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Dey K, Koner K, Mukhopadhyay RD, Shetty D, Banerjee R. Porous Organic Nanotubes: Chemistry of One-Dimensional Space. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1839-1850. [PMID: 38886130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusOne-dimensional organic nanotubes feature unique properties, such as confined chemical environments and transport channels, which are highly desirable for many applications. Advances in synthetic methods have enabled the creation of different types of organic nanotubes, including supramolecular, hydrogen-bonded, and carbon nanotube analogues. However, challenges associated with chemical and mechanical stability along with difficulties in controlling aspect ratios remain a significant bottleneck. The fascination with structured porous materials has paved the way for the emergence of reticular solids such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and organic cages. Reticular materials with tubular morphology promise architectural stability with the additional benefit of permeant porosity. Despite this, the current synthetic approaches to these reticular nanotubes focus more on structural design resulting in less reliable morphological uniformity. This Account, highlights the design motivation behind various classes of organic nanotubes, emphasizing their porous interior space. We explore the strategic assembly of organic nanotubes based on their bonding characteristics, from weak supramolecular to robust covalent interactions. Special attention is given to reticular nanotubes, which have gained prominence over the past two decades due to their distinctive micro and mesoporous structures. We examine the synergy of covalent and noncovalent interactions in constructing assembly of these nanotube structures.This Account furnishes a comprehensive overview of our efforts and advancements in developing porous covalent organic nanotubes (CONTs). We describe a general synthetic approach for creating robust imine-linked nanotubes based on the reticular chemistry principles. The use of spatially oriented tetratopic triptycene-based amine and linear ditopic aldehyde building blocks facilitates one-dimensional nanotube growth. The interplay between directional covalent bonds and solvophobic interactions is crucial for forming uniform, well-defined, and high aspect ratio nanotubes. The nanotubes derive their permeant porosity and thermal and chemical stability from their covalent architecture. We also highlight the adaptability of our synthetic methodology to guide the transformation of one-dimensional nanotubes to toroidal superstructures and two-dimensional thin fabrics. Such morphological transformation can be directed by tuning the reaction time or incorporating additional intermolecular interactions to control the intertwining behavior of individual nanotubes. The cohesion of covalent and noncovalent interactions in the tubular nanostructures manifests superior viscoelastic mechanical properties in the assembled CONT fabrics. We establish a strong correlation between structural framework design and nanostructures by translating reticular synthesis to morphological space and gaining insights into the assembly processes. We anticipate that the present Account will lay the foundation for exploring new designs and chemistry of organic nanotubes for many application platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Kalipada Koner
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Dev Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Dinesh Shetty
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788 United Arab Emirates
- Center for Catalysis & Separations (CeCaS), Khalifa University Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788 United Arab Emirates
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
- College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
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2
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Meng QW, Zhu X, Xian W, Wang S, Zhang Z, Zheng L, Dai Z, Yin H, Ma S, Sun Q. Enhancing ion selectivity by tuning solvation abilities of covalent-organic-framework membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316716121. [PMID: 38349874 PMCID: PMC10895279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316716121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular-level mechanisms involved in transmembrane ion selectivity is essential for optimizing membrane separation performance. In this study, we reveal our observations regarding the transmembrane behavior of Li+ and Mg2+ ions as a response to the changing pore solvation abilities of the covalent-organic-framework (COF) membranes. These abilities were manipulated by adjusting the lengths of the oligoether segments attached to the pore channels. Through comparative experiments, we were able to unravel the relationships between pore solvation ability and various ion transport properties, such as partitioning, conduction, and selectivity. We also emphasize the significance of the competition between Li+ and Mg2+ with the solvating segments in modulating selectivity. We found that increasing the length of the oligoether chain facilitated ion transport; however, it was the COF membrane with oligoether chains containing two ethylene oxide units that exhibited the most pronounced discrepancy in transmembrane energy barrier between Li+ and Mg2+, resulting in the highest separation factor among all the evaluated membranes. Remarkably, under electro-driven binary-salt conditions, this specific COF membrane achieved an exceptional Li+/Mg2+ selectivity of up to 1352, making it one of the most effective membranes available for Li+/Mg2+ separation. The insights gained from this study significantly contribute to advancing our understanding of selective ion transport within confined nanospaces and provide valuable design principles for developing highly selective COF membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wei Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Xincheng Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Weipeng Xian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Sai Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Zhengqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Liping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou310018, China
| | - Zhifeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou310018, China
| | - Hong Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Shengqian Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX76201
| | - Qi Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
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3
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Li F, Li E, Samanta K, Zheng Z, Wu L, Chen AD, Farha OK, Staples RJ, Niu J, Schmidt-Rohr K, Ke C. Ortho-Alkoxy-benzamide Directed Formation of a Single Crystalline Hydrogen-bonded Crosslinked Organic Framework and Its Boron Trifluoride Uptake and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311601. [PMID: 37870901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Boron trifluoride (BF3 ) is a highly corrosive gas widely used in industry. Confining BF3 in porous materials ensures safe and convenient handling and prevents its degradation. Hence, it is highly desired to develop porous materials with high adsorption capacity, high stability, and resistance to BF3 corrosion. Herein, we designed and synthesized a Lewis basic single-crystalline hydrogen-bond crosslinked organic framework (HC OF-50) for BF3 storage and its application in catalysis. Specifically, we introduced self-complementary ortho-alkoxy-benzamide hydrogen-bonding moieties to direct the formation of highly organized hydrogen-bonded networks, which were subsequently photo-crosslinked to generate HC OFs. The HC OF-50 features Lewis basic thioether linkages and electron-rich pore surfaces for BF3 uptake. As a result, HC OF-50 shows a record-high 14.2 mmol/g BF3 uptake capacity. The BF3 uptake in HC OF-50 is reversible, leading to the slow release of BF3 . We leveraged this property to reduce the undesirable chain transfer and termination in the cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers. Polymers with higher molecular weights and lower polydispersity were generated compared to those synthesized using BF3 ⋅ Et2 O. The elucidation of the structure-property relationship, as provided by the single-crystal X-ray structures, combined with the high BF3 uptake capacity and controlled sorption, highlights the molecular understanding of framework-guest interactions in addressing contemporary challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Li
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Errui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Krishanu Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Zhaoxi Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Lianqian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Albert D Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lancing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jia Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | | | - Chenfeng Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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4
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Ji W, Kim DM, Posson BM, Carlson KJ, Chew AC, Chew AJ, Hossain M, Mojica AF, Ottoes SM, Tran DV, Greenberg MW, Hamachi LS. COF-300 synthesis and colloidal stabilization with substituted benzoic acids. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14484-14493. [PMID: 37188250 PMCID: PMC10176042 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Colloidal covalent organic framework (COF) synthesis enables morphological control of crystallite size and shape. Despite numerous examples of 2D COF colloids with various linkage chemistries, 3D imine-linked COF colloids are more challenging synthetic targets. Here we report a rapid (15 min-5 day) synthesis of hydrated COF-300 colloids ranging in length (251 nm-4.6 μm) with high crystallinity and moderate surface areas (150 m2 g-1). These materials are characterized by pair distribution function analysis, which is consistent with the known average structure for this material alongside different degrees of atomic disorder at different length scales. Additionally, we investigate a series of para-substituted benzoic acid catalysts, finding that 4-cyano and 4-fluoro substituted benzoic acids produce the largest COF-300 crystallites with lengths of 1-2 μm. In situ dynamic light scattering experiments are used to assess time to nucleation in conjunction with 1H NMR model compound studies to probe the impact of catalyst acidity on the imine condensation equilibrium. We observe cationically stabilized colloids with a zeta potential of up to +14.35 mV in benzonitrile as a result of the carboxylic acid catalyst protonating surface amine groups. We leverage these surface chemistry insights to synthesize small COF-300 colloids using sterically hindered diortho-substituted carboxylic acid catalysts. This fundamental study of COF-300 colloid synthesis and surface chemistry will provide new insights into the role of acid catalysts both as imine condensation catalysts and as colloid stabilizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor 48109 MI USA
| | - Dean M Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Brendan M Posson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Kyla J Carlson
- Department of Materials Engineering, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CA 93407 USA
| | - Alison C Chew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
- Department of Materials Engineering, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CA 93407 USA
| | - Alyssa J Chew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Meherin Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bard College Annandale-on-Hudson NY 12504 USA
| | - Alexis F Mojica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Sachi M Ottoes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Donna V Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Matthew W Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bard College Annandale-on-Hudson NY 12504 USA
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
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5
