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Somsen BA, Cossar PJ, Arkin MR, Brunsveld L, Ottmann C. 14-3-3 Protein-Protein Interactions: From Mechanistic Understanding to Their Small-Molecule Stabilization. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400214. [PMID: 38738787 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are of utmost importance for maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Herein, a central role can be found for 14-3-3 proteins. These hub-proteins are known to bind hundreds of interaction partners, thereby regulating their activity, localization, and/or stabilization. Due to their ability to bind a large variety of client proteins, studies of 14-3-3 protein complexes flourished over the last decades, aiming to gain greater molecular understanding of these complexes and their role in health and disease. Because of their crucial role within the cell, 14-3-3 protein complexes are recognized as highly interesting therapeutic targets, encouraging the discovery of small molecule modulators of these PPIs. We discuss various examples of 14-3-3-mediated regulation of its binding partners on a mechanistic level, highlighting the versatile and multi-functional role of 14-3-3 within the cell. Furthermore, an overview is given on the development of stabilizers of 14-3-3 protein complexes, from initially used natural products to fragment-based approaches. These studies show the potential of 14-3-3 PPI stabilizers as novel agents in drug discovery and as tool compounds to gain greater molecular understanding of the role of 14-3-3-based protein regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente A Somsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MB Eindhoven, 5600, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Cossar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MB Eindhoven, 5600, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center (SMDC), University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MB Eindhoven, 5600, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MB Eindhoven, 5600, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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2
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Ward JA, Romartinez-Alonso B, Kay DF, Bellamy-Carter J, Thurairajah B, Basran J, Kwon H, Leney AC, Macip S, Roversi P, Muskett FW, Doveston RG. Characterizing the protein-protein interaction between MDM2 and 14-3-3σ; proof of concept for small molecule stabilization. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105651. [PMID: 38237679 PMCID: PMC10864208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2) is a key negative regulator of the tumor suppressor protein p53. MDM2 overexpression occurs in many types of cancer and results in the suppression of WT p53. The 14-3-3 family of adaptor proteins are known to bind MDM2 and the 14-3-3σ isoform controls MDM2 cellular localization and stability to inhibit its activity. Therefore, small molecule stabilization of the 14-3-3σ/MDM2 protein-protein interaction (PPI) is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer. Here, we provide a detailed biophysical and structural characterization of the phosphorylation-dependent interaction between 14-3-3σ and peptides that mimic the 14-3-3 binding motifs within MDM2. The data show that di-phosphorylation of MDM2 at S166 and S186 is essential for high affinity 14-3-3 binding and that the binary complex formed involves one MDM2 di-phosphorylated peptide bound to a dimer of 14-3-3σ. However, the two phosphorylation sites do not simultaneously interact so as to bridge the 14-3-3 dimer in a 'multivalent' fashion. Instead, the two phosphorylated MDM2 motifs 'rock' between the two binding grooves of the dimer, which is unusual in the context of 14-3-3 proteins. In addition, we show that the 14-3-3σ-MDM2 interaction is amenable to small molecule stabilization. The natural product fusicoccin A forms a ternary complex with a 14-3-3σ dimer and an MDM2 di-phosphorylated peptide resulting in the stabilization of the 14-3-3σ/MDM2 PPI. This work serves as a proof-of-concept of the drugability of the 14-3-3/MDM2 PPI and paves the way toward the development of more selective and efficacious small molecule stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Ward
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Beatriz Romartinez-Alonso
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Danielle F Kay
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Bethany Thurairajah
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jaswir Basran
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Hanna Kwon
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Aneika C Leney
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Salvador Macip
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; FoodLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pietro Roversi
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, C.N.R., Unit of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Frederick W Muskett
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Richard G Doveston
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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3
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Obsilova V, Obsil T. The yeast 14-3-3 proteins Bmh1 and Bmh2 regulate key signaling pathways. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1327014. [PMID: 38328397 PMCID: PMC10847541 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1327014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling regulates several physiological processes by receiving, processing, and transmitting signals between the extracellular and intracellular environments. In signal transduction, phosphorylation is a crucial effector as the most common posttranslational modification. Selectively recognizing specific phosphorylated motifs of target proteins and modulating their functions through binding interactions, the yeast 14-3-3 proteins Bmh1 and Bmh2 are involved in catabolite repression, carbon metabolism, endocytosis, and mitochondrial retrograde signaling, among other key cellular processes. These conserved scaffolding molecules also mediate crosstalk between ubiquitination and phosphorylation, the spatiotemporal control of meiosis, and the activity of ion transporters Trk1 and Nha1. In humans, deregulation of analogous processes triggers the development of serious diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, viral infections, microbial conditions and neuronal and age-related diseases. Accordingly, the aim of this review article is to provide a brief overview of the latest findings on the functions of yeast 14-3-3 proteins, focusing on their role in modulating the aforementioned processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Obsilova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Tomas Obsil
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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4
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Morozumi Y, Mahayot F, Nakase Y, Soong JX, Yamawaki S, Sofyantoro F, Imabata Y, Oda AH, Tamura M, Kofuji S, Akikusa Y, Shibatani A, Ohta K, Shiozaki K. Rapamycin-sensitive mechanisms confine the growth of fission yeast below the temperatures detrimental to cell physiology. iScience 2024; 27:108777. [PMID: 38269097 PMCID: PMC10805665 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells cease to proliferate above their growth-permissible temperatures, a ubiquitous phenomenon generally attributed to heat damage to cellular macromolecules. We here report that, in the presence of rapamycin, a potent inhibitor of Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1), the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe can proliferate at high temperatures that usually arrest its growth. Consistently, mutations to the TORC1 subunit RAPTOR/Mip1 and the TORC1 substrate Sck1 significantly improve cellular heat resistance, suggesting that TORC1 restricts fission yeast growth at high temperatures. Aiming for a more comprehensive understanding of the negative regulation of high-temperature growth, we conducted genome-wide screens, which identified additional factors that suppress cell proliferation at high temperatures. Among them is Mks1, which is phosphorylated in a TORC1-dependent manner, forms a complex with the 14-3-3 protein Rad24, and suppresses the high-temperature growth independently of Sck1. Our study has uncovered unexpected mechanisms of growth restraint even below the temperatures deleterious to cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Morozumi
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Fontip Mahayot
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakase
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Jia Xin Soong
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yamawaki
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Fajar Sofyantoro
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Yuki Imabata
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Arisa H. Oda
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Miki Tamura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kofuji
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yutaka Akikusa
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ayu Shibatani
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ohta
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiozaki
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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5
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Petrvalska O, Honzejkova K, Koupilova N, Herman P, Obsilova V, Obsil T. 14-3-3 protein inhibits CaMKK1 by blocking the kinase active site with its last two C-terminal helices. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4805. [PMID: 37817008 PMCID: PMC10588359 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ /CaM-dependent protein kinase kinases 1 and 2 (CaMKK1 and CaMKK2) phosphorylate and enhance the catalytic activity of downstream kinases CaMKI, CaMKIV, and protein kinase B. Accordingly, CaMKK1 and CaMKK2 regulate key physiological and pathological processes, such as tumorigenesis, neuronal morphogenesis, synaptic plasticity, transcription factor activation, and cellular energy homeostasis, and promote cell survival. Both CaMKKs are partly inhibited by phosphorylation, which in turn triggers adaptor and scaffolding protein 14-3-3 binding. However, 14-3-3 binding only significantly affects CaMKK1 function. CaMKK2 activity remains almost unchanged after complex formation for reasons still unclear. Here, we aim at structurally characterizing CaMKK1:14-3-3 and CaMKK2:14-3-3 complexes by SAXS, H/D exchange coupled to MS, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results revealed that complex formation suppresses the interaction of both phosphorylated CaMKKs with Ca2+ /CaM and affects the structure of their kinase domains and autoinhibitory segments. But these effects are much stronger on CaMKK1 than on CaMKK2 because the CaMKK1:14-3-3γ complex has a more compact and rigid structure in which the active site of the kinase domain directly interacts with the last two C-terminal helices of the 14-3-3γ protein, thereby inhibiting CaMKK1. In contrast, the CaMKK2:14-3-3 complex has a looser and more flexible structure, so 14-3-3 binding only negligibly affects the catalytic activity of CaMKK2. Therefore, Ca2+ /CaM binding suppression and the interaction of the kinase active site of CaMKK1 with the last two C-terminal helices of 14-3-3γ protein provide the structural basis for 14-3-3-mediated CaMKK1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Petrvalska
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Signaling ProteinsDivision BIOCEVVestecCzech Republic
| | - Karolina Honzejkova
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Nicola Koupilova
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Petr Herman
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and PhysicsCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Veronika Obsilova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Signaling ProteinsDivision BIOCEVVestecCzech Republic
| | - Tomas Obsil
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Signaling ProteinsDivision BIOCEVVestecCzech Republic
