1
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Curk T, Leyva SG, Pagonabarraga I. Discontinuous Transition in Electrolyte Flow through Charge-Patterned Nanochannels. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:078201. [PMID: 39213551 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.078201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the flow of an electrolyte through a rigid nanochannel decorated with a surface charge pattern. Employing lattice Boltzmann and dissipative particle dynamics methods, as well as analytical theory, we show that the electrohydrodynamic coupling leads to two distinct flow regimes. The accompanying discontinuous transition between slow, ionic, and fast, Poiseuille flows is observed at intermediate ion concentrations, channel widths, and electrostatic coupling strengths. These findings indicate routes to design nanochannels containing a typical aqueous electrolyte that exhibit a digital on-off flux response, which could be useful for nanofluidics and ionotronic applications.
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2
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Henrique F, Żuk PJ, Gupta A. A network model to predict ionic transport in porous materials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401656121. [PMID: 38787880 PMCID: PMC11145279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401656121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of electric-double-layer (EDL) charging in porous media is essential for advancements in next-generation energy storage devices. Due to the high computational demands of direct numerical simulations and a lack of interfacial boundary conditions for reduced-order models, the current understanding of EDL charging is limited to simple geometries. Here, we present a network model to predict EDL charging in arbitrary networks of long pores in the Debye-Hückel limit without restrictions on EDL thickness and pore radii. We demonstrate that electrolyte transport is described by Kirchhoff's laws in terms of the electrochemical potential of charge (the valence-weighted average of the ion electrochemical potentials) instead of the electric potential. By employing the equivalent circuit representation suggested by these modified Kirchhoff's laws, our methodology accurately captures the spatial and temporal dependencies of charge density and electric potential, matching results obtained from computationally intensive direct numerical simulations. Our network model provides results up to six orders of magnitude faster, enabling the efficient simulation of a triangular lattice of five thousand pores in 6 min. We employ the framework to study the impact of pore connectivity and polydispersity on electrode charging dynamics for pore networks and discuss how these factors affect the time scale, energy density, and power density of capacitive charging. The scalability and versatility of our methodology make it a rational tool for designing 3D-printed electrodes and for interpreting geometric effects on electrode impedance spectroscopy measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Henrique
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80303
| | - Paweł J. Żuk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw01-224, Poland
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LancasterLA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80303
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3
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Kamsma TM, Kim J, Kim K, Boon WQ, Spitoni C, Park J, van Roij R. Brain-inspired computing with fluidic iontronic nanochannels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320242121. [PMID: 38657046 PMCID: PMC11067030 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320242121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain's remarkable and efficient information processing capability is driving research into brain-inspired (neuromorphic) computing paradigms. Artificial aqueous ion channels are emerging as an exciting platform for neuromorphic computing, representing a departure from conventional solid-state devices by directly mimicking the brain's fluidic ion transport. Supported by a quantitative theoretical model, we present easy-to-fabricate tapered microchannels that embed a conducting network of fluidic nanochannels between a colloidal structure. Due to transient salt concentration polarization, our devices are volatile memristors (memory resistors) that are remarkably stable. The voltage-driven net salt flux and accumulation, that underpin the concentration polarization, surprisingly combine into a diffusionlike quadratic dependence of the memory retention time on the channel length, allowing channel design for a specific timescale. We implement our device as a synaptic element for neuromorphic reservoir computing. Individual channels distinguish various time series, that together represent (handwritten) numbers, for subsequent in silico classification with a simple readout function. Our results represent a significant step toward realizing the promise of fluidic ion channels as a platform to emulate the rich aqueous dynamics of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M. Kamsma
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584, The Netherlands
- Mathematical Institute, Department of Mathematics, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584, The Netherlands
| | - Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Willem Q. Boon
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584, The Netherlands
| | - Cristian Spitoni
- Mathematical Institute, Department of Mathematics, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584, The Netherlands
| | - Jungyul Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul04107, Republic of Korea
| | - René van Roij
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584, The Netherlands
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4
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Emmerich T, Teng Y, Ronceray N, Lopriore E, Chiesa R, Chernev A, Artemov V, Di Ventra M, Kis A, Radenovic A. Nanofluidic logic with mechano-ionic memristive switches. NATURE ELECTRONICS 2024; 7:271-278. [PMID: 38681725 PMCID: PMC11045460 DOI: 10.1038/s41928-024-01137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Neuromorphic systems are typically based on nanoscale electronic devices, but nature relies on ions for energy-efficient information processing. Nanofluidic memristive devices could thus potentially be used to construct electrolytic computers that mimic the brain down to its basic principles of operation. Here we report a nanofluidic device that is designed for circuit-scale in-memory processing. The device, which is fabricated using a scalable process, combines single-digit nanometric confinement and large entrance asymmetry and operates on the second timescale with a conductance ratio in the range of 9 to 60. In operando optical microscopy shows that the memory capabilities are due to the reversible formation of liquid blisters that modulate the conductance of the device. We use these mechano-ionic memristive switches to assemble logic circuits composed of two interactive devices and an ohmic resistor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Emmerich