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Bis-Schiff base linkage-triggered highly bright luminescence of gold nanoclusters in aqueous solution at the single-cluster level. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3381. [PMID: 35697695 PMCID: PMC9192726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs) have been developed as a new class of luminescent nanomaterials with potential applications in various fields. However, for most of the metal NCs reported so far, the relatively low photoluminescence quantum yield (QY) in aqueous solution hinders their applications. Here, we describe the utilization of bis-Schiff base linkages to restrict intramolecular motion of surface motifs at the single-cluster level. Based on Au22(SG)18 (SG: glutathione) NCs, an intracluster cross-linking system was constructed with 2,6-pyridinedicarboxaldehyde (PDA), and water-soluble gold NCs with luminescence QY up to 48% were obtained. The proposed approach for achieving high emission efficiency can be extended to other luminescent gold NCs with core-shell structure. Our results also show that the content of surface-bound Au(I)-SG complexes has a significant impact on the PDA-induced luminescence enhancement, and a high ratio of Au(I)-SG will be beneficial to increasing the photoluminescence intensity of gold NCs. Boosting the luminescence of atomically precise metal clusters is a main goal in view of applications. Here, the authors describe a strategy to increase the photoluminescence quantum yield of water-soluble gold clusters at the single-cluster level via formation of bis-Schiff base linkages, providing detailed insight into the mechanism.
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6
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Liu J, Liu R, Li H, Zhang F, Yao Q, Wei J, Yang Z. Diversifying Nanoparticle Superstructures and Functions Enabled by Translative Templating from Supramolecular Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201426. [PMID: 35179293 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biology exploits a transcription-translation approach to deliver structural information from DNA to the protein-building machines with high precision. Here, we show how the structural information of small synthetic molecules could be used to guide the assembly of inorganic nanoparticles into diversified yet long-range ordered superstructures, enabling the information transfer across four or five orders of magnitude in length scale. We designed three perylene diimide (PDI) based isomers differing by their site-specific substitutions of the methyl group, which were able to supramolecularly polymerize into diverse structures. Importantly, coassembly of these PDI isomers with nanoparticles (NPs) could produce diverse long-range ordered nanoparticle superstructures, including one-dimensional NPs chains, double helical NPs assemblies and two-dimensional NPs superlattices. Equally important, we demonstrate that the information originated from small molecules could diversify the functions of the self-assembled nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Rongjuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Qingyuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
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7
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Liu J, Liu R, Li H, Zhang F, Yao Q, Wei J, Yang Z. Diversifying Nanoparticle Superstructures and Functions Enabled by Translative Templating from Supramolecular Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Liu
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Rongjuan Liu
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Hui Li
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Qingyuan Yao
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 27 Shanda Nanlu 250100 Jinan CHINA
| | - Zhijie Yang
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 27 Shanda Nanlu 250100 Jinan CHINA
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8
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Roesner EK, Asheghali D, Kirillova A, Strauss MJ, Evans AM, Becker ML, Dichtel WR. Arene-Perfluoroarene Interactions Confer Enhanced Mechanical Properties to Synthetic Nanotubes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2475-2480. [PMID: 35310510 PMCID: PMC8864921 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05932g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular nanotubes prepared through macrocycle assembly offer unique properties that stem from their long-range order, structural predictability, and tunable microenvironments. However, assemblies that rely on weak non-covalent interactions often have limited aspect ratios and poor mechanical integrity, which diminish their utility. Here pentagonal imine-linked macrocycles are prepared by condensing a pyridine-containing diamine and either terephthalaldehyde or 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalaldehyde. Atomic force microscopy and synchrotron in solvo X-ray diffraction demonstrate that protonation of the pyridine groups drives assembly into high-aspect ratio nanotube assemblies. A 1 : 1 mixture of each macrocycle yielded nanotubes with enhanced crystallinity upon protonation. UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy indicate that nanotubes containing both arene and perfluoroarene subunits display spectroscopic signatures of arene–perfluoroarene interactions. Touch-spun polymeric fibers containing assembled nanotubes prepared from the perhydro- or perfluorinated macrocycles exhibited Young's moduli of 1.09 and 0.49 GPa, respectively. Fibers containing nanotube assemblies reinforced by arene–perfluoroarene interactions yielded a 93% increase in the Young's modulus over the perhydro derivative, up to 2.1 GPa. These findings demonstrate that tuning the chemical composition of the monomeric macrocycles can have profound effects on the mechanical strength of the resulting assemblies. More broadly, these results will inspire future studies into tuning orthogonal non-covalent interactions between macrocycles to yield nanotubes with emergent functions and technological potential. Arene–perfluoroarene interactions resulted in enhanced crystallinity between analogous perhydro- and perfluoro macrocycles in a supramolecular nanotube assembly.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Roesner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Darya Asheghali
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Alina Kirillova
