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Perez-Bertoldi JM, Zhao Y, Thawani A, Yildiz A, Nogales E. Molecular interplay between HURP and Kif18A in mitotic spindle regulation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4249615. [PMID: 38854046 PMCID: PMC11160874 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4249615/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
During mitosis, microtubule dynamics are regulated to ensure proper alignment and segregation of chromosomes. The dynamics of kinetochore-attached microtubules are regulated by hepatoma-upregulated protein (HURP) and the mitotic kinesin-8 Kif18A, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Using single-molecule imaging in vitro, we demonstrate that Kif18A motility is regulated by HURP. While sparse decoration of HURP activates the motor, higher concentrations hinder processive motility. To shed light on this behavior, we determined the binding mode of HURP to microtubules using Cryo-EM. The structure reveals that one HURP motif spans laterally across β-tubulin, while a second motif binds between adjacent protofilaments. HURP partially overlaps with the microtubule-binding site of the Kif18A motor domain, indicating that excess HURP inhibits Kif18A motility by steric exclusion. We also observed that HURP and Kif18A function together to suppress dynamics of the microtubule plus-end, providing a mechanistic basis for how they collectively serve in spindle length control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuanchang Zhao
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Akanksha Thawani
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrative Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eva Nogales
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrative Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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2
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Perez-Bertoldi JM, Zhao Y, Thawani A, Yildiz A, Nogales E. Molecular interplay between HURP and Kif18A in mitotic spindle regulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.11.589088. [PMID: 38645125 PMCID: PMC11030443 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.11.589088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
During mitosis, microtubule dynamics are regulated to ensure proper alignment and segregation of chromosomes. The dynamics of kinetochore-attached microtubules are regulated by hepatoma-upregulated protein (HURP) and the mitotic kinesin-8 Kif18A, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Using single-molecule imaging in vitro , we demonstrate that Kif18A motility is regulated by HURP. While sparse decoration of HURP activates the motor, higher concentrations hinder processive motility. To shed light on this behavior, we determined the binding mode of HURP to microtubules using Cryo-EM. The structure reveals that one HURP motif spans laterally across β-tubulin, while a second motif binds between adjacent protofilaments. HURP partially overlaps with the microtubule-binding site of the Kif18A motor domain, indicating that excess HURP inhibits Kif18A motility by steric exclusion. We also observed that HURP and Kif18A function together to suppress dynamics of the microtubule plus-end, providing a mechanistic basis for how they collectively serve in spindle length control.
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3
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Kita T, Chiba K, Wang J, Nakagawa A, Niwa S. Comparative analysis of two Caenorhabditis elegans kinesins KLP-6 and UNC-104 reveals a common and distinct activation mechanism in kinesin-3. eLife 2024; 12:RP89040. [PMID: 38206323 PMCID: PMC10945585 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-3 is a family of microtubule-dependent motor proteins that transport various cargos within the cell. However, the mechanism underlying kinesin-3 activations remains largely elusive. In this study, we compared the biochemical properties of two Caenorhabditis elegans kinesin-3 family proteins, KLP-6 and UNC-104. Both KLP-6 and UNC-104 are predominantly monomeric in solution. As previously shown for UNC-104, non-processive KLP-6 monomer is converted to a processive motor when artificially dimerized. We present evidence that releasing the autoinhibition is sufficient to trigger dimerization of monomeric UNC-104 at nanomolar concentrations, which results in processive movement of UNC-104 on microtubules, although it has long been thought that enrichment in the phospholipid microdomain on cargo vesicles is required for the dimerization and processive movement of UNC-104. In contrast, KLP-6 remains to be a non-processive monomer even when its autoinhibition is unlocked, suggesting a requirement of other factors for full activation. By examining the differences between KLP-6 and UNC-104, we identified a coiled-coil domain called coiled-coil 2 (CC2) that is required for the efficient dimerization and processive movement of UNC-104. Our results suggest a common activation mechanism for kinesin-3 family members, while also highlighting their diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kita
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Kyoko Chiba
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Jiye Wang
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | | | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
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4
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Benoit MP, Hunter B, Allingham JS, Sosa H. New insights into the mechanochemical coupling mechanism of kinesin-microtubule complexes from their high-resolution structures. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1505-1520. [PMID: 37560910 PMCID: PMC10586761 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin motor proteins couple mechanical movements in their motor domain to the binding and hydrolysis of ATP in their nucleotide-binding pocket. Forces produced through this 'mechanochemical' coupling are typically used to mobilize kinesin-mediated transport of cargos along microtubules or microtubule cytoskeleton remodeling. This review discusses the recent high-resolution structures (<4 Å) of kinesins bound to microtubules or tubulin complexes that have resolved outstanding questions about the basis of mechanochemical coupling, and how family-specific modifications of the motor domain can enable its use for motility and/or microtubule depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Byron Hunter