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yunfei Teng
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- NCCR Bio-Inspired Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Ronceray
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Lopriore
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering & Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Chiesa
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering & Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrey Chernev
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vasily Artemov
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Andras Kis
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering & Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- NCCR Bio-Inspired Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Paul A, Aluru NR. Nanoscale electrohydrodynamic ion transport: Influences of channel geometry and polarization-induced surface charges. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:025105. [PMID: 38491612 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.025105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic ion transport has been studied in nanotubes, nanoslits, and nanopores to mimic the advanced functionalities of biological ion channels. However, probing how the intricate interplay between the electrical and mechanical interactions affects ion conduction in asymmetric nanoconduits presents further obstacles. Here, ion transport across a conical nanopore embedded in a polarizable membrane under an electric field and pressure is analyzed by numerically solving a continuum model based on the Poisson, Nernst-Planck, and Navier-Stokes equations. We report an anomalous ionic current depletion, of up to 75%, and an unexpected rise in current rectification when pressure is exerted along the external electric field. Membrane polarization is revealed as the prerequisite to obtain this previously undetected electrohydrodynamic coupling. The electric field induces large surface charges at the pore tip due to its conical shape, creating nonuniform electrical double layers (EDL) with a massive accumulation of electrolyte ions near the orifice. Once applied, the pressure distorts the quasiequilibrium distribution of the EDL ions to influence the nanopore conductivity. Our fundamental approach to inspect the effect of pressure on the channel EDL (and thus ionic conductance) in contrast to its effect on the current arising from the hydrodynamic streaming of ions further explains the pressure-sensitive ion transport in different nanochannels and physical regimes manifested in past experiments, including the hitherto inexplicit mechanism behind the mechanically activated ion transport in carbon nanotubes. This enhances our broad understanding of nanoscale electrohydrodynamic ion transport, yielding a platform to build nanofluidic devices and ionic circuits with more robust and tunable responses to electrical and mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghyadeep Paul
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - N R Aluru
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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6
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Li C, Zhai Y, Jiang H, Li S, Liu P, Gao L, Jiang L. Bioinspired light-driven chloride pump with helical porphyrin channels. Nat Commun 2024; 15:832. [PMID: 38280867 PMCID: PMC10821862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Halorhodopsin, a light-driven chloride pump, utilizes photonic energy to drive chloride ions across biological membranes, regulating the ion balance and conveying biological information. In the light-driven chloride pump process, the chloride-binding chromophore (protonated Schiff base) is crucial, able to form the active center by absorbing light and triggering the transport cycle. Inspired by halorhodopsin, we demonstrate an artificial light-driven chloride pump using a helical porphyrin channel array with excellent photoactivity and specific chloride selectivity. The helical porphyrin channels are formed by a porphyrin-core star block copolymer, and the defects along the channels can be effectively repaired by doping a small number of porphyrins. The well-repaired porphyrin channel exhibits the light-driven Cl- migration against a 3-fold concentration gradient, showing the ion pumping behavior. The bio-inspired artificial light-driven chloride pump provides a prospect for designing bioinspired responsive ion channel systems and high-performance optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhai
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Heming Jiang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Pengxiang Liu
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Longcheng Gao
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Jiang
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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7
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Kamsma TM, Boon WQ, Spitoni C, van Roij R. Unveiling the capabilities of bipolar conical channels in neuromorphic iontronics. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:125-140. [PMID: 37404026 PMCID: PMC10568261 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00022b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Conical channels filled with an aqueous electrolyte have been proposed as promising candidates for iontronic neuromorphic circuits. This is facilitated by a novel analytical model for the internal channel dynamics [T. M. Kamsma, W. Q. Boon, T. ter Rele, C. Spitoni and R. van Roij, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2023, 130(26), 268401], the relative ease of fabrication of conical channels, and the wide range of achievable memory retention times by varying the channel lengths. In this work, we demonstrate that the analytical model for conical channels can be generalized to channels with an inhomogeneous surface charge distribution, which we predict to exhibit significantly stronger current rectification and more pronounced memristive properties in the case of bipolar channels, i.e. channels where the tip and base carry a surface charge of opposite sign. Additionally, we show that the use of bipolar conical channels in a previously proposed iontronic circuit features hallmarks of neuronal communication, such as all-or-none action potentials and spike train generation. Bipolar channels allow, however, for circuit parameters in the range of their biological analogues, and exhibit membrane potentials that match well with biological mammalian action potentials, further supporting their potential biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Kamsma
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Mathematical Institute, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 6, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W Q Boon
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - C Spitoni
- Mathematical Institute, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 6, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R van Roij