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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9
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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10
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Strauss MJ, Hwang I, Evans AM, Natraj A, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Castano I, Roesner EK, Choi JW, Dichtel WR. Lithium-Conducting Self-Assembled Organic Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17655-17665. [PMID: 34648256 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers are compelling platforms for the design of stimuli-responsive materials with emergent functions. Here, we report the assembly of an amphiphilic nanotube for Li-ion conduction that exhibits high ionic conductivity, mechanical integrity, electrochemical stability, and solution processability. Imine condensation of a pyridine-containing diamine with a triethylene glycol functionalized isophthalaldehyde yields pore-functionalized macrocycles. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and in solvo X-ray diffraction reveal that macrocycle protonation during their mild synthesis drives assembly into high-aspect ratio (>103) nanotubes with three interior triethylene glycol groups. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrates that lithiated nanotubes are efficient Li+ conductors, with an activation energy of 0.42 eV and a peak room temperature conductivity of 3.91 ± 0.38 × 10-5 S cm-1. 7Li NMR and Raman spectroscopy show that lithiation occurs exclusively within the nanotube interior and implicates the glycol groups in facilitating efficient Li+ transduction. Linear sweep voltammetry and galvanostatic lithium plating-stripping tests reveal that this nanotube-based electrolyte is stable over a wide potential range and supports long-term cyclability. These findings demonstrate how the coupling of synthetic design and supramolecular structural control can yield high-performance ionic transporters that are amenable to device-relevant fabrication, as well as the technological potential of chemically designed self-assembled nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Insu Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anusree Natraj
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily K Roesner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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11
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Kang J, Zhu J, Lin J, Han C, Liu K, Wang X. Ring Size-Dependent Solution Behavior of Macrocycles: Dipole–Dipole Attraction Counteracted by Excluded Volume Repulsion. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Junli Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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12
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Ding F, Ding H, Shen Z, Qian L, Ouyang J, Zeng S, Seery TAP, Li J, Wu G, Chavez SE, Smith AT, Liu L, Li Y, Sun L. Super Stretchable and Compressible Hydrogels Inspired by Hook-and-Loop Fasteners. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:7760-7770. [PMID: 34129778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by hook-and-loop fasteners, we designed a hydrogel network containing α-zirconium phosphate (ZrP) two-dimensional nanosheets with a high density of surface hydroxyl groups serving as nanopatches with numerous "hooks," while polymer chains with plentiful amine functional groups serve as "loops." Our multiscale molecular simulations confirm that both the high density of hydroxyl groups on nanosheets and the large number of amine functional groups on polymer chains are essential to achieve reversible interactions at the molecular scale, functioning as nano hook-and-loop fasteners to dissipate energy. As a result, the synthesized hydrogel possesses superior stretchability (>2100% strain), resilience to compression (>90% strain), and durability. Remarkably, the hydrogel can sustain >5000 cycles of compression with torsion in a solution mimicking synovial fluid, thus promising for potential biomedical applications such as artificial articular cartilage. This hook-and-loop model can be adopted and generalized to design a wide range of multifunctional materials with exceptional mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchuan Ding
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science & Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connnecticut 06269, United States
| | - Hao Ding
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connnecticut 06269, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Lei Qian
- Department of Anatomy and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Department of Anatomy and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Songshan Zeng
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connnecticut 06269, United States
| | - Thomas A P Seery
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science & Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Guanzheng Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science & Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Sonia E Chavez
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connnecticut 06269, United States
| | - Andrew T Smith
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connnecticut 06269, United States
| | - Lan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ying Li
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Luyi Sun
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connnecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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13
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Strauss MJ, Jia M, Evans AM, Castano I, Li RL, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Roesner EK, Swartz JL, Chavez AD, Enciso AE, Stoddart JF, Rolandi M, Dichtel WR. Diverse Proton-Conducting Nanotubes via a Tandem Macrocyclization and Assembly Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8145-8153. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Manping Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily K. Roesner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jeremy L. Swartz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D. Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alan E. Enciso