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6
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Zhu P, Nguyen KT, Estelle AB, Sluchanko NN, Mehl RA, Cooley RB. Genetic encoding of 3-nitro-tyrosine reveals the impacts of 14-3-3 nitration on client binding and dephosphorylation. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4574. [PMID: 36691781 PMCID: PMC9926477 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are central hub regulators of hundreds of phosphorylated "client" proteins. They are subject to over 60 post-translational modifications (PTMs), yet little is known how these PTMs alter 14-3-3 function and its ability to regulate downstream signaling pathways. An often neglected, but well-documented 14-3-3 PTM found under physiological and immune-stimulatory conditions is the conversion of tyrosine to 3-nitro-tyrosine at several Tyr sites, two of which are located at sites considered important for 14-3-3 function: Y130 (β-isoform numbering) is located in the primary phospho-client peptide-binding groove, while Y213 is found on a secondary binding site that engages with clients for full 14-3-3/client complex formation and client regulation. By genetically encoding 3-nitro-tyrosine, we sought to understand if nitration at Y130 and Y213 effectively modulated 14-3-3 structure, function, and client complexation. The 1.5 Å resolution crystal structure of 14-3-3 nitrated at Y130 showed the nitro group altered the conformation of key residues in the primary binding site, while functional studies confirmed client proteins failed to bind this variant of 14-3-3. But, in contrast to other client-binding deficient variants, it did not localize to the nucleus. The 1.9 Å resolution structure of 14-3-3 nitrated at Y213 revealed unusual flexibility of its C-terminal α-helix resulting in domain swapping, suggesting additional structural plasticity though its relevance is not clear as this nitrated form retained its ability to bind clients. Collectively, our data suggest that nitration of 14-3-3 will alter downstream signaling systems, and if uncontrolled could result in global dysregulation of the 14-3-3 interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2011 Agricultural and Life SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Kyle T. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2011 Agricultural and Life SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Aidan B. Estelle
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2011 Agricultural and Life SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Nikolai N. Sluchanko
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of SciencesA.N. Bach Institute of BiochemistryMoscowRussia
| | - Ryan A. Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2011 Agricultural and Life SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Richard B. Cooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2011 Agricultural and Life SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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7
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Tugaeva KV, Sysoev AA, Kapitonova AA, Smith JLR, Zhu P, Cooley RB, Antson AA, Sluchanko NN. Human 14-3-3 Proteins Site-selectively Bind the Mutational Hotspot Region of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein Modulating its Phosphoregulation. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167891. [PMID: 36427566 PMCID: PMC9683861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein recruits human cytosolic 14-3-3 proteins playing a well-recognized role in replication of many viruses. Here we use genetic code expansion to demonstrate that 14-3-3 binding is triggered by phosphorylation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein at either of two pseudo-repeats centered at Ser197 and Thr205. According to fluorescence anisotropy measurements, the pT205-motif,presentin SARS-CoV-2 but not in SARS-CoV, is preferred over the pS197-motif by all seven human 14-3-3 isoforms, which collectively display an unforeseen pT205/pS197 peptide binding selectivity hierarchy. Crystal structures demonstrate that pS197 and pT205 are mutually exclusive 14-3-3-binding sites, whereas SAXS and biochemical data obtained on the full protein-protein complex indicate that 14-3-3 binding occludes the Ser/Arg-rich region of the nucleoprotein, inhibiting its dephosphorylation. This Ser/Arg-rich region is highly prone to mutations, as exemplified by the Omicron and Delta variants, with our data suggesting that the strength of 14-3-3/nucleoprotein interaction can be linked with the replicative fitness of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina V Tugaeva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Sysoev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Kapitonova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jake L R Smith
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Richard B Cooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Alfred A Antson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolai N Sluchanko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
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8
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Obsilova V, Obsil T. Structural insights into the functional roles of 14-3-3 proteins. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1016071. [PMID: 36188227 PMCID: PMC9523730 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1016071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction cascades efficiently transmit chemical and/or physical signals from the extracellular environment to intracellular compartments, thereby eliciting an appropriate cellular response. Most often, these signaling processes are mediated by specific protein-protein interactions involving hundreds of different receptors, enzymes, transcription factors, and signaling, adaptor and scaffolding proteins. Among them, 14-3-3 proteins are a family of highly conserved scaffolding molecules expressed in all eukaryotes, where they modulate the function of other proteins, primarily in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Through these binding interactions, 14-3-3 proteins participate in key cellular processes, such as cell-cycle control, apoptosis, signal transduction, energy metabolism, and protein trafficking. To date, several hundreds of 14-3-3 binding partners have been identified, including protein kinases, phosphatases, receptors and transcription factors, which have been implicated in the onset of various diseases. As such, 14-3-3 proteins are promising targets for pharmaceutical interventions. However, despite intensive research into their protein-protein interactions, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms whereby 14-3-3 proteins regulate the functions of their binding partners remains insufficient. This review article provides an overview of the current state of the art of the molecular mechanisms whereby 14-3-3 proteins regulate their binding partners, focusing on recent structural studies of 14-3-3 protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Obsilova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Veronika Obsilova, ; Tomas Obsil,
| | - Tomas Obsil
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Veronika Obsilova, ; Tomas Obsil,
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9
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Kapitonova AA, Tugaeva KV, Varfolomeeva LA, Boyko KM, Cooley RB, Sluchanko NN. Structural basis for the recognition by 14-3-3 proteins of a conditional binding site within the oligomerization domain of human nucleophosmin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 627:176-183. [PMID: 36041327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) is a multifunctional protein regulating ribosome biogenesis, centrosome duplication and chromatin remodeling. Being a major nucleolar protein, NPM1 can migrate to the nucleus and the cytoplasm, which is controlled by changes of NPM1 oligomerization and interaction with other cell factors. NPM1 forms a stable pentamer with its N-terminal structured domain, where two nuclear export signals and several phosphorylation sites reside. This domain undergoes dissociation and disordering upon Ser48 phosphorylation in the subunit interface. Recent studies indicated that Ser48 is important for NPM1 interaction with other proteins including 14-3-3, the well-known phosphoserine/phosphothreonine binders, but the structural basis for 14-3-3/NPM1 interaction remained unaddressed. By fusing human 14-3-3ζ with an NPM1 segment surrounding Ser48, which was phosphorylated inside Escherichia coli cells by co-expressed protein kinase A, here we obtained the desired protein/phosphopeptide complex and determined its crystal structure. While biochemical data indicated that the interaction is driven by Ser48 phosphorylation, the crystallographic 14-3-3/phosphopeptide interface reveals an NPM1 conformation distinctly different from that in the NPM1 pentamer. Given the canonical phosphopeptide-binding mode observed in our crystal structure, Ser48 emerges as a conditional binding site whose recognition by 14-3-3 proteins is enabled by NPM1 phosphorylation, disassembly and disordering under physiological circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Kapitonova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kristina V Tugaeva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa A Varfolomeeva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin M Boyko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Richard B Cooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Nikolai N Sluchanko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia.
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10
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Crystal structure of potato 14-3-3 protein St14f revealed the importance of helix I in StFDL1 recognition. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11596. [PMID: 35804047 PMCID: PMC9270373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15505-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), 14-3-3 protein forms a protein complex with the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like protein StSP6A and the FD-like protein StFDL1 to activate potato tuber formation. Eleven 14-3-3 isoforms were reported in potato, designated as St14a-k. In this study, the crystal structure of the free form of St14f was determined at 2.5 Å resolution. Three chains were included in the asymmetric unit of the St14f free form crystal, and the structural deviation among the three chain structures was found on the C-terminal helix H and I. The St14f free form structure in solution was also investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) residual dipolar coupling analysis, and the chain B in the crystal structure was consistent with NMR data. Compared to other crystal structures, St14f helix I exhibited a different conformation with larger B-factor values. Larger B-factor values on helix I were also found in the 14-3-3 free form structure with higher solvent contents. The mutation in St14f Helix I stabilized the complex with StFDL1. These data clearly showed that the flexibility of helix I of 14-3-3 protein plays an important role in the recognition of target protein.
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11
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Structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein recognition by 14-3-3 proteins. J Struct Biol 2022; 214:107879. [PMID: 35781025 PMCID: PMC9245327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are important dimeric scaffolds that regulate the function of hundreds of proteins in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein forms a complex with human 14-3-3 proteins upon phosphorylation, which has also been described for other coronaviruses. Here, we report a high-resolution crystal structure of 14-3-3 bound to an N phosphopeptide bearing the phosphoserine 197 in the middle. The structure revealed two copies of the N phosphopeptide bound, each in the central binding groove of each 14-3-3 monomer. A complex network of hydrogen bonds and water bridges between the peptide and 14-3-3 was observed explaining the high affinity of the N protein for 14-3-3 proteins.