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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8
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Salehirozveh M, Kure Larsen AK, Stojmenovic M, Thei F, Dong M. In-situ PLL-g-PEG Functionalized Nanopore for Enhancing Protein Characterization. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300515. [PMID: 37497831 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule nanopore detection technology has revolutionized proteomics research by enabling highly sensitive and label-free detection of individual proteins. Herein, we designed a small, portable, and leak-free flowcell made of PMMA for nanopore experiments. In addition, we developed an in situ functionalizing PLL-g-PEG approach to produce non-sticky nanopores for measuring the volume of diseases-relevant biomarker, such as the Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein. The in situ functionalization method allows continuous monitoring, ensuring adequate functionalization, which can be directly used for translocation experiments. The functionalized nanopores exhibit improved characteristics, including an increased nanopore lifetime and enhanced translocation events of the AAT proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrated the reduction in the translocation event's dwell time, along with an increase in current blockade amplitudes and translocation numbers under different voltage stimuli. The study also successfully measures the single AAT protein volume (253 nm3 ), which closely aligns with the previously reported hydrodynamic volume. The real-time in situ PLL-g-PEG functionalizing method and the developed nanopore flowcell hold great promise for various nanopores applications involving non-sticky single-molecule characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Salehirozveh
- Department Of Physics And Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Elements srl, Cesena, Italy
| | - Anne-Kathrine Kure Larsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biology - Center for Electromicrobiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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9
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Li C, Liu P, Zhi Y, Zhai Y, Liu Z, Gao L, Jiang L. Ultra-mechanosensitive Chloride Ion Transport through Bioinspired High-Density Elastomeric Nanochannels. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19098-19106. [PMID: 37603884 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive ion channels play crucial roles in physiological activities, where small mechanical stimuli induce the membrane tension, trigger the ion channels' deformation, and are further transformed into significant electrochemical signals. Artificial ion channels with stiff moduli have been developed to mimic mechanosensory behaviors, exhibiting an electrochemical response by the high-pressure-induced flow. However, fabricating flexible mechanosensitive channels capable of regulating specific ion transporting upon dramatic deformation has remained a challenge. Here, we demonstrate bioinspired high-density elastomeric channels self-assembled by polyisoprene-b-poly4-vinylpyridine, which exhibit ultra-mechanosensitive chloride ion transport resulting from nanochannel deformation. The PI-formed continuous elastic matrix can transmit external forces into internal tensions, while P4VP forms transmembrane chloride channels that undergo dramatic deformation and respond to mechanical stimuli. The integrated and flexible chloride channels present a dramatic and stable electrochemical signal toward a low pressure of 0.2 mbar. This research first demonstrates the artificial mechanosensory chloride channels, which could provide a promising avenue for designing flexible and responsive channel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Pengxiang Liu
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yafang Zhi
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhai
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Oxford Instrument Technology China, Beijing 100034, P. R China
| | - Longcheng Gao
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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10
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Kamsma TM, Boon WQ, Ter Rele T, Spitoni C, van Roij R. Iontronic Neuromorphic Signaling with Conical Microfluidic Memristors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:268401. [PMID: 37450821 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.268401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Experiments have shown that the conductance of conical channels, filled with an aqueous electrolyte, can strongly depend on the history of the applied voltage. These channels hence have a memory and are promising elements in brain-inspired (iontronic) circuits. We show here that the memory of such channels stems from transient concentration polarization over the ionic diffusion time. We derive an analytic approximation for these dynamics which shows good agreement with full finite-element calculations. Using our analytic approximation, we propose an experimentally realizable Hodgkin-Huxley iontronic circuit where micrometer cones take on the role of sodium and potassium channels. Our proposed circuit exhibits key features of neuronal communication such as all-or-none action potentials upon a pulse stimulus and a spike train upon a sustained stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Kamsma
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
- Mathematical Institute, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 6, 3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - W Q Boon
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - T Ter Rele
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - C Spitoni
- Mathematical Institute, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 6, 3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - R van Roij
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
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11
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Aarts M, Boon WQ, Cuénod B, Dijkstra M, van Roij R, Alarcon-Llado E. Ion Current Rectification and Long-Range Interference in Conical Silicon Micropores. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56226-56236. [PMID: 36484483 PMCID: PMC9782324 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluidic devices exhibiting ion current rectification (ICR), or ionic diodes, are of broad interest for applications including desalination, energy harvesting, and sensing, among others. For such applications a large conductance is desirable, which can be achieved by simultaneously using thin membranes and wide pores. In this paper we demonstrate ICR in micrometer sized conical channels in a thin silicon membrane with pore diameters comparable to the membrane thickness but both much larger than the electrolyte screening length. We show that for these pores the entrance resistance is key not only to Ohmic conductance around 0 V but also for understanding ICR, both of which we measure experimentally and capture within a single analytic theoretical framework. The only fit parameter in this theory is the membrane surface potential, for which we find that it is voltage dependent and its value is excessively large compared to the literature. From this we infer that surface charge outside the pore strongly contributes to the observed Ohmic conductance and rectification by a different extent. We experimentally verify this hypothesis in a small array of pores and find that ICR vanishes due to pore-pore interactions mediated through the membrane surface, while Ohmic conductance around 0 V remains unaffected. We find that the pore-pore interaction for ICR is set by a long-ranged decay of the concentration which explains the surprising finding that the ICR vanishes for even a sparsely populated array with a pore-pore spacing as large as 7 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Aarts
