1
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Emmerich T, Teng Y, Ronceray N, Lopriore E, Chiesa R, Chernev A, Artemov V, Di Ventra M, Kis A, Radenovic A. Nanofluidic logic with mechano-ionic memristive switches. Nat Electron 2024; 7:271-278. [PMID: 38681725 PMCID: PMC11045460 DOI: 10.1038/s41928-024-01137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Neuromorphic systems are typically based on nanoscale electronic devices, but nature relies on ions for energy-efficient information processing. Nanofluidic memristive devices could thus potentially be used to construct electrolytic computers that mimic the brain down to its basic principles of operation. Here we report a nanofluidic device that is designed for circuit-scale in-memory processing. The device, which is fabricated using a scalable process, combines single-digit nanometric confinement and large entrance asymmetry and operates on the second timescale with a conductance ratio in the range of 9 to 60. In operando optical microscopy shows that the memory capabilities are due to the reversible formation of liquid blisters that modulate the conductance of the device. We use these mechano-ionic memristive switches to assemble logic circuits composed of two interactive devices and an ohmic resistor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Emmerich
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yunfei Teng
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- NCCR Bio-Inspired Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Ronceray
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Lopriore
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering & Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Chiesa
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering & Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrey Chernev
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vasily Artemov
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Andras Kis
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Institute of Electrical and Microengineering & Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- NCCR Bio-Inspired Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Sülzle J, Yang W, Shimoda Y, Ronceray N, Mayner E, Manley S, Radenovic A. Label-Free Imaging of DNA Interactions with 2D Materials. ACS Photonics 2024; 11:737-744. [PMID: 38405387 PMCID: PMC10885193 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer potential as substrates for biosensing devices, as their properties can be engineered to tune interactions between the surface and biomolecules. Yet, not many methods can measure these interactions in a liquid environment without introducing labeling agents such as fluorophores. In this work, we harness interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy, a label-free imaging technique, to investigate the interactions of single molecules of long dsDNA with 2D materials. The millisecond temporal resolution of iSCAT allows us to capture the transient interactions and to observe the dynamics of unlabeled DNA binding to a hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) surface in solution for extended periods (including a fraction of 10%, of trajectories lasting longer than 110 ms). Using a focused ion beam technique to engineer defects, we find that DNA binding affinity is enhanced at defects; when exposed to long lanes, DNA binds preferentially at the lane edges. Overall, we demonstrate that iSCAT imaging is a useful tool to study how biomolecules interact with 2D materials, a key component in engineering future biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sülzle
- Institute
of Physics and Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Experimental
Biophysics (LEB), École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Wayne Yang
- Institute
of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology (LBEN), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Yuta Shimoda
- Institute
of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology (LBEN), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Ronceray
- Institute
of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology (LBEN), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Eveline Mayner
- Institute
of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology (LBEN), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Suliana Manley
- Institute
of Physics and Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Experimental
Biophysics (LEB), École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Institute
of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology (LBEN), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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3
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Hannebelle MTM, Raeth E, Leitao SM, Lukeš T, Pospíšil J, Toniolo C, Venzin OF, Chrisnandy A, Swain PP, Ronceray N, Lütolf MP, Oates AC, Hagen GM, Lasser T, Radenovic A, McKinney JD, Fantner GE. Open-source microscope add-on for structured illumination microscopy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1550. [PMID: 38378733 PMCID: PMC10879112 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution techniques expand the abilities of researchers who have the knowledge and resources to either build or purchase a system. This excludes the part of the research community without these capabilities. Here we introduce the openSIM add-on to upgrade existing optical microscopes to Structured Illumination super-resolution Microscopes (SIM). The openSIM is an open-hardware system, designed and documented to be easily duplicated by other laboratories, making super-resolution modality accessible to facilitate innovative research. The add-on approach gives a performance improvement for pre-existing lab equipment without the need to build a completely new system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie T M Hannebelle
- School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Esther Raeth
- School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samuel M Leitao
- School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Lukeš
- School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Pospíšil
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier F Venzin
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonius Chrisnandy
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Prabhu P Swain
- School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Ronceray
- School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Lütolf
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew C Oates
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guy M Hagen
- BioFrontiers Center, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Theo Lasser
- School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John D McKinney
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georg E Fantner
- School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Ronceray N, Spina M, Chou VHY, Lim CT, Geim AK, Garaj S. Elastocapillarity-driven 2D nano-switches enable zeptoliter-scale liquid encapsulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:185. [PMID: 38167702 PMCID: PMC10762047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological nanostructures change their shape and function in response to external stimuli, and significant efforts have been made to design artificial biomimicking devices operating on similar principles. In this work we demonstrate a programmable nanofluidic switch, driven by elastocapillarity, and based on nanochannels built from layered two-dimensional nanomaterials possessing atomically smooth surfaces and exceptional mechanical properties. We explore operational modes of the nanoswitch and develop a theoretical framework to explain the phenomenon. By predicting the switching-reversibility phase diagram-based on material, interfacial and wetting properties, as well as the geometry of the nanofluidic circuit-we rationally design switchable nano-capsules capable of enclosing zeptoliter volumes of liquid, as small as the volumes enclosed in viruses. The nanoswitch will find useful application as an active element in integrated nanofluidic circuitry and could be used to explore nanoconfined chemistry and biochemistry, or be incorporated into shape-programmable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ronceray
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117551, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Massimo Spina
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117551, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Vanessa Hui Yin Chou
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119276, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Andre K Geim
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Slaven Garaj
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117551, Singapore.