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - John S. Allingham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Hernando Sosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, U.S.A
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5
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Fan X, McKenney RJ. Control of motor landing and processivity by the CAP-Gly domain in the KIF13B tail. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4715. [PMID: 37543636 PMCID: PMC10404244 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are major components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of tubulin regulates interactions with microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). One unique PTM is the cyclical removal and re-addition of the C-terminal tyrosine of α-tubulin and MAPs containing CAP-Gly domains specifically recognize tyrosinated microtubules. KIF13B, a long-distance transport kinesin, contains a conserved CAP-Gly domain, but the role of the CAP-Gly domain in KIF13B's motility along microtubules remains unknown. To address this, we investigate the interaction between KIF13B's CAP-Gly domain, and tyrosinated microtubules. We find that KIF13B's CAP-Gly domain influences the initial motor-microtubule interaction, as well as processive motility along microtubules. The effect of the CAP-Gly domain is enhanced when the motor domain is in the ADP state, suggesting an interplay between the N-terminal motor domain and C-terminal CAP-Gly domain. These results reveal that specialized kinesin tail domains play active roles in the initiation and continuation of motor movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Fan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California - Davis, 145 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California - Davis, 145 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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6
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Chiba K, Kita T, Anazawa Y, Niwa S. Insight into the regulation of axonal transport from the study of KIF1A-associated neurological disorder. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286709. [PMID: 36655764 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal function depends on axonal transport by kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs). KIF1A is the molecular motor that transports synaptic vesicle precursors, synaptic vesicles, dense core vesicles and active zone precursors. KIF1A is regulated by an autoinhibitory mechanism; many studies, as well as the crystal structure of KIF1A paralogs, support a model whereby autoinhibited KIF1A is monomeric in solution, whereas activated KIF1A is dimeric on microtubules. KIF1A-associated neurological disorder (KAND) is a broad-spectrum neuropathy that is caused by mutations in KIF1A. More than 100 point mutations have been identified in KAND. In vitro assays show that most mutations are loss-of-function mutations that disrupt the motor activity of KIF1A, whereas some mutations disrupt its autoinhibition and abnormally hyperactivate KIF1A. Studies on disease model worms suggests that both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations cause KAND by affecting the axonal transport and localization of synaptic vesicles. In this Review, we discuss how the analysis of these mutations by molecular genetics, single-molecule assays and force measurements have helped to reveal the physiological significance of KIF1A function and regulation, and what physical parameters of KIF1A are fundamental to axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Chiba
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kita
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 2-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuzu Anazawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.,Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 2-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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7
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Zaniewski TM, Hancock WO. Positive charge in the K-loop of the kinesin-3 motor KIF1A regulates superprocessivity by enhancing microtubule affinity in the one-head-bound state. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102818. [PMID: 36549649 PMCID: PMC9871336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
KIF1A is an essential neuronal transport motor protein in the kinesin-3 family, known for its superprocessive motility. However, structural features underlying this function are unclear. Here, we determined that superprocessivity of KIF1A dimers originates from a unique structural domain, the lysine-rich insertion in loop-12 termed the 'K-loop', which enhances electrostatic interactions between the motor and the microtubule. In 80 mM PIPES buffer, replacing the native KIF1A loop-12 with that of kinesin-1 resulted in a 6-fold decrease in run length, whereas adding additional positive charge to loop-12 enhanced the run length. Interestingly, swapping the KIF1A loop-12 into kinesin-1 did not enhance its run length, consistent with the two motor families using different mechanochemical tuning to achieve persistent transport. To investigate the mechanism by which the KIF1A K-loop enhances processivity, we used microtubule pelleting and single-molecule dwell time assays in ATP and ADP. First, the microtubule affinity was similar in ATP and in ADP, consistent with the motor spending the majority of its cycle in a weakly bound state. Second, the microtubule affinity and single-molecule dwell time in ADP were 6-fold lower in the loop-swap mutant than WT. Thus, the positive charge in loop-12 of KIF1A enhances the run length by stabilizing binding of the motor in its vulnerable one-head-bound state. Finally, through a series of mutants with varying positive charge in the K-loop, we found that KIF1A processivity is linearly dependent on the charge of loop-12, further highlighting how loop-12 contributes to the function of this key motor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Zaniewski
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William O Hancock