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 109, 1098 XGAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willem Q. Boon
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CCUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Blaise Cuénod
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 109, 1098 XGAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Dijkstra
- Soft
Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CCUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - René van Roij
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CCUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esther Alarcon-Llado
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 109, 1098 XGAmsterdam, Netherlands
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12
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Ding L, Zheng M, Xiao D, Zhao Z, Xue J, Zhang S, Caro J, Wang H. Bioinspired Ti
3
C
2
T
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MXene‐Based Ionic Diode Membrane for High‐Efficient Osmotic Energy Conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206152. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Mengting Zheng
- Centre for Catalysis and Clean Energy School of Environment and Science Gold Coast Campus Griffith University Gold Coast 4222 Australia
| | - Dan Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Zihao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jian Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Shanqing Zhang
- Centre for Catalysis and Clean Energy School of Environment and Science Gold Coast Campus Griffith University Gold Coast 4222 Australia
| | - Jürgen Caro
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Leibniz University Hannover Callinstraße 3A 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Haihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Membrane Materials and Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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13
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Ding L, Zheng M, Xiao D, Zhao Z, Xue J, Zhang S, Caro J, Wang H. Bioinspired Ti3C2Tx MXene‐Based Ionic Diode Membrane for High‐Efficient Osmotic Energy Conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Mengting Zheng
- Griffith University Centre for Catalysis and Clean Energy, School of Environment and Science AUSTRALIA
| | - Dan Xiao
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zihao Zhao
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jian Xue
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Shanqing Zhang
- Griffith University Centre for Catalysis and Clean Energy, School of Environment and Science AUSTRALIA
| | - Jürgen Caro
- Leibniz University Hannover Institute Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Callinstr. 3A 30167 Hannover GERMANY
| | - Haihui Wang
- Tsinghua University Department of Chemical Engineering CHINA
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14
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Jiang X, Zhao C, Noh Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Chen F, Ma L, Ren W, Aluru NR, Feng J. Nonlinear electrohydrodynamic ion transport in graphene nanopores. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj2510. [PMID: 35030026 PMCID: PMC8759738 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensitivity is one of the essential functionalities of biological ion channels. Synthesizing an artificial nanofluidic system to mimic such sensations will not only improve our understanding of these fluidic systems but also inspire applications. In contrast to the electrohydrodynamic ion transport in long nanoslits and nanotubes, coupling hydrodynamical and ion transport at the single-atom thickness remains challenging. Here, we report the pressure-modulated ion conduction in graphene nanopores featuring nonlinear electrohydrodynamic coupling. Increase of ionic conductance, ranging from a few percent to 204.5% induced by the pressure—an effect that was not predicted by the classical linear coupling of molecular streaming to voltage-driven ion transport—was observed experimentally. Computational and theoretical studies reveal that the pressure sensitivity of graphene nanopores arises from the transport of capacitively accumulated ions near the graphene surface. Our findings may help understand the electrohydrodynamic ion transport in nanopores and offer a new ion transport controlling methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Jiang
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhao
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yechan Noh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuang Chen
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fanfan Chen
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Laipeng Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wencai Ren
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Narayana R. Aluru
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jiandong Feng
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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15
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Li C, Liu P, Zhai Y, Yao L, Lin H, Gao L, Jiang L. Unconventional Dual Ion Selectivity Determined by the Forward Side of a Bipolar Channel toward Ion Flux. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:2230-2236. [PMID: 34936343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ion selectivity is an essential property of ion-selective membranes (ISMs). To date, all of the artificial ISMs have been reported to exhibit sole ion selectivity (SIS), either cation or anion selectivity. Here, we first demonstrate unconventional dual ion selectivity (DIS) in a bipolar channel membrane determined by the forward side toward ion flux. When the bipolar membrane meets the conditions of opposite ion selectivities and comparable resistance for both constructive layers, no matter which layer faces the ion flux, it functions as a selective layer and determines the selectivity of the whole membrane. The exploration of the unconventional DIS property inspires us to fabricate a new generation of ISMs, as well as other membranes for separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Pengxiang Liu
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhai
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Liqian Yao