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Abstract
The 14-3-3 family proteins are vital scaffold proteins that ubiquitously expressed in various tissues. They interact with numerous protein targets and mediate many cellular signaling pathways. The 14-3-3 binding motifs are often embedded in intrinsically disordered regions which are closely associated with liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). In the past ten years, LLPS has been observed for a variety of proteins and biological processes, indicating that LLPS plays a fundamental role in the formation of membraneless organelles and cellular condensates. While extensive investigations have been performed on 14-3-3 proteins, its involvement in LLPS is overlooked. To date, 14-3-3 proteins have not been reported to undergo LLPS alone or regulate LLPS of their binding partners. To reveal the potential involvement of 14-3-3 proteins in LLPS, in this review, we summarized the LLPS propensity of 14-3-3 binding partners and found that about one half of them may undergo LLPS spontaneously. We further analyzed the phase separation behavior of representative 14-3-3 binders and discussed how 14-3-3 proteins may be involved. By modulating the conformation and valence of interactions and recruiting other molecules, we speculate that 14-3-3 proteins can efficiently regulate the functions of their targets in the context of LLPS. Considering the critical roles of 14-3-3 proteins, there is an urgent need for investigating the involvement of 14-3-3 proteins in the phase separation process of their targets and the underling mechanisms.
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Ren L, Hou YP, Zhu YY, Zhao FF, Duan YB, Wu LY, Duan XX, Zhang J, Zhou MG. Validamycin A Enhances the Interaction Between Neutral Trehalase and 14-3-3 Protein Bmh1 in Fusarium graminearum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:290-298. [PMID: 34156266 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-21-0214-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In agriculture, Trehalase is considered the main target of the biological fungicide validamycin A, and the toxicology mechanism of validamycin A is unknown. 14-3-3 proteins, highly conserved proteins, participate in diverse cellular processes, including enzyme activation, protein localization, and acting as a molecular chaperone. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the 14-3-3 protein Bmh1could interact with Nth1 to respond to specific external stimuli. Here, we characterized FgNth, FgBmh1, and FgBmh2 in Fusarium graminearum. ΔFgNth, ΔFgBmh1, and ΔFgBmh2 displayed great growth defects and their peripheral tips hyphae generated more branches when compared with wild-type (WT) PH-1. When exposed to validamycin A as well as high osmotic and high temperature stresses, ΔFgNth, ΔFgBmh1, and ΔFgBmh2 showed more tolerance than WT. Both ΔFgNth and ΔFgBmh1 displayed reduced deoxynivalenol production but opposite for ΔFgBmh2, and all three deletion mutants showed reduced virulence on wheat coleoptiles. In addition, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments suggested that FgBmh1 and FgBmh2 both interact with FgNth, but no interaction was detected between FgBmh1 and FgBmh2 in our experiments. Further, validamycin A enhances the interaction between FgBmh1 and FgNth in a positive correlation under concentrations of 1 to 100 μg/ml. In addition, both high osmotic and high temperature stresses promote the interaction between FgBmh1 and FgNth. Co-IP assay also showed that neither FgBmh1 nor FgBmh2 could interact with FgPbs2, a MAPKK kinase in the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway. However, FgBmh2 but not FgBmh1 binds to the heat shock protein FgHsp70 in F. graminearum. Taken together, our results demonstrate that FgNth and FgBmh proteins are involved in growth and responses to external stresses and virulence; and validamycin enhanced the interaction between FgNth and FgBmh1in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- College of Plant Protection and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yi-Ping Hou
- College of Plant Protection and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yuan-Ye Zhu
- College of Plant Protection and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Fei-Fei Zhao
- College of Plant Protection and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Ya-Bing Duan
- College of Plant Protection and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Luo-Yu Wu
- College of Plant Protection and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xiao-Xin Duan
- College of Plant Protection and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Plant Protection and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Ming-Guo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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Trošanová Z, Louša P, Kozeleková A, Brom T, Gašparik N, Tungli J, Weisová V, Župa E, Žoldák G, Hritz J. Quantitation of human 14-3-3ζ dimerization and the effect of phosphorylation on dimer-monomer equilibria. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Garg A, Shuman S, Schwer B. Genetic screen for suppression of transcriptional interference reveals fission yeast 14-3-3 protein Rad24 as an antagonist of precocious Pol2 transcription termination. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 50:803-819. [PMID: 34967420 PMCID: PMC8789043 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of fission yeast Pho1 acid phosphatase is repressed under phosphate-replete conditions by transcription of an upstream prt lncRNA that interferes with the pho1 mRNA promoter. lncRNA control of pho1 mRNA synthesis is influenced by inositol pyrophosphate (IPP) kinase Asp1, deletion of which results in pho1 hyper-repression. A forward genetic screen for ADS (Asp1 Deletion Suppressor) mutations identified the 14–3–3 protein Rad24 as a governor of phosphate homeostasis. Production of full-length interfering prt lncRNA was squelched in rad24Δ cells, concomitant with increased production of pho1 mRNA and increased Pho1 activity, while shorter precociously terminated non-interfering prt transcripts persisted. Epistasis analysis showed that pho1 de-repression by rad24Δ depends on: (i) 3′-processing and transcription termination factors CPF, Pin1, and Rhn1; and (ii) Threonine-4 of the Pol2 CTD. Combining rad24Δ with the IPP pyrophosphatase-dead asp1-H397A allele caused a severe synthetic growth defect that was ameliorated by loss-of-function mutations in CPF, Pin1, and Rhn1, and by CTD phospho-site mutations T4A and Y1F. Rad24 function in repressing pho1 was effaced by mutation of its phosphate-binding pocket. Our findings instate a new role for a 14–3–3 protein as an antagonist of precocious RNA 3′-processing/termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angad Garg
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stewart Shuman
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Beate Schwer
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Fuchs T, Melcher F, Rerop ZS, Lorenzen J, Shaigani P, Awad D, Haack M, Prem SA, Masri M, Mehlmer N, Brueck TB. Identifying carbohydrate-active enzymes of Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus using systems biology. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:205. [PMID: 34711240 PMCID: PMC8555327 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The oleaginous yeast Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus represents one of the most promising microbial platforms for resource-efficient and scalable lipid production, with the capacity to accept a wide range of carbohydrates encapsulated in complex biomass waste or lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Currently, data related to molecular aspects of the metabolic utilisation of oligomeric carbohydrates are sparse. In addition, comprehensive proteomic information for C. oleaginosus focusing on carbohydrate metabolism is not available. Results In this study, we conducted a systematic analysis of carbohydrate intake and utilisation by C. oleaginosus and investigated the influence of different di- and trisaccharide as carbon sources. Changes in the cellular growth and morphology could be observed, depending on the selected carbon source. The greatest changes in morphology were observed in media containing trehalose. A comprehensive proteomic analysis of secreted, cell wall-associated, and cytoplasmatic proteins was performed, which highlighted differences in the composition and quantity of secreted proteins, when grown on different disaccharides. Based on the proteomic data, we performed a relative quantitative analysis of the identified proteins (using glucose as the reference carbon source) and observed carbohydrate-specific protein distributions. When using cellobiose or lactose as the carbon source, we detected three- and five-fold higher diversity in terms of the respective hydrolases released. Furthermore, the analysis of the secreted enzymes enabled identification of the motif with the consensus sequence LALL[LA]L[LA][LA]AAAAAAA as a potential signal peptide. Conclusions Relative quantification of spectral intensities from crude proteomic datasets enabled the identification of new enzymes and provided new insights into protein secretion, as well as the molecular mechanisms of carbo-hydrolases involved in the cleavage of the selected carbon oligomers. These insights can help unlock new substrate sources for C. oleaginosus, such as low-cost by-products containing difficult to utilize carbohydrates. In addition, information regarding the carbo-hydrolytic potential of C. oleaginosus facilitates a more precise engineering approach when using targeted genetic approaches. This information could be used to find new and more cost-effective carbon sources for microbial lipid production by the oleaginous yeast C. oleaginosus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01692-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Fuchs
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology (WSSB), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Melcher
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology (WSSB), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Zora Selina Rerop
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology (WSSB), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jan Lorenzen
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology (WSSB), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Pariya Shaigani
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology (WSSB), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Dania Awad
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology (WSSB), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martina Haack
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology (WSSB), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sophia Alice Prem
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology (WSSB), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Masri
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology (WSSB), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Norbert Mehlmer
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology (WSSB), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Thomas B Brueck
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology (WSSB), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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Leysen S, Burnley RJ, Rodriguez E, Milroy LG, Soini L, Adamski CJ, Nitschke L, Davis R, Obsil T, Brunsveld L, Crabbe T, Zoghbi HY, Ottmann C, Davis JM. A Structural Study of the Cytoplasmic Chaperone Effect of 14-3-3 Proteins on Ataxin-1. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167174. [PMID: 34302818 PMCID: PMC8505757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of the polyglutamine tract in the N terminus of Ataxin-1 is the main cause of the neurodegenerative disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1). However, the C-terminal part of the protein - including its AXH domain and a phosphorylation on residue serine 776 - also plays a crucial role in disease development. This phosphorylation event is known to be crucial for the interaction of Ataxin-1 with the 14-3-3 adaptor proteins and has been shown to indirectly contribute to Ataxin-1 stability. Here we show that 14-3-3 also has a direct anti-aggregation or "chaperone" effect on Ataxin-1. Furthermore, we provide structural and biophysical information revealing how phosphorylated S776 in the intrinsically disordered C terminus of Ataxin-1 mediates the cytoplasmic interaction with 14-3-3 proteins. Based on these findings, we propose that 14-3-3 exerts the observed chaperone effect by interfering with Ataxin-1 dimerization through its AXH domain, reducing further self-association. The chaperone effect is particularly important in the context of SCA1, as it was previously shown that a soluble form of mutant Ataxin-1 is the major driver of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Leysen
- Global Chemistry, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough SL1 3WE, UK
| | | | | | - Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Soini
- Global Chemistry, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough SL1 3WE, UK; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Carolyn J Adamski
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Larissa Nitschke
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rachel Davis
- Global Chemistry, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Tomas Obsil
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Lucas Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Crabbe
- Immuno-Bone Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Huda Yahya Zoghbi
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven 5600 MB, the Netherlands
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Horvath M, Petrvalska O, Herman P, Obsilova V, Obsil T. 14-3-3 proteins inactivate DAPK2 by promoting its dimerization and protecting key regulatory phosphosites. Commun Biol 2021; 4:986. [PMID: 34413451 PMCID: PMC8376927 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Death-associated protein kinase 2 (DAPK2) is a CaM-regulated Ser/Thr protein kinase, involved in apoptosis, autophagy, granulocyte differentiation and motility regulation, whose activity is controlled by autoinhibition, autophosphorylation, dimerization and interaction with scaffolding proteins 14-3-3. However, the structural basis of 14-3-3-mediated DAPK2 regulation remains unclear. Here, we structurally and biochemically characterize the full-length human DAPK2:14-3-3 complex by combining several biophysical techniques. The results from our X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that Thr369 phosphorylation at the DAPK2 C terminus creates a high-affinity canonical mode III 14-3-3-binding motif, further enhanced by the diterpene glycoside Fusicoccin A. Moreover, concentration-dependent DAPK2 dimerization is disrupted by Ca2+/CaM binding and stabilized by 14-3-3 binding in solution, thereby protecting the DAPK2 inhibitory autophosphorylation site Ser318 against dephosphorylation and preventing Ca2+/CaM binding. Overall, our findings provide mechanistic insights into 14-3-3-mediated DAPK2 inhibition and highlight the potential of the DAPK2:14-3-3 complex as a target for anti‐inflammatory therapies. Horvath et al. structurally and biochemically characterize the full-length human DAPK2-14-3-3 complex to investigate the effects of binding to DAPK2 on its dimerization, activation by dephosphorylation of Ser318, and Ca2+/calmodulin binding. Their results provide mechanistic insights into 14- 3-3-mediated DAPK2 inhibition and highlight the potential of the DAPK2:14-3-3 complex as a target for anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Horvath
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Olivia Petrvalska
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Herman
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Obsilova
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Obsil
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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19
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14-3-3-protein regulates Nedd4-2 by modulating interactions between HECT and WW domains. Commun Biol 2021; 4:899. [PMID: 34294877 PMCID: PMC8298602 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated 4 ligase (Nedd4-2) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets proteins for ubiquitination and endocytosis, thereby regulating numerous ion channels, membrane receptors and tumor suppressors. Nedd4-2 activity is regulated by autoinhibition, calcium binding, oxidative stress, substrate binding, phosphorylation and 14-3-3 protein binding. However, the structural basis of 14-3-3-mediated Nedd4-2 regulation remains poorly understood. Here, we combined several techniques of integrative structural biology to characterize Nedd4-2 and its complex with 14-3-3. We demonstrate that phosphorylated Ser342 and Ser448 are the key residues that facilitate 14-3-3 protein binding to Nedd4-2 and that 14-3-3 protein binding induces a structural rearrangement of Nedd4-2 by inhibiting interactions between its structured domains. Overall, our findings provide the structural glimpse into the 14-3-3-mediated Nedd4-2 regulation and highlight the potential of the Nedd4-2:14-3-3 complex as a pharmacological target for Nedd4-2-associated diseases such as hypertension, epilepsy, kidney disease and cancer. Pohl et al. investigated the structural basis of Nedd4-2 regulation by 14-3-3 and found that phosphorylated Ser342 and Ser448 are the main residues that facilitate 14-3-3 binding to Nedd4-2. The authors propose that the Nedd4-2:14-3-3 complex then stimulates a structural rearrangement of Nedd4-2 through inhibiting interaction of its structured domains.
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20
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Dengler L, Örd M, Schwab LM, Loog M, Ewald JC. Regulation of trehalase activity by multi-site phosphorylation and 14-3-3 interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:962. [PMID: 33441790 PMCID: PMC7806596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation enables a rapid adjustment of cellular activities to diverse intracellular and environmental stimuli. Many phosphoproteins are targeted on more than one site, which allows the integration of multiple signals and the implementation of complex responses. However, the hierarchy and interplay between multiple phospho-sites are often unknown. Here, we study multi‐site phosphorylation using the yeast trehalase Nth1 and its activator, the 14-3-3 protein Bmh1, as a model. Nth1 is known to be phosphorylated by the metabolic kinase PKA on four serine residues and by the cell cycle kinase CDK on one residue. However, how these five phospho-sites adjust Nth1 activity remains unclear. Using a novel reporter construct, we investigated the contribution of the individual sites for the regulation of the trehalase and its 14-3-3 interactor. In contrast to the constitutively phosphorylated S20 and S83, the weaker sites S21 and S60 are only phosphorylated by increased PKA activity. For binding Bmh1, S83 functions as the high‐affinity “gatekeeper” site, but successful binding of the Bmh1 dimer and thus Nth1 activation requires S60 as a secondary site. Under nutrient-poor conditions with low PKA activity, S60 is not efficiently phosphorylated and the cell cycle dependent phosphorylation of S66 by Cdk1 contributes to Nth1 activity, likely by providing an alternative Bmh1 binding site. Additionally, the PKA sites S20 and S21 modulate the dephosphorylation of Nth1 on downstream Bmh1 sites. In summary, our results expand our molecular understanding of Nth1 regulation and provide a new aspect of the interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dengler
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mihkel Örd
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lucca M Schwab
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jennifer C Ewald
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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21
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The 14-3-3 Proteins as Important Allosteric Regulators of Protein Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228824. [PMID: 33233473 PMCID: PMC7700312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation by kinases governs many key cellular and extracellular processes, such as transcription, cell cycle progression, differentiation, secretion and apoptosis. Unsurprisingly, tight and precise kinase regulation is a prerequisite for normal cell functioning, whereas kinase dysregulation often leads to disease. Moreover, the functions of many kinases are regulated through protein–protein interactions, which in turn are mediated by phosphorylated motifs and often involve associations with the scaffolding and chaperon protein 14-3-3. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the state of the art on 14-3-3-mediated kinase regulation, focusing on the most recent mechanistic insights into these important protein–protein interactions and discussing in detail both their structural aspects and functional consequences.