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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14
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Chaudhry MT, Soto MA, Lelj F, MacLachlan MJ. Diverse binding of cationic guests by highly substituted [3 + 3] Schiff-base macrocycles. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01568g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Schiff-base macrocycles interact with ammonium-based guests to form threaded pseudorotaxanes or unthreaded external complexes, and tautomerize in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A. Soto
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Francesco Lelj
- La.M.I. and LaSSCAM INSTM Sezione Basilicata
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università della Basilicata
- 85100 Potenza
- Italy
| | - Mark J. MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada V6T 1Z1
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute
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15
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Tashiro S, Shimizu S, Kuritani M, Shionoya M. Protonation-induced self-assembly of bis-phenanthroline macrocycles into nanofibers arrayed with tetrachloroaurate, hexachloroplatinate or phosphomolybdate ions. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13948-13953. [PMID: 33047767 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03287e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional self-assembly of macrocycles is one of the important strategies for constructing fibrous nanomaterials with anisotropic functions such as one-dimensional transport and accumulation of molecules and ions. Herein we report on the synthesis and properties of self-assembled nanofibers using macrocycles to develop a multipurpose template for one-dimensional array of noble metal ions. The nanofibers were prepared by protonation-induced self-assembly of bis-phenanthroline macrocycles, which have enabled the accumulation of some metal-containing anions, such as tetrachloroaurate, hexachloroplatinate and phosphomolybdate. Microscopic observations have demonstrated that the supramolecular nanofibers were reproducibly formed in a similar way, regardless of the structures and charge numbers of the anions. Moreover, the resulting nanofibers, arrayed with several metal ions, were chemically reduced, producing dispersible gold nanoparticles and mixed-valence nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Tashiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Shun Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Masumi Kuritani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiko Shionoya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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16
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Qiao B, Olvera de la Cruz M. Enhanced Binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Receptor by Distal Polybasic Cleavage Sites. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10616-10623. [PMID: 32806067 PMCID: PMC7409923 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein plays a crucial role in binding the human cell receptor ACE2 that is required for viral entry. Many studies have been conducted to target the structures of RBD-ACE2 binding and to design RBD-targeting vaccines and drugs. Nevertheless, mutations distal from the SARS-CoV-2 RBD also impact its transmissibility and antibody can target non-RBD regions, suggesting the incomplete role of the RBD region in the spike protein-ACE2 binding. Here, in order to elucidate distant binding mechanisms, we analyze complexes of ACE2 with the wild-type spike protein and with key mutants via large-scale all-atom explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations. We find that though distributed approximately 10 nm away from the RBD, the SARS-CoV-2 polybasic cleavage sites enhance, via electrostatic interactions and hydration, the RBD-ACE2 binding affinity. A negatively charged tetrapeptide (GluGluLeuGlu) is then designed to neutralize the positively charged arginine on the polybasic cleavage sites. We find that the tetrapeptide GluGluLeuGlu binds to one of the three polybasic cleavage sites of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein lessening by 34% the RBD-ACE2 binding strength. This significant binding energy reduction demonstrates the feasibility to neutralize RBD-ACE2 binding by targeting this specific polybasic cleavage site. Our work enhances understanding of the binding mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2, which may aid the design of therapeutics for COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofu Qiao
- Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, Department of Chemical &
Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and
Department of Physics and Astronomy,
Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, Department of Chemical &
Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and
Department of Physics and Astronomy,
Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
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17
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Hayashida O, Shibata K. Stimuli-Responsive Supramolecular Coaggregation and Disaggregation of Host-Guest Conjugates Having a Disulfide Linkage. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5493-5502. [PMID: 32233372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble cationic and anionic cyclophanes (1a and 2a, respectively) having a dabsyl group with a cleavable disulfide linkage were synthesized as a host-guest conjugate covalently bound with both host and guest components. Self-inclusion phenomena but not self-aggregation behaviors were observed for each cyclophane in aqueous media. Each cyclophane includes its own dabsyl moiety (guest component) in its macrocyclic cavity (host component) through hydrophobic interaction. When 1 equiv. of cationic 1a was added to an aqueous solution of anionic 2a, however, supramolecular coaggregates formed spontaneously through host-guest complexation. As regard the supramolecular coaggregates, the existence of larger particles was confirmed by DLS measurements and TEM observation. The hydrophobic interaction between the dabsyl moiety and macrocyclic cavity and electrostatic interactions between 1a and 2a play important roles in the supramolecular coaggregate formation. Each cyclophane having a cleavable disulfide linkage was easily transformed to the corresponding thiols by reducing reagents such as DTT, which was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS. Disaggregation of the supramolecular coaggregates composed of 1a and 2a was successfully performed upon addition of DTT, with release of the thiol derivative of dabsyl. Such disaggregation of the coaggregates was also conducted by other external stimuli such as salts and competitive guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Hayashida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma 8-19-1, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kana Shibata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma 8-19-1, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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18
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Chen X, Xia L, Pan R, Liu X. Covalent organic framework mesocrystals through dynamic modulator manipulated mesoscale self-assembly of imine macrocycle precursors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 568:76-80. [PMID: 32088453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Framework crystallization is an unresolved challenge in the chemistry of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) due to the poorly controlled simultaneous polymerization and crystallization processes. Here, we report the first morphogenesis of COF mesocrystals with two-dimensional hexagonal p6m symmetry through the combination of alkyl amine as a dynamic modulator and 2,4,6- triformylresorcinol imine as an asymmetrical building block. The amine modulator depresses the lateral growth of 2D sheets, and the slow kinetics combined with the asymmetrical conformation of 2,4,6-triformylresorcinol imine lead to the formation of transient imine macrocycles, which further undergo mesoscale self-assembly into nanotubular structures. The nanotubular structures tend to join together into rod-like bundles with ordered hexagonal rods, which finally grow into uniform hexagonal COF mesocrystals. The present strategy opens a nonclassical nucleation and crystal growth approach to create COFs with unexplored mesocrystal structures, which further extends the scope of crystalline framework materials and provides a new strategy for crystal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingshuai Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Lieyin Xia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Ruping Pan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Xikui Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
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19
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Burke DW, Sun C, Castano I, Flanders NC, Evans AM, Vitaku E, McLeod DC, Lambeth RH, Chen LX, Gianneschi NC, Dichtel WR. Acid Exfoliation of Imine‐linked Covalent Organic Frameworks Enables Solution Processing into Crystalline Thin Films. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Burke
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Present address: Max Planck Institute for Brain Research Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | | | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Edon Vitaku
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - David C. McLeod
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Grounds MD 21005 USA
| | | | - Lin X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60493 USA
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering Biomedical Engineering International Institute for Nanotechnology Simpson Querry Institute Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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20
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Burke DW, Sun C, Castano I, Flanders NC, Evans AM, Vitaku E, McLeod DC, Lambeth RH, Chen LX, Gianneschi NC, Dichtel WR. Acid Exfoliation of Imine‐linked Covalent Organic Frameworks Enables Solution Processing into Crystalline Thin Films. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5165-5171. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Burke
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Present address: Max Planck Institute for Brain Research Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | | | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Edon Vitaku
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - David C. McLeod
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Grounds MD 21005 USA
| | | | - Lin X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60493 USA
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering Biomedical Engineering International Institute for Nanotechnology Simpson Querry Institute Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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21
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Strauss MJ, Evans AM, Castano I, Li RL, Dichtel WR. Supramolecular polymerization provides non-equilibrium product distributions of imine-linked macrocycles. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1957-1963. [PMID: 34123290 PMCID: PMC8148301 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05422g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular polymerization of imine-linked macrocycles has been coupled to dynamic imine bond exchange within a series of macrocycles and oligomers. In this way, macrocycle synthesis is driven by supramolecular assembly, either into small aggregates supported by π–π interactions, or high-aspect ratio nanotubes stabilized primarily by electrostatic and solvophobic interactions. For the latter, supramolecular polymerization into nanotubes restricts imine exchange, thereby conferring chemical stability to the assemblies and their constituent macrocycles. Competition in the formation and component exchange among macrocycles favored pyridine-2,6-diimine-linked species due to their rapid synthesis, thermodynamic stability, and assembly into high-aspect ratio nanotubes under the reaction conditions. In addition, the pyridine-containing