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Hu Lin
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Longcheng Gao
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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16
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Xu Y, Yazbeck R, Duan C. Anomalous mechanosensitive ion transport in nanoparticle-blocked nanopores. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:224702. [PMID: 34241226 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Living organisms can sense extracellular forces via mechanosensitive ion channels, which change their channel conformations in response to external pressure and regulate ion transport through the cell membrane. Such pressure-regulated ion transport is critical for various biological processes, such as cellular turgor control and hearing in mammals, but has yet to be achieved in artificial systems using similar mechanisms. In this work, we construct a nanoconfinement by reversibly blocking a single nanopore with a nanoparticle and report anomalous and ultra-mechanosensitive ionic transport across the resulting nanoconfinement upon assorted mechanical and electrical stimuli. Our observation reveals a suppressed ion conduction through the system as the applied pressure increases, which imitates certain behaviors of stretch-inactivated ion channels in biological systems. Moreover, pressure-induced ionic current rectification is also observed despite the high ionic concentration of the solution. Using a combined experimental and simulation study, we correlate both phenomena to pressure-induced nanoparticle rotation and the resulting physical structure change in the blocked nanopore. This work presents a mechanosensitive nano-confinement requiring minimal fabrication techniques and provides new opportunities for bio-inspired nanofluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Rami Yazbeck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Chuanhua Duan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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17
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Varela L, Andraus S, Trizac E, Téllez G. Relaxation dynamics of two interacting electrical double-layers in a 1D Coulomb system. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:394001. [PMID: 34233303 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We consider an out-of-equilibrium one-dimensional model for two electrical double-layers. With a combination of exact calculations and Brownian dynamics simulations, we compute the relaxation time (τ) for an electroneutral salt-free suspension, made up of two fixed colloids, withNneutralizing mobile counterions. ForNodd, the two double-layers never decouple, irrespective of their separationL; this is the regime of like-charge attraction, whereτexhibits a diffusive scaling inL2for largeL. On the other hand, for evenN,Lno longer is the relevant length scale for setting the relaxation time; this role is played by the Bjerrum length. This leads to distinctly different dynamics: forNeven, thermal effects are detrimental to relaxation, increasingτ, while they accelerate relaxation forNodd. Finally, we also show that the mean-field theory is recovered for largeNand moreover, that it remains an operational treatment down to relatively small values ofN(N> 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Varela
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LPTMS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Sergio Andraus
- Graduate School of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | - Gabriel Téllez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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18
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Marion S, Macha M, Davis SJ, Chernev A, Radenovic A. Wetting of nanopores probed with pressure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4975-4987. [PMID: 33621304 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00253h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanopores are both a tool to study single-molecule biophysics and nanoscale ion transport, but also a promising material for desalination or osmotic power generation. Understanding the physics underlying ion transport through nano-sized pores allows better design of porous membrane materials. Material surfaces can present hydrophobicity, a property which can make them prone to formation of surface nanobubbles. Nanobubbles can influence the electrical transport properties of such devices. We demonstrate an approach which uses hydraulic pressure to probe the electrical transport properties of solid state nanopores. We show how pressure can be used to wet pores, and how it allows control over bubbles or other contaminants in the nanometer scale range normally unachievable using only an electrical driving force. Molybdenum disulfide is then used as a typical example of a 2D material on which we demonstrate wetting and bubble induced nonlinear and linear conductance in the regimes typically used with these experiments. We show that by using pressure one can identify and evade wetting artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjin Marion
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Michal Macha
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sebastian J Davis
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Andrey Chernev
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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19
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Zhu C, Liu P, Niu B, Liu Y, Xin W, Chen W, Kong XY, Zhang Z, Jiang L, Wen L. Metallic Two-Dimensional MoS2 Composites as High-Performance Osmotic Energy Conversion Membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1932-1940. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yannan Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Weiwen Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weipeng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yu Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Li C, Xiong T, Yu P, Fei J, Mao L. Synaptic Iontronic Devices for Brain-Mimicking Functions: Fundamentals and Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:71-84. [PMID: 35014277 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the information transmission mechanism in the central nervous systems of life, synapse-mimicking devices have been designed and fabricated for the purpose of breaking the bottleneck of von Neumann architecture and realizing the construction of effective hardware-based artificial intelligence. In this case, synaptic iontronic devices, dealing with current information with ions instead of electrons, have attracted enormous scientific interests owing to their unique characteristics provided by ions, such as the designability of charge carriers and the diversity of chemical regulation. Herein, the basic conception, working mechanism, performance metrics, and advanced applications of synaptic iontronic devices based on three-terminal transistors and two-terminal memristors are systematically reviewed and comprehensively discussed. This Review provides a prospect on how to realize artificial synaptic functions based on the regulation of ions and raises a series of further challenges unsolved in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tianyi Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjie Fei