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22
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Reading the phosphorylation code: binding of the 14-3-3 protein to multivalent client phosphoproteins. Biochem J 2020; 477:1219-1225. [PMID: 32271882 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many major protein-protein interaction networks are maintained by 'hub' proteins with multiple binding partners, where interactions are often facilitated by intrinsically disordered protein regions that undergo post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation. Phosphorylation can directly affect protein function and control recognition by proteins that 'read' the phosphorylation code, re-wiring the interactome. The eukaryotic 14-3-3 proteins recognizing multiple phosphoproteins nicely exemplify these concepts. Although recent studies established the biochemical and structural basis for the interaction of the 14-3-3 dimers with several phosphorylated clients, understanding their assembly with partners phosphorylated at multiple sites represents a challenge. Suboptimal sequence context around the phosphorylated residue may reduce binding affinity, resulting in quantitative differences for distinct phosphorylation sites, making hierarchy and priority in their binding rather uncertain. Recently, Stevers et al. [Biochemical Journal (2017) 474: 1273-1287] undertook a remarkable attempt to untangle the mechanism of 14-3-3 dimer binding to leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) that contains multiple candidate 14-3-3-binding sites and is mutated in Parkinson's disease. By using the protein-peptide binding approach, the authors systematically analyzed affinities for a set of LRRK2 phosphopeptides, alone or in combination, to a 14-3-3 protein and determined crystal structures for 14-3-3 complexes with selected phosphopeptides. This study addresses a long-standing question in the 14-3-3 biology, unearthing a range of important details that are relevant for understanding binding mechanisms of other polyvalent proteins.
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23
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Neves JF, Petrvalská O, Bosica F, Cantrelle FX, Merzougui H, O'Mahony G, Hanoulle X, Obšil T, Landrieu I. Phosphorylated full-length Tau interacts with 14-3-3 proteins via two short phosphorylated sequences, each occupying a binding groove of 14-3-3 dimer. FEBS J 2020; 288:1918-1934. [PMID: 32979285 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) remain poorly explored targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with Tau was shown to be linked to Tau pathology. This PPI is therefore seen as a potential target for Alzheimer's disease. When Tau is phosphorylated by PKA (Tau-PKA), several phosphorylation sites are generated, including two known 14-3-3 binding sites, surrounding the phosphorylated serines 214 and 324 of Tau. The crystal structures of 14-3-3 in complex with peptides surrounding these Tau phosphosites show that both these motifs are anchored in the amphipathic binding groove of 14-3-3. However, in the absence of structural data with the full-length Tau protein, the stoichiometry of the complex or the interface and affinity of the partners is still unclear. In this work, we addressed these points, using a broad range of biophysical techniques. The interaction of the long and disordered Tau-PKA protein with 14-3-3σ is restricted to two short sequences, containing phosphorylated serines, which bind in the amphipathic binding groove of 14-3-3σ. Phosphorylation of Tau is fundamental for the formation of this stable complex, and the affinity of the Tau-PKA/14-3-3σ interaction is in the 1-10 micromolar range. Each monomer of the 14-3-3σ dimer binds one of two different phosphorylated peptides of Tau-PKA, suggesting a 14-3-3/Tau-PKA stoichiometry of 2 : 1, confirmed by analytical ultracentrifugation. These results contribute to a better understanding of this PPI and provide useful insights for drug discovery projects aiming at the modulation of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Filipe Neves
- CNRS ERL9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France.,Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Olivia Petrvalská
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Bosica
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - François-Xavier Cantrelle
- CNRS ERL9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France.,Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Hamida Merzougui
- CNRS ERL9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France.,Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gavin O'Mahony
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xavier Hanoulle
- CNRS ERL9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France.,Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Tomáš Obšil
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Isabelle Landrieu
- CNRS ERL9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France.,Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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24
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Obsilova V, Obsil T. A new role for 14-3-3 protein in steroidogenesis. FEBS J 2020; 287:3921-3924. [PMID: 32852115 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STARD1) is regulated by phosphorylation and 14-3-3 protein binding. STARD1 is a key player in cholesterol transport in mitochondria, and its regulation is not fully understood. Tugaeva et al. provide novel insights on the site-specific phosphorylation and subsequent 14-3-3-dependent regulation of STARD1 function. These results may help us understand the mechanism behind the regulation of steroidogenesis. Comment on: https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.15474.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Obsilova
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Obsil
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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25
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Design, expression, purification and crystallization of human 14-3-3ζ protein chimera with phosphopeptide from proapoptotic protein BAD. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 175:105707. [PMID: 32682909 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 protein isoforms regulate multiple processes in eukaryotes, including apoptosis and cell division. 14-3-3 proteins preferentially recognize phosphorylated unstructured motifs, justifying the protein-peptide binding approach to study 14-3-3/phosphotarget complexes. Tethering of human 14-3-3σ with partner phosphopeptides via a short linker has provided structural information equivalent to the use of synthetic phosphopeptides, simultaneously facilitating purification and crystallization. Nevertheless, the broader applicability to other 14-3-3 isoforms and phosphopeptides was unclear. Here, we designed a novel 14-3-3ζ chimera with a conserved phosphopeptide from BAD, whose complex with 14-3-3 is a gatekeeper of apoptosis regulation. The chimera could be bacterially expressed and purified without affinity tags. Co-expressed PKA efficiently phosphorylates BAD within the chimera and blocks its interaction with a known 14-3-3 phosphotarget, suggesting occupation of the 14-3-3 grooves by the tethered BAD phosphopeptide. Efficient crystallization of the engineered protein suggests suitability of the "chimeric" approach for studies of other relevant 14-3-3 complexes.
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26
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Trcka F, Durech M, Vankova P, Vandova V, Simoncik O, Kavan D, Vojtesek B, Muller P, Man P. The interaction of the mitochondrial protein importer TOMM34 with HSP70 is regulated by TOMM34 phosphorylation and binding to 14-3-3 adaptors. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8928-8944. [PMID: 32371396 PMCID: PMC7335785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 34 (TOMM34) orchestrates heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)/HSP90-mediated transport of mitochondrial precursor proteins. Here, using in vitro phosphorylation and refolding assays, analytical size-exclusion chromatography, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange MS, we found that TOMM34 associates with 14-3-3 proteins after its phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). PKA preferentially targeted two serine residues in TOMM34: Ser93 and Ser160, located in the tetratricopeptide repeat 1 (TPR1) domain and the interdomain linker, respectively. Both of these residues were necessary for efficient 14-3-3 protein binding. We determined that phosphorylation-induced structural changes in TOMM34 are further augmented by binding to 14-3-3, leading to destabilization of TOMM34's secondary structure. We also observed that this interaction with 14-3-3 occludes the TOMM34 interaction interface with ATP-bound HSP70 dimers, which leaves them intact and thereby eliminates an inhibitory effect of TOMM34 on HSP70-mediated refolding in vitro In contrast, we noted that TOMM34 in complex with 14-3-3 could bind HSP90. Both TOMM34 and 14-3-3 participated in cytosolic precursor protein transport mediated by the coordinated activities of HSP70 and HSP90. Our results provide important insights into how PKA-mediated phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding regulate the availability of TOMM34 for its interaction with HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Trcka
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Durech
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Vankova
- BioCeV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vandova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oliver Simoncik
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Kavan
- BioCeV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Muller
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Man
- BioCeV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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27
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Plank M, Perepelkina M, Müller M, Vaga S, Zou X, Bourgoint C, Berti M, Saarbach J, Haesendonckx S, Winssinger N, Aebersold R, Loewith R. Chemical Genetics of AGC-kinases Reveals Shared Targets of Ypk1, Protein Kinase A and Sch9. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:655-671. [PMID: 32102971 PMCID: PMC7124472 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.001955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation cascades play a central role in the regulation of cell growth and protein kinases PKA, Sch9 and Ypk1 take center stage in regulating this process in S. cerevisiae To understand how these kinases co-ordinately regulate cellular functions we compared the phospho-proteome of exponentially growing cells without and with acute chemical inhibition of PKA, Sch9 and Ypk1. Sites hypo-phosphorylated upon PKA and Sch9 inhibition were preferentially located in RRxS/T-motifs suggesting that many are directly phosphorylated by these enzymes. Interestingly, when inhibiting Ypk1 we not only detected several hypo-phosphorylated sites in the previously reported RxRxxS/T-, but also in an RRxS/T-motif. Validation experiments revealed that neutral trehalase Nth1, a known PKA target, is additionally phosphorylated and activated downstream of Ypk1. Signaling through Ypk1 is therefore more closely related to PKA- and Sch9-signaling than previously appreciated and may perform functions previously only attributed to the latter kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Plank
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Competence in Research - Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Mariya Perepelkina
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Markus Müller
- National Centre of Competence in Research - Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Vaga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoming Zou
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clélia Bourgoint
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marina Berti
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Saarbach