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Nair A, Greeny A, Rajendran R, Abdelgawad MA, Ghoneim MM, Raghavan RP, Sudevan ST, Mathew B, Kim H. KIF1A-Associated Neurological Disorder: An Overview of a Rare Mutational Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:147. [PMID: 37259299 PMCID: PMC9962247 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
KIF1A-associated neurological diseases (KANDs) are a group of inherited conditions caused by changes in the microtubule (MT) motor protein KIF1A as a result of KIF1A gene mutations. Anterograde transport of membrane organelles is facilitated by the kinesin family protein encoded by the MT-based motor gene KIF1A. Variations in the KIF1A gene, which primarily affect the motor domain, disrupt its ability to transport synaptic vesicles containing synaptophysin and synaptotagmin leading to various neurological pathologies such as hereditary sensory neuropathy, autosomal dominant and recessive forms of spastic paraplegia, and different neurological conditions. These mutations are frequently misdiagnosed because they result from spontaneous, non-inherited genomic alterations. Whole-exome sequencing (WES), a cutting-edge method, assists neurologists in diagnosing the illness and in planning and choosing the best course of action. These conditions are simple to be identified in pediatric and have a life expectancy of 5-7 years. There is presently no permanent treatment for these illnesses, and researchers have not yet discovered a medicine to treat them. Scientists have more hope in gene therapy since it can be used to cure diseases brought on by mutations. In this review article, we discussed some of the experimental gene therapy methods, including gene replacement, gene knockdown, symptomatic gene therapy, and cell suicide gene therapy. It also covered its clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, current diagnostics, therapy, and research advances currently occurring in the field of KAND-related disorders. This review also explained the impact that gene therapy can be designed in this direction and afford the remarkable benefits to the patients and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Nair
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Alosh Greeny
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Rajalakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roshni Pushpa Raghavan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Sachithra Thazhathuveedu Sudevan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, India
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
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9
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Garbouchian A, Montgomery AC, Gilbert SP, Bentley M. KAP is the neuronal organelle adaptor for Kinesin-2 KIF3AB and KIF3AC. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar133. [PMID: 36200888 PMCID: PMC9727798 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-08-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-driven organelle transport is crucial for neuron development and maintenance, yet the mechanisms by which kinesins specifically bind their organelle cargoes remain undefined. In contrast to other transport kinesins, the neuronal function and specific organelle adaptors of heterodimeric Kinesin-2 family members KIF3AB and KIF3AC remain unknown. We developed a novel microscopy-based assay to define protein-protein interactions in intact neurons. The experiments found that both KIF3AB and KIF3AC bind kinesin-associated protein (KAP). These interactions are mediated by the distal C-terminal tail regions and not the coiled-coil domain. We used live-cell imaging in cultured hippocampal neurons to define the localization and trafficking parameters of KIF3AB and KIF3AC organelle populations. We discovered that KIF3AB/KAP and KIF3AC/KAP bind the same organelle populations and defined their transport parameters in axons and dendrites. The results also show that ∼12% of KIF3 organelles contain the RNA-binding protein adenomatous polyposis coli. These data point toward a model in which KIF3AB and KIF3AC use KAP as their neuronal organelle adaptor and that these kinesins mediate transport of a range of organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Garbouchian
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Andrew C. Montgomery
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Susan P. Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Marvin Bentley
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180,*Address correspondence to: Marvin Bentley ()
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10
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Cui L, Li H, Xi Y, Hu Q, Liu H, Fan J, Xiang Y, Zhang X, Shui W, Lai Y. Vesicle trafficking and vesicle fusion: mechanisms, biological functions, and their implications for potential disease therapy. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:29. [PMID: 36129576 PMCID: PMC9492833 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular vesicle trafficking is the fundamental process to maintain the homeostasis of membrane-enclosed organelles in eukaryotic cells. These organelles transport cargo from the donor membrane to the target membrane through the cargo containing vesicles. Vesicle trafficking pathway includes vesicle formation from the donor membrane, vesicle transport, and vesicle fusion with the target membrane. Coat protein mediated vesicle formation is a delicate membrane budding process for cargo molecules selection and package into vesicle carriers. Vesicle transport is a dynamic and specific process for the cargo containing vesicles translocation from the donor membrane to the target membrane. This process requires a group of conserved proteins such as Rab GTPases, motor adaptors, and motor proteins to ensure vesicle transport along cytoskeletal track. Soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein receptors (SNARE)-mediated vesicle fusion is the final process for vesicle unloading the cargo molecules at the target membrane. To ensure vesicle fusion occurring at a defined position and time pattern in eukaryotic cell, multiple fusogenic proteins, such as synaptotagmin (Syt), complexin (Cpx), Munc13, Munc18 and other tethering factors, cooperate together to precisely regulate the process of vesicle fusion. