: one directed and the other diffusive-like, corresponding to force-generating events. Surprisingly, while dynein is not polarized at the plus ends or in the cytoplasm, diffusive-like tracks were more frequently found at the embryo posterior tip, where the forces are higher. This asymmetry depends on GPR-1/2LGN and LIN-5NuMA, which are enriched there. In csnk-1(RNAi) embryos, the inverse distribution of these proteins coincides with an increased frequency of diffusive-like tracks anteriorly. Importantly, dynein cortical residence time is always symmetric. We propose that the dynein-binding rate at the posterior cortex is increased, causing the polarity-reflecting force imbalance. This mechanism of control supplements the regulation of mitotic progression through the nonpolarized dynein detachment rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruddi Rodriguez-Garcia
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Chesneau
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sylvain Pastezeur
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Julien Roul
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marc Tramier
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jacques Pécréaux
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes)–UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
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