- National Centre of Competence in Research - Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Steven Haesendonckx
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- National Centre of Competence in Research - Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, CH-8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robbie Loewith
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland; National Centre of Competence in Research - Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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28
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Wolter M, Santo DL, Herman P, Ballone A, Centorrino F, Obsil T, Ottmann C. Interaction of an IκBα Peptide with 14-3-3. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:5380-5388. [PMID: 32201828 PMCID: PMC7081424 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses mediated by the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) play key roles in immunity, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. NF-κB is directly regulated through protein-protein interactions, including those with IκB and 14-3-3 proteins. These two important regulatory proteins have been reported to interact with each other, although little is known about this interaction. We analyzed the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B α (IκBα)/14-3-3σ interaction via a peptide/protein-based approach. Structural data were acquired via X-ray crystallography, while binding affinities were measured with fluorescence polarization assays and time-resolved tryptophan fluorescence. A high-resolution crystal structure (1.13 Å) of the uncommon 14-3-3 interaction motif of IκBα (IκBαpS63) in a complex with 14-3-3σ was evaluated. This motif harbors a tryptophan that makes this crystal structure the first one with such a residue visible in the electron density at that position. We used this tryptophan to determine the binding affinity of the unlabeled IκBα peptide to 14-3-3 via tryptophan fluorescence decay measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madita Wolter
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Domenico Lentini Santo
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Herman
- Institute
of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague 12116, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Ballone
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Centorrino
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tomas Obsil
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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29
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Kalabova D, Filandr F, Alblova M, Petrvalska O, Horvath M, Man P, Obsil T, Obsilova V. 14-3-3 protein binding blocks the dimerization interface of caspase-2. FEBS J 2020; 287:3494-3510. [PMID: 31961068 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Among all species, caspase-2 (C2) is the most evolutionarily conserved caspase required for effective initiation of apoptosis following death stimuli. C2 is activated through dimerization and autoproteolytic cleavage and inhibited through phosphorylation at Ser139 and Ser164 , within the linker between the caspase recruitment and p19 domains of the zymogen, followed by association with the adaptor protein 14-3-3, which maintains C2 in its immature form procaspase (proC2). However, the mechanism of 14-3-3-dependent inhibition of C2 activation remains unclear. Here, we report the structural characterization of the complex between proC2 and 14-3-3 by hydrogen/deuterium mass spectrometry and protein crystallography to determine the molecular basis for 14-3-3-mediated inhibition of C2 activation. Our data reveal that the 14-3-3 dimer interacts with proC2 not only through ligand-binding grooves but also through other regions outside the central channel, thus explaining the isoform-dependent specificity of 14-3-3 protein binding to proC2 and the substantially higher binding affinity of 14-3-3 protein to proC2 than to the doubly phosphorylated peptide. The formation of the complex between 14-3-3 protein and proC2 does not induce any large conformational change in proC2. Furthermore, 14-3-3 protein interacts with and masks both the nuclear localization sequence and the C-terminal region of the p12 domain of proC2 through transient interactions in which both the p19 and p12 domains of proC2 are not firmly docked onto the surface of 14-3-3. This masked region of p12 domain is involved in C2 dimerization. Therefore, 14-3-3 protein likely inhibits proC2 activation by blocking its dimerization surface. DATABASES: Structural data are available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession numbers 6SAD and 6S9K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Kalabova
- Division BIOCEV, Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Filandr
- Division BIOCEV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Alblova
- Division BIOCEV, Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Olivia Petrvalska
- Division BIOCEV, Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Horvath
- Division BIOCEV, Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Man
- Division BIOCEV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Obsil
- Division BIOCEV, Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Obsilova
- Division BIOCEV, Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
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30
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Sakaguchi M. Diverse and common features of trehalases and their contributions to microbial trehalose metabolism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1837-1847. [PMID: 31925485 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a stable disaccharide that consists of two glucose units linked primarily by an α,α-(1 → 1)-linkage, and it has been found in a wide variety of organisms. In these organisms, trehalose functions not only as a source of carbon energy but also as a protector against various stress conditions. In addition, this disaccharide is attractive for use in a wide range of applications due to its bioactivities. In trehalose metabolism, direct trehalose-hydrolyzing enzymes are known as trehalases, which have been reported for bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, and are classified into glycoside hydrolase 37 (GH37), GH65, and GH15 families according to the Carbohydrate-Active enZyme (CAZy) database. The catalytic domains (CDs) of these enzymes commonly share (α/α)6-barrel structures and have two amino acid residues, Asp and/or Glu, that function as catalytic residues in an inverting mechanism. In this review, I focus on diverse and common features of trehalases within different GH families and their contributions to microbial trehalose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan.
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31
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The activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Na+, K+/H+ antiporter Nha1 is negatively regulated by 14-3-3 protein binding at serine 481. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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32
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Tugaeva KV, Kalacheva DI, Cooley RB, Strelkov SV, Sluchanko NN. Concatenation of 14-3-3 with partner phosphoproteins as a tool to study their interaction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15007. [PMID: 31628352 PMCID: PMC6802120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory 14-3-3 proteins interact with a plethora of phosphorylated partner proteins, however 14-3-3 complexes feature intrinsically disordered regions and often a transient type of interactions making structural studies difficult. Here we engineer and examine a chimera of human 14-3-3 tethered to a nearly complete partner HSPB6 which is phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA). HSPB6 includes a long disordered N-terminal domain (NTD), a phosphorylation motif around Ser16, and a core α-crystallin domain (ACD) responsible for dimerisation. The chosen design enables an unstrained binding of pSer16 in each 1433 subunit and secures the correct 2:2 stoichiometry. Differential scanning calorimetry, limited proteolysis and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) support the proper folding of both the 14-3-3 and ACD dimers within the chimera, and indicate that the chimera retains the overall architecture of the native complex of 14-3-3 and phosphorylated HSPB6 that has recently been resolved using crystallography. At the same time, the SAXS data highlight the weakness of the secondary interface between the ACD dimer and the C-terminal lobe of 14-3-3 observed in the crystal structure. Applied to other 14-3-3 complexes, the chimeric approach may help probe the stability and specificity of secondary interfaces for targeting them with small molecules in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina V Tugaeva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria I Kalacheva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Richard B Cooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Sergei V Strelkov
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikolai N Sluchanko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia. .,Department of Biophysics, School of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia.
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33
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Valenti D, Neves JF, Cantrelle FX, Hristeva S, Lentini Santo D, Obšil T, Hanoulle X, Levy LM, Tzalis D, Landrieu I, Ottmann C. Set-up and screening of a fragment library targeting the 14-3-3 protein interface. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1796-1802. [PMID: 31814953 PMCID: PMC6839876 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00215d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are at the core of regulation mechanisms in biological systems and consequently became an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. PPIs involving the adapter protein 14-3-3 are representative examples given the broad range of partner proteins forming a complex with one of its seven human isoforms. Given the challenges represented by the nature of these interactions, fragment-based approaches offer a valid alternative for the development of PPI modulators. After having assembled a fragment set tailored on PPIs' modulation, we started a screening campaign on the sigma isoform of 14-3-3 adapter proteins. Through the use of both mono- and bi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements, coupled with differential scanning fluorimetry, three fragment hits were identified. These molecules bind the protein at two different regions distant from the usual binding groove highlighting new possibilities for selective modulation of 14-3-3 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Valenti
- Medicinal Chemistry , Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG , Emil-Figge-Straße 76a , 44227 , Dortmund , Germany .
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Technische Universiteit Eindhoven , Den Dolech 2 , 5612 AZ Eindhoven , The Netherlands .
| | | | | | - Stanimira Hristeva
- Medicinal Chemistry , Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG , Emil-Figge-Straße 76a , 44227 , Dortmund , Germany .
| | - Domenico Lentini Santo
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Charles University , 12843 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Obšil
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Charles University , 12843 Prague , Czech Republic
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins , Division BIOCEV , Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic
| | - Xavier Hanoulle
- Univ. Lille , CNRS , UMR 8576 - UGSF , F-59000 Lille , France .
| | - Laura M Levy
- Medicinal Chemistry , Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG , Emil-Figge-Straße 76a , 44227 , Dortmund , Germany .
| | - Dimitrios Tzalis
- Medicinal Chemistry , Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG , Emil-Figge-Straße 76a , 44227 , Dortmund , Germany .