nanotubes inhibit the formation of similar macrocycles containing benzene-1,3-diimine-linkages, presumably by disrupting their assembly and templation. Finally, we exploit rapid imine exchange within weak, low-aspect ratio macrocycle aggregates to carry out monomer exchange reactions to macrocycles bearing pyridine moieties. Once a pyridine-containing dialdehyde has exchanged into a macrocycle, the macrocycle becomes capable of nanotube formation, which dramatically slows further imine exchange. This kinetic trap provides chemically diverse macrocycles that are not attainable by direct synthetic methods. Together these findings provide new insights into coupling supramolecular polymerization and dynamic covalent bond-forming processes and leverages this insight to target asymmetric nanotubes. We envision these findings spurring further research efforts in the synthesis of nanostructures with designed and emergent properties. Supramolecular polymerization of imine-linked macrocycles has been coupled to dynamic imine bond exchange within a series of macrocycles and oligomers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Rebecca L Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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22
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Liang RR, A RH, Xu SQ, Qi QY, Zhao X. Fabricating Organic Nanotubes through Selective Disassembly of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:70-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Ran Liang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ru-Han A
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shun-Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiao-Yan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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23
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Evans AM, Castano I, Brumberg A, Parent LR, Corcos AR, Li RL, Flanders NC, Gosztola DJ, Gianneschi NC, Schaller RD, Dichtel WR. Emissive Single-Crystalline Boroxine-Linked Colloidal Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19728-19735. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David J. Gosztola
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Richard D. Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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24
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Strauss MJ, Asheghali D, Evans AM, Li RL, Chavez AD, Sun C, Becker ML, Dichtel WR. Cooperative Self‐Assembly of Pyridine‐2,6‐Diimine‐Linked Macrocycles into Mechanically Robust Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Darya Asheghali
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Rebecca L. Li
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Anton D. Chavez
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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25
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Strauss MJ, Asheghali D, Evans AM, Li RL, Chavez AD, Sun C, Becker ML, Dichtel WR. Cooperative Self‐Assembly of Pyridine‐2,6‐Diimine‐Linked Macrocycles into Mechanically Robust Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14708-14714. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Darya Asheghali
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Rebecca L. Li
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Anton D. Chavez
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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26
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Zhang Q, Deng YX, Luo HX, Shi CY, Geise GM, Feringa BL, Tian H, Qu DH. Assembling a Natural Small Molecule into a Supramolecular Network with High Structural Order and Dynamic Functions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12804-12814. [PMID: 31348651 PMCID: PMC6696886 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Programming the hierarchical self-assembly
of small molecules has
been a fundamental topic of great significance in biological systems
and artificial supramolecular systems. Precise and highly programmed
self-assembly can produce supramolecular architectures with distinct
structural features. However, it still remains a challenge how to
precisely control the self-assembly pathway in a desirable way by
introducing abundant structural information into a limited molecular
backbone. Here we disclose a strategy that directs the hierarchical
self-assembly of sodium thioctate, a small molecule of biological
origin, into a highly ordered supramolecular layered network. By combining
the unique dynamic covalent ring-opening-polymerization of sodium
thioctate and an evaporation-induced interfacial confinement effect,
we precisely direct the dynamic supramolecular self-assembly of this
simple small molecule in a scheduled hierarchical pathway, resulting
in a layered structure with long-range order at both macroscopic and
molecular scales, which is revealed by small-angle and wide-angle
X-ray scattering technologies. The resulting supramolecular layers
are found to be able to bind water molecules as structural water,
which works as an interlayer lubricant to modulate the material properties,
such as mechanical performance, self-healing capability, and actuating
function. Analogous to many reversibly self-assembled biological systems,
the highly dynamic polymeric network can be degraded into monomers
and reformed by a water-mediated route, exhibiting full recyclability
in a facile, mild, and environmentally friendly way. This approach
for assembling commercial small molecules into structurally complex
materials paves the way for low-cost functional supramolecular materials
based on synthetically simple procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yuan-Xin Deng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Hong-Xi Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Virginia , 102 Engineers' Way , P.O. Box 400741, Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Chen-Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Geoffrey M Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Virginia , 102 Engineers' Way , P.O. Box 400741, Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China.,Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
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