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Zhou K, Xu Z. Nanoconfinement-Enforced Ion Correlation and Nanofluidic Ion Machinery. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8392-8398. [PMID: 33026226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Machines operating at the atomic level are of fundamental interests for information manipulation and communication. However, preparation of thermodynamically stable states and regulation of transitions between them at a low energy cost are challenging. We report that, by enforcing nanoconfinement and surface gating, one can control the configurations and dynamics of ions for computational tasks. The layered structures of water confined in nanochannels render the spatial and temporal correlation between ions, offering a number of distinct states with paired configurations. Free energy barriers for transitions between them are on the order of kBT, allowing modulation through external fields or surface charges at a low energy cost. Ionic switches, rectifiers, and logical gates are constructed following the physical rules elucidated at the molecular level, opening an avenue toward artificial nanofluidic functionalities such as efficient ionic machinery by configuring the ionic pairs and controlled mass/charge transport by tuning the strength of correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhou
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiping Xu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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22
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Davis SJ, Macha M, Chernev A, Huang DM, Radenovic A, Marion S. Pressure-Induced Enlargement and Ionic Current Rectification in Symmetric Nanopores. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8089-8095. [PMID: 33048551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanopores in solid state membranes are a tool able to probe nanofluidic phenomena or can act as a single molecular sensor. They also have diverse applications in filtration, desalination, or osmotic power generation. Many of these applications involve chemical, or hydrostatic pressure differences which act on both the supporting membrane, and the ion transport through the pore. By using pressure differences between the sides of the membrane and an alternating current approach to probe ion transport, we investigate two distinct physical phenomena: the elastic deformation of the membrane through the measurement of strain at the nanopore, and the growth of ionic current rectification with pressure due to pore entrance effects. These measurements are a significant step toward the understanding of the role of elastic membrane deformation or fluid flow on linear and nonlinear transport properties of nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Davis
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michal Macha
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrey Chernev
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David M Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sanjin Marion
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Vatin M, Porro A, Sator N, Dufrêche JF, Berthoumieux H. Electrostatic interactions in water: a nonlocal electrostatic approach. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1825849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Vatin
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée (LPTMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
- ICSM/LMCT Site de Marcoule, Bagnols sur Céze Cedex, France
| | - A. Porro
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée (LPTMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - N. Sator
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée (LPTMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - J.-F. Dufrêche
- ICSM/LMCT Site de Marcoule, Bagnols sur Céze Cedex, France
| | - H. Berthoumieux
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée (LPTMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
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24
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Jin Y, Ng T, Tao R, Luo S, Su Y, Li Z. Coupling effects in electromechanical ion transport in graphene nanochannels. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:033112. [PMID: 33075923 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.033112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations to study the transport of ions in electromechanical flows in slit-like graphene nanochannels. The variation of ionic currents indicates a nonlinear coupling between pressure-driven and electroosmotic flows, which enhances the ionic currents for electromechanical flows compared with the linear superposition of pressure-driven and electroosmotic flows. The nonlinear coupling is attributed to the reduction of the total potential energy barrier due to the density variations of ions and water molecules in the channel. The numerical results may offer molecular insights into the design of nanofluidic devices for energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakang Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tiniao Ng
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, FST, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuang Luo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, FST, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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25
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Oxidation promoted osmotic energy conversion in black phosphorus membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13959-13966. [PMID: 32513735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003898117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanofluidic ion transporting membranes show great promise in harvesting the "blue" osmotic energy between river water and sea water. Black phosphorus (BP), an emerging layered material, has recently been explored for a wide range of ambient applications. However, little attention has been paid to the extraction of the worldwide osmotic energy, despite its large potential as an energy conversion membrane. Here, we report an experimental investigation of BP membrane in osmotic energy conversion and reveal how the oxidation of BP influences power generation. Through controllable oxidation in water, power output of the BP membrane can be largely enhanced, which can be attributed to the generated charged phosphorus compounds. Depending on the valence of oxidized BP that is associated with oxygen concentration, the power density can be precisely controlled and substantially promoted by ∼220% to 1.6 W/m2 (compared with the pristine BP membrane). Moreover, through constructing a heterostructure with graphene oxide, ion selectivity of the BP membrane increases by ∼80%, contributing to enhanced charge separation efficiency and thus improved performance of ∼4.7 W/m2 that outperforms most of the state-of-the-art 2D nanofluidic membranes.
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26
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Matse M, Berg P, Eikerling M. Asymmetric double-layer charging in a cylindrical nanopore under closed confinement. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:084103. [PMID: 32113335 DOI: 10.1063/1.5139541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a physical-mathematical treatment and numerical simulations of electric double layer charging in a closed, finite, and cylindrical nanopore of circular cross section, embedded in a polymeric host with charged walls and sealed at both ends by metal electrodes under an external voltage bias. Modified Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations were used to account for finite ion sizes, subject to an electroneutrality condition. The time evolution of the formation and relaxation of the double layers was explored. Moreover, equilibrium ion distributions and differential capacitance curves were investigated as functions of the pore surface charge density, electrolyte concentration, ion sizes, and pore size. Asymmetric properties of the differential capacitance curves reveal that the structure of the double layer near each electrode is controlled by the charge concentration along the pore surface and by charge asymmetry in the electrolyte. These results carry implications for accurately simulating cylindrical capacitors and electroactuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpumelelo Matse
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Peter Berg
- Department of Science, University of Alberta, Camrose, Alberta T4V 2R3, Canada
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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27
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Qian F, Zhang W, Huang D, Li W, Wang Q, Zhao C. Electrokinetic power generation in conical nanochannels: regulation effects due to conicity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2386-2398. [PMID: 31938800 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05317d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrokinetic power generation is a promising clean energy production technology, which utilizes the electric double layer in a nanochannel to convert the hydrodynamic energy to electrical power. Previous research largely focused on electrokinetic power generation in nanochannels with a uniform cross-section. In this work, we perform a systematic investigation of electrokinetic power generation in a conical nanochannel. For this purpose, a multiphysical model consisting of the Planck-Nernst-Poisson equations and the Navier-Stokes equation is formulated and solved numerically. In particular, we discover various regulation effects in electrokinetic power generation in conical nanochannels, which manifest as the difference in the power generation characteristics (streaming potential, streaming current and current-voltage relationship) between two opposite pressure differences of the same magnitude. These regulation effects are found to originate from the conicity of the nanochannel. Furthermore, the regulation parameters are defined to quantify the observed regulation effects. Various regulation parameters can be up to severals tens of percent under extreme conditions (e.g., large pressure difference, high surface charge density or large conicity), indicating the substantial significance of the regulation effects in electrokinetic power generation. The conclusions from this work can serve as an important reference for the design and operation of nanofluidic electrokinetic power generation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wenyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Deng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wenbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qiuwang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Cunlu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China.
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28
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Li PN, Herrmann J, Wakatsuki S, van den Bedem H. Transport Properties of Nanoporous, Chemically Forced Biological Lattices. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10331-10342. [PMID: 31721579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b05882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Permselective nanochannels are ubiquitous in biological systems, controlling ion transport and maintaining a potential difference across a cell surface. Surface layers (S-layers) are proteinaceous, generally charged lattices punctuated with nanoscale pores that form the outermost cell envelope component of virtually all archaea and many bacteria. Ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) obtain their energy exclusively from oxidizing ammonia directly below the S-layer lattice, but how the charged surfaces and nanochannels affect availability of NH4+ at the reaction site is unknown. Here, we examine the electrochemical properties of negatively charged S-layers for asymmetrically forced ion transport governed by Michaelis-Menten kinetics at ultralow concentrations. Our 3-dimensional electrodiffusion reaction simulations revealed that a negatively charged S-layer can invert the potential across the nanochannel to favor chemically forced NH4+ transport, analogous to polarity switching in nanofluidic field-effect transistors. Polarity switching was not observed when only the interior of the nanochannels was charged. We found that S-layer charge, nanochannel geometry, and enzymatic turnover rate are finely tuned to elevate NH4+ concentration at the active site, potentially enabling AOA to occupy nutrient-poor ecological niches. Strikingly, and in contrast to voltage-biased systems, magnitudes of the co- and counterion currents in the charged nanochannels were nearly equal and amplified disproportionally to the NH4+ current. Our simulations suggest that engineered arrays of crystalline proteinaceous membranes could find unique applications in industrial energy conversion or separation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Nan Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , 318 Campus Drive , Stanford , California 94305 , United States.,Biosciences Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , 2575 Sand Hill Road , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Jonathan Herrmann
- Department of Structural Biology , Stanford University , 318 Campus Drive , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Soichi Wakatsuki
- Biosciences Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , 2575 Sand Hill Road , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States.,Department of Structural Biology , Stanford University , 318 Campus Drive , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Henry van den Bedem
- Biosciences Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Stanford University , 2575 Sand Hill Road , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , University of California San Francisco , 1700 Fourth Street , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