| | | | - Christian Ottmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Technische Universiteit Eindhoven , Den Dolech 2 , 5612 AZ Eindhoven , The Netherlands .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstraße 7 , 45117 , Essen , Germany
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34
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Lalle M, Fiorillo A. The protein 14-3-3: A functionally versatile molecule in Giardia duodenalis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:51-103. [PMID: 31630760 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a cosmopolitan zoonotic protozoan parasite causing giardiasis, one of the most common diarrhoeal diseases in human and animals. Beyond its public health relevance, Giardia represents a valuable and fascinating model microorganism. The deep-branching phylogenetic position of Giardia, its simple life cycle and its minimalistic genomic and cellular organization provide a unique opportunity to define basal and "ancestral" eukaryotic functions. The eukaryotic 14-3-3 protein family represents a distinct example of phosphoserine/phosphothreonine-binding proteins. The extended network of protein-protein interactions established by 14-3-3 proteins place them at the crossroad of multiple signalling pathways that regulate physiological and pathological cellular processes. Despite the remarkable insight on 14-3-3 protein in different organisms, from yeast to humans, so far little attention was given to the study of this protein in protozoan parasites. However, in the last years, research efforts have provided evidences on unique properties of the single 14-3-3 protein of Giardia and on its association in key aspects of Giardia life cycle. In the first part of this chapter, a general overview of the features commonly shared among 14-3-3 proteins in different organisms (i.e. structure, target recognition, mode of action and regulatory mechanisms) is included. The second part focus on the current knowledge on the biochemistry and biology of the Giardia 14-3-3 protein and on the possibility to use this protein as target to propose new strategies for developing innovative antigiardial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lalle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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35
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Fan X, Cui L, Zeng Y, Song W, Gaur U, Yang M. 14-3-3 Proteins Are on the Crossroads of Cancer, Aging, and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143518. [PMID: 31323761 PMCID: PMC6678932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory adaptor molecules which are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. These proteins participate in a variety of intracellular processes by recognizing specific phosphorylation motifs and interacting with hundreds of target proteins. Also, 14-3-3 proteins act as molecular chaperones, preventing the aggregation of unfolded proteins under conditions of cellular stress. Furthermore, 14-3-3 proteins have been shown to have similar expression patterns in tumors, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we put forward the idea that the adaptor activity and chaperone-like activity of 14-3-3 proteins might play a substantial role in the above-mentioned conditions. Interestingly, 14-3-3 proteins are considered to be standing at the crossroads of cancer, aging, and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. There are great possibilities to improve the above-mentioned diseases and conditions through intervention in the activity of the 14-3-3 protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Fan
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lang Cui
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Zeng
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenhao Song
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Uma Gaur
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingyao Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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36
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Alblova M, Smidova A, Kalabova D, Lentini Santo D, Obsil T, Obsilova VO. Allosteric activation of yeast enzyme neutral trehalase by calcium and 14-3-3 protein. Physiol Res 2019; 68:147-160. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutral trehalase 1 (Nth1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyzes disaccharide trehalose hydrolysis and helps yeast to survive adverse conditions, such as heat shock, starvation or oxidative stress. 14-3-3 proteins, master regulators of hundreds of partner proteins, participate in many key cellular processes. Nth1 is activated by phosphorylation followed by 14-3-3 protein (Bmh) binding. The activation mechanism is also potentiated by Ca(2+) binding within the EF-hand-like motif. This review summarizes the current knowledge about trehalases and the molecular and structural basis of Nth1 activation. The crystal structure of fully active Nth1 bound to 14-3-3 protein provided the first high-resolution view of a trehalase from a eukaryotic organism and showed 14-3-3 proteins as structural modulators and allosteric effectors of multi-domain binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alblova
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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37
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Shi M, Xu D. Molecular Dynamics Investigations Suggest a Non-specific Recognition Strategy of 14-3-3σ Protein by Tweezer: Implication for the Inhibition Mechanism. Front Chem 2019; 7:237. [PMID: 31058132 PMCID: PMC6478809 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The supramolecular complex formed between protein and designed molecule has become one of the most efficient ways to modify protein functions. As one of the more well-studied model systems, 14-3-3 family proteins play an important role in regulating intracellular signaling pathways via protein-protein interactions. In this work, we selected 14-3-3σ as the target protein. Molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations were applied to identify the possible binding sites and understand its recognition ability of the supramolecular inhibitor, the tweezer molecule (CLR01). On the basis of our simulation, major interactions between lysine residues and CLR01 come from the van der Waals interactions between the long alkyl chain of lysine and the cavity formed by the norbornadiene and benzene rings of the inhibitor. Apart from K214, which was found to be crystallized with this inhibitor, other lysine sites have also shown their abilities to form inclusion complexes with the inhibitor. Such non-specific recognition features of CLR01 against 14-3-3σ can be used in the modification of protein functions via supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsong Shi
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingguo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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38
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Sluchanko NN, Bustos DM. Intrinsic disorder associated with 14-3-3 proteins and their partners. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 166:19-61. [PMID: 31521232 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) mediate a variety of cellular processes and form complex networks, where connectivity is achieved owing to the "hub" proteins whose interaction with multiple protein partners is facilitated by the intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) and posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Universal regulatory proteins of the eukaryotic 14-3-3 family nicely exemplify these concepts and are the focus of this chapter. The extremely wide interactome of 14-3-3 proteins is characterized by high levels of intrinsic disorder (ID) enabling protein phosphorylation and consequent specific binding to the well-structured 14-3-3 dimers, one of the first phosphoserine/phosphothreonine binding modules discovered. However, high ID enrichment also challenges structural studies, thereby limiting the progress in the development of small molecule modulators of the key 14-3-3 PPIs of increased medical importance. Besides the well-known structural flexibility of their variable C-terminal tails, recent studies revealed the strong and conserved ID propensity hidden in the N-terminal segment of 14-3-3 proteins (~40 residues), normally forming the α-helical dimerization region, that may have a potential role for the dimer/monomer dynamics and recently reported moonlighting chaperone-like activity of these proteins. We review the role of ID in the 14-3-3 structure, their interactome, and also in selected 14-3-3 complexes. In addition, we discuss approaches that, in the future, may help minimize the disproportion between the large amount of known 14-3-3 partners and the small number of 14-3-3 complexes characterized with atomic precision, to unleash the whole potential of 14-3-3 PPIs as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai N Sluchanko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Diego M Bustos
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CC56, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
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39
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Adhav A, Harne S, Bhide A, Giri A, Gayathri P, Joshi R. Mechanistic insights into enzymatic catalysis by trehalase from the insect gut endosymbiont Enterobacter cloacae. FEBS J 2019; 286:1700-1716. [PMID: 30657252 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism in the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella is facilitated by trehalase, an enzyme which assists in trehalose hydrolysis, from the predominant gut bacterium Enterobacter cloacae. We report the biochemical and structural characterization of recombinant trehalase from E. cloacae (Px_EclTre). Px_EclTre showed KM of 1.47 (±0.05) mm, kcat of 6254.72 min-1 and Vmax 0.2 (±0.002) mm·min-1 at 55 °C and acidic pH. Crystal structures of Px_EclTre were determined in the ligand-free form and bound to the inhibitor Validoxylamine A. The crystal structure of the ligand-free form, unavailable until now for any other bacterial trehalases, enabled us to delineate the conformational changes accompanying ligand binding in trehalases. Multiple salt bridges were identified that potentially facilitated closure of a hood over the substrate-binding site. A cluster of five tryptophans lined the -1 substrate-binding subsite, interacted with crucial active site residues and contributed to both trehalase activity and stability. The importance of these residues in enzyme activity was further validated by mutagenesis studies. Many of these identified residues form part of signature motifs and other conserved sequences in trehalases. The structure analysis thus led to the assignment of the functional role to these conserved residues. This information can be further explored for the design of effective inhibitors against trehalases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Adhav
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, India
| | - Shrikant Harne
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Amey Bhide
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Ashok Giri
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | | | - Rakesh Joshi
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, India
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40
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Chalupska D, Różycki B, Humpolickova J, Faltova L, Klima M, Boura E. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KB) forms highly flexible heterocomplexes that include ACBD3, 14-3-3, and Rab11 proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:567. [PMID: 30679637 PMCID: PMC6345845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KB) is a key enzyme of the Golgi system because it produces its lipid hallmark - the phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P). It is recruited to Golgi by the Golgi resident ACBD3 protein, regulated by 14-3-3 proteins and it also serves as an adaptor because it recruits the small GTPase Rab11. Here, we analyzed the protein complexes formed by PI4KB in vitro using small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and we discovered that these protein complexes are highly flexible. The 14-3-3:PI4KB:Rab11 protein complex has 2:1:1 stoichiometry and its different conformations are rather compact, however, the ACBD3:PI4KB protein complex has both, very compact and very extended conformations. Furthermore, in vitro reconstitution revealed that the membrane is necessary for the formation of ACBD3:PI4KB:Rab11 protein complex at physiological (nanomolar) concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Chalupska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bartosz Różycki
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jana Humpolickova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Faltova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Martin Klima
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2., Prague, Czech Republic.