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
- Department of Material Science Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore.
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5
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Liu XY, Cai W, Ronceray N, Radenovic A, Fierz B, Waser J. Synthesis of Fluorescent Cyclic Peptides via Gold(I)-Catalyzed Macrocyclization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26525-26531. [PMID: 38035635 PMCID: PMC10722513 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient cyclization methods that form structurally novel peptidic macrocycles are of high importance for medicinal chemistry. Herein, we report the first gold(I)-catalyzed macrocyclization of peptide-EBXs (ethynylbenziodoxolones) via C2-Trp C-H activation. This reaction was carried out in the presence of protecting group free peptide sequences and is enabled by a simple commercial gold catalyst (AuCl·Me2S). The method displayed a rapid reaction rate (within 10 min), wide functional group tolerance (27 unprotected peptides were cyclized), and up to 86% isolated yield. The obtained highly conjugated cyclic peptide linker, formed through C-H alkynylation, can be directly applied to live-cell imaging as a fluorescent probe without further attachment of fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Liu
- Laboratory
of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wei Cai
- Laboratory
of Biophysical Chemistry of Macromolecules, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCBM, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Ronceray
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, School of Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL STI IBI LBEN, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, School of Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL STI IBI LBEN, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Beat Fierz
- Laboratory
of Biophysical Chemistry of Macromolecules, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCBM, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory
of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Ronceray N, You Y, Glushkov E, Lihter M, Rehl B, Chen TH, Nam GH, Borza F, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Roke S, Keerthi A, Comtet J, Radha B, Radenovic A. Liquid-activated quantum emission from pristine hexagonal boron nitride for nanofluidic sensing. Nat Mater 2023; 22:1236-1242. [PMID: 37652991 PMCID: PMC10533396 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Liquids confined down to the atomic scale can show radically new properties. However, only indirect and ensemble measurements operate in such extreme confinement, calling for novel optical approaches that enable direct imaging at the molecular level. Here we harness fluorescence originating from single-photon emitters at the surface of hexagonal boron nitride for molecular imaging and sensing in nanometrically confined liquids. The emission originates from the chemisorption of organic solvent molecules onto native surface defects, revealing single-molecule dynamics at the interface through the spatially correlated activation of neighbouring defects. Emitter spectra further offer a direct readout of the local dielectric properties, unveiling increasing dielectric order under nanometre-scale confinement. Liquid-activated native hexagonal boron nitride defects bridge the gap between solid-state nanophotonics and nanofluidics, opening new avenues for nanoscale sensing and optofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ronceray
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics, Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yi You
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Evgenii Glushkov
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martina Lihter
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Benjamin Rehl
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics, Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tzu-Heng Chen
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gwang-Hyeon Nam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fanny Borza
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sylvie Roke
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics, Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ashok Keerthi
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jean Comtet
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Boya Radha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Sülzle J, Yang W, Shimoda Y, Mayner ES, Macha M, Ronceray N, Radenovic A, Manley S. Imaging of interactions of biomolecules with nanomaterials with interferometric scattering microscopy. Biophys J 2023; 122:153a. [PMID: 36782710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sülzle
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wayne Yang
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yuta Shimoda
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Michal Macha
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Ronceray
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Suliana Manley
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Glushkov E, Macha M, Räth E, Navikas V, Ronceray N, Cheon CY, Ahmed A, Avsar A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Shorubalko I, Kis A, Fantner G, Radenovic A. Engineering Optically Active Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Using Focused Ion Beam and Water. ACS Nano 2022; 16:3695-3703. [PMID: 35254820 PMCID: PMC8945698 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has emerged as a promising material platform for nanophotonics and quantum sensing, hosting optically active defects with exceptional properties such as high brightness and large spectral tuning. However, precise control over deterministic spatial positioning of emitters in hBN remained elusive for a long time, limiting their proper correlative characterization and applications in hybrid devices. Recently, focused ion beam (FIB) systems proved to be useful to engineer several types of spatially defined emitters with various structural and photophysical properties. Here we systematically explore the physical processes leading to the creation of optically active defects in hBN using FIB and find that beam-substrate interaction plays a key role in the formation of defects. These findings are confirmed using transmission electron microscopy, which reveals local mechanical deterioration of the hBN layers and local amorphization of ion beam irradiated hBN. Additionally, we show that, upon exposure to water, amorphized hBN undergoes a structural and optical transition between two defect types with distinctive emission properties. Moreover, using super-resolution optical microscopy combined with atomic force microscopy, we pinpoint the exact location of emitters within the defect sites, confirming the role of defected edges as primary sources of fluorescent emission. This lays the foundation for FIB-assisted engineering of optically active defects in hBN with high spatial and spectral control for applications ranging from integrated photonics, to nanoscale sensing, and to nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Glushkov
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- E-mail:
| | - Michal Macha
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Esther Räth
- Laboratory
of Nano-Bio Instrumentation, Institute of
Bioengineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vytautas Navikas
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Ronceray
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cheol Yeon Cheon
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Electrical Engineering Institute and Institute of Materials Science,
EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aqeel Ahmed
- Laboratory
of Quantum Nano-Optics, Institute of Physics,
EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ahmet Avsar
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Electrical Engineering Institute and Institute of Materials Science,
EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of
Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle
University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National
Institute for Materials Science, 305-0044 Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Ivan Shorubalko
- Laboratory
for Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Empa−Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andras Kis
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Electrical Engineering Institute and Institute of Materials Science,
EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georg Fantner
- Laboratory
of Nano-Bio Instrumentation, Institute of
Bioengineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- E-mail:
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