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Knowles SF, Keyser UF, Thorneywork AL. Noise properties of rectifying and non-rectifying nanopores. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 31:10LT01. [PMID: 31770739 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab5be3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Achieving a full understanding of the noise in resistive pulse sensing experiments is central to the development of this important single molecule technique. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the noise properties of conical glass nanopores as components in an ionic circuit by studying the power spectral density of the system in salt solutions at a range of concentrations. We begin by investigating the ionic current rectification of the pores, showing that it is only observed above a critical Dukhin number in agreement with theoretical predictions. We then investigate the noise properties of the pores and demonstrate that the fluctuations in the ionic current at no applied potential difference can be well modelled over four decades of frequency as thermal fluctuations over a complex impedance. Finally, we show that-when an ionic current flows-1/f noise dominates the power spectrum below ∼100 Hz. Fluctuations in the surface current govern the low-frequency 1/f noise, with the asymmetric shape of the pore leading the magnitude to scale with [Formula: see text], faster than predicted by Hooge's empirical relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Knowles
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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Asta AJ, Palaia I, Trizac E, Levesque M, Rotenberg B. Lattice Boltzmann electrokinetics simulation of nanocapacitors. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:114104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5119341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adelchi J. Asta
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Palaia
- LPTMS, UMR 8626, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Emmanuel Trizac
- LPTMS, UMR 8626, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Maximilien Levesque
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Rotenberg
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, Amiens, France
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31
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Dal Cengio S, Pagonabarraga I. Confinement-controlled rectification in a geometric nanofluidic diode. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:044707. [PMID: 31370530 DOI: 10.1063/1.5108723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments with electrolytes driven through conical nanopores give evidence of strong rectified current response. In such devices, the asymmetry in the confinement is responsible for the non-Ohmic response, suggesting that the interplay of entropic and enthalpic forces plays a major role. Here, we propose a theoretical model to shed light on the physical mechanism underlying ionic current rectification. By use of an effective description of the ionic dynamics, we explore the system's response in different electrostatic regimes. We show that the rectification efficiency, as well as the channel selectivity, is driven by the surface-to-bulk conductivity ratio Dukhin length rather than the electrical double layer overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dal Cengio
- Department of Condensed Matter, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Pagonabarraga
- Department of Condensed Matter, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Mouterde T, Keerthi A, Poggioli AR, Dar SA, Siria A, Geim AK, Bocquet L, Radha B. Molecular streaming and its voltage control in ångström-scale channels. Nature 2019; 567:87-90. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Poggioli AR, Siria A, Bocquet L. Beyond the Tradeoff: Dynamic Selectivity in Ionic Transport and Current Rectification. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:1171-1185. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b11202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Poggioli
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris 75005, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris 75005, France
| | - Alessandro Siria
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris 75005, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris 75005, France
| | - Lydéric Bocquet
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris 75005, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris 75005, France
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Vanderpoorten O, Peter Q, Challa PK, Keyser UF, Baumberg J, Kaminski CF, Knowles TPJ. Scalable integration of nano-, and microfluidics with hybrid two-photon lithography. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:40. [PMID: 31636930 PMCID: PMC6799807 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanofluidic devices have great potential for applications in areas ranging from renewable energy to human health. A crucial requirement for the successful operation of nanofluidic devices is the ability to interface them in a scalable manner with the outside world. Here, we demonstrate a hybrid two photon nanolithography approach interfaced with conventional mask whole-wafer UV-photolithography to generate master wafers for the fabrication of integrated micro and nanofluidic devices. Using this approach we demonstrate the fabrication of molds from SU-8 photoresist with nanofluidic features down to 230 nm lateral width and channel heights from micron to sub-100 nm. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the printing capabilities of the system and show the integration of nanofluidic channels into an existing microfluidic chip design. The functionality of the devices was demonstrated through super-resolution microscopy, allowing the observation of features below the diffraction limit of light produced using our approach. Single molecule localization of diffusing dye molecules verified the successful imprint of nanochannels and the spatial confinement of molecules to 200 nm across the nanochannel molded from the master wafer. This approach integrates readily with current microfluidic fabrication methods and allows the combination of microfluidic devices with locally two-photon-written nano-sized functionalities, enabling rapid nanofluidic device fabrication and enhancement of existing microfluidic device architectures with nanofluidic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Vanderpoorten
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB30HE UK
| | - Quentin Peter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
| | - Pavan K. Challa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
| | - Ulrich F. Keyser
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB30HE UK
| | - Jeremy Baumberg
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB30HE UK
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS UK
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB30HE UK
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Chinappi M, Malgaretti P. Charge polarization, local electroneutrality breakdown and eddy formation due to electroosmosis in varying-section channels. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:9083-9087. [PMID: 30418463 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01298a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We characterize the dynamics of an electrolyte embedded in a varying-section channel under the action of a constant external electrostatic field. By means of molecular dynamics simulations we determine the stationary density, charge and velocity profiles of the electrolyte. Our results show that when the Debye length is comparable to the width of the channel bottlenecks a concentration polarization along with two eddies sets inside the channel. Interestingly, upon increasing the external field, local electroneutrality breaks down and charge polarization sets leading to the onset of net dipolar field. This novel scenario, that cannot be captured by the standard approaches based on local electroneutrality, opens the route for the realization of novel micro and nano-fluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Chinappi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italia.
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