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41
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Smidova A, Alblova M, Kalabova D, Psenakova K, Rosulek M, Herman P, Obsil T, Obsilova V. 14-3-3 protein masks the nuclear localization sequence of caspase-2. FEBS J 2018; 285:4196-4213. [PMID: 30281929 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-2 is an apical protease responsible for the proteolysis of cellular substrates directly involved in mediating apoptotic signaling cascades. Caspase-2 activation is inhibited by phosphorylation followed by binding to the scaffolding protein 14-3-3, which recognizes two phosphoserines located in the linker between the caspase recruitment domain and the p19 domains of the caspase-2 zymogen. However, the structural details of this interaction and the exact role of 14-3-3 in the regulation of caspase-2 activation remain unclear. Moreover, the caspase-2 region with both 14-3-3-binding motifs also contains the nuclear localization sequence (NLS), thus suggesting that 14-3-3 binding may regulate the subcellular localization of caspase-2. Here, we report a structural analysis of the 14-3-3ζ:caspase-2 complex using a combined approach based on small angle X-ray scattering, NMR, chemical cross-linking, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The structural model proposed in this study suggests that phosphorylated caspase-2 and 14-3-3ζ form a compact and rigid complex in which the p19 and the p12 domains of caspase-2 are positioned within the central channel of the 14-3-3 dimer and stabilized through interactions with the C-terminal helices of both 14-3-3ζ protomers. In this conformation, the surface of the p12 domain, which is involved in caspase-2 activation by dimerization, is sterically occluded by the 14-3-3 dimer, thereby likely preventing caspase-2 activation. In addition, 14-3-3 protein binding to caspase-2 masks its NLS. Therefore, our results suggest that 14-3-3 protein binding to caspase-2 may play a key role in regulating caspase-2 activation. DATABASE: The atomic coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank, www.ww pdb.org (PDB ID codes 6GKF and 6GKG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Smidova
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Alblova
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Kalabova
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Psenakova
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Rosulek
- Division BIOCEV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Herman
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Obsil
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Obsilova
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
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42
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Karlberg T, Hornyak P, Pinto AF, Milanova S, Ebrahimi M, Lindberg M, Püllen N, Nordström A, Löverli E, Caraballo R, Wong EV, Näreoja K, Thorsell AG, Elofsson M, De La Cruz EM, Björkegren C, Schüler H. 14-3-3 proteins activate Pseudomonas exotoxins-S and -T by chaperoning a hydrophobic surface. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3785. [PMID: 30224724 PMCID: PMC6141617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas are a common cause of hospital-acquired infections that may be lethal. ADP-ribosyltransferase activities of Pseudomonas exotoxin-S and -T depend on 14-3-3 proteins inside the host cell. By binding in the 14-3-3 phosphopeptide binding groove, an amphipathic C-terminal helix of ExoS and ExoT has been thought to be crucial for their activation. However, crystal structures of the 14-3-3β:ExoS and -ExoT complexes presented here reveal an extensive hydrophobic interface that is sufficient for complex formation and toxin activation. We show that C-terminally truncated ExoS ADP-ribosyltransferase domain lacking the amphipathic binding motif is active when co-expressed with 14-3-3. Moreover, swapping the amphipathic C-terminus with a fragment from Vibrio Vis toxin creates a 14-3-3 independent toxin that ADP-ribosylates known ExoS targets. Finally, we show that 14-3-3 stabilizes ExoS against thermal aggregation. Together, this indicates that 14-3-3 proteins activate exotoxin ADP-ribosyltransferase domains by chaperoning their hydrophobic surfaces independently of the amphipathic C-terminal segment. The cellular toxicity of Pseudomonas exotoxin-S and -T depends on their activation by 14-3-3 but the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood. Here, the authors show that a previously unrecognized 14-3-3:exotoxin binding interface is sufficient for complex formation and toxin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Karlberg
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 4c, 14157, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Peter Hornyak
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 4c, 14157, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ana Filipa Pinto
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 4c, 14157, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Stefina Milanova
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Berzelius väg 35, 17165, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mahsa Ebrahimi
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 4c, 14157, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mikael Lindberg
- Protein Expertise Platform, Umeå University, Kemihuset, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nikolai Püllen
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 4c, 14157, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Axel Nordström
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 4c, 14157, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Elinor Löverli
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 4c, 14157, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Rémi Caraballo
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Kemihuset, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Emily V Wong
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,University of California, San Francisco Medical School, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Katja Näreoja
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 4c, 14157, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ann-Gerd Thorsell
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 4c, 14157, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mikael Elofsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Kemihuset, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Enrique M De La Cruz
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Camilla Björkegren
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 4c, 14157, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Berzelius väg 35, 17165, Solna, Sweden
| | - Herwig Schüler
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 4c, 14157, Huddinge, Sweden.
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43
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Tellis MB, Gujar NN, Joshi RS. Evolutionary and structure-function analysis elucidates diversification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic trehalases. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2926-2937. [PMID: 30052167 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1497542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Trehalase catalyses the breakdown of trehalose into two glucose moieties and is ubiquitous in all organisms. Here, we provide insights into the enigmatic origin and evolution of trehalase in major species. Study of taxonomic distribution, orthology, phylogeny and functional domains indicated that trehalase possibly originates from bacteria and was transmitted to other taxa through horizontal gene transfer. Domain analysis showed that glycosyl hydrolase family 37 is present in most of the sequences and represents dominant activity during evolution, and also, illustrating that cytosolic trehalase is primitive than its transmembrane form. Furthermore, it was observed that trehalase went through domain rearrangement to facilitate its activity in adverse environmental conditions like acidic pH. Gene context analysis depicts that trehalase neighbourhood consists of sugar transport and lipid metabolism genes. This highlights their relatedness in metabolic activity and similarity in gene regulation, respectively. Evolutionary and selection pressure analysis demonstrated that trehalase genes were duplicated and evolved under purifying selection, following horizontal gene transfer. Moreover, site-specific rate of evolution emphasized conservation of functionally important residues. In comparison with acid trehalase, neutral trehalase has an extra N-terminal extension. This study serves as an instigation to understand evolution and functionality of trehalase across diverse species. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi B Tellis
- a Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology , Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , India
| | - Nidhi N Gujar
- a Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology , Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , India
| | - Rakesh S Joshi
- a Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology , Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , India
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44
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14-3-3 protein directly interacts with the kinase domain of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK2). Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1612-1625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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45
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Yuasa M, Okamura T, Kimura M, Honda S, Shin Y, Kawakita M, Oyama F, Sakaguchi M. Two trehalose-hydrolyzing enzymes from Crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius exhibit distinct activities and affinities toward trehalose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4445-4455. [PMID: 29574614 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two archaeal trehalase-like genes, Saci1250 and Saci1816, belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 15 (GH15) from the acidophilic Crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius were expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene products showed trehalose-hydrolyzing activities, and the names SaTreH1 and SaTreH2 were assigned to Saci1816 and Saci1250 gene products, respectively. These newly identified enzymes functioned within a narrow range of acidic pH values at elevated temperatures, which is similar to the behavior of Euryarchaeota Thermoplasma trehalases. SaTreH1 displayed high KM and kcat values, whereas SaTreH2 had lower KM and kcat values despite a high degree of identity in their primary structures. A mutation analysis indicated that two glutamic acid residues in SaTreH1, E374 and E574, may be involved in trehalase catalysis because SaTreH1 E374Q and E574Q showed greatly reduced trehalose-hydrolyzing activities. Additional mutations substituting G573 and H575 residues with serine and glutamic acid residues, respectively, to mimic the TVN1315 sequence resulted in a decrease in trehalase activity and thermal stability. Taken together, the results indicated that Crenarchaea trehalases adopt active site structures that are similar to Euryarchaeota enzymes but have distinct molecular features. The identification of these trehalases could extend our understanding of the relationships between the structure and function of GH15 trehalases as well as other family enzymes and will provide insights into archaeal trehalose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Yuasa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okamura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Shotaro Honda
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Yongchol Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Masao Kawakita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan.,Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kami-kitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan.
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Sluchanko NN. Association of Multiple Phosphorylated Proteins with the 14-3-3 Regulatory Hubs: Problems and Perspectives. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:20-26. [PMID: 29180038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are well-known universal regulators binding a vast number of partners by recognizing their phosphorylated motifs, typically located within the intrinsically disordered regions. The abundance of such phosphomotifs ensures the involvement of 14-3-3 proteins in sophisticated protein-protein interaction networks that govern vital cellular processes. Thousands of 14-3-3 partners have been either experimentally identified or predicted, but the spatiotemporal hierarchy of the processes based on 14-3-3 interactions is not clearly understood. This is exacerbated by the lack of available structural information on full regulatory complexes involving 14-3-3, which resist high-resolution structural studies due to the presence of intrinsically disordered regions. Although deducing three-dimensional structures is of particular urgency, structural advances are lagging behind the rate at which novel 14-3-3 partners are discovered. Here I attempted to critically review the current state of the field and in particular to dissect the unknowns, focusing on questions that could help in moving the frontiers forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai N Sluchanko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Biophysics, School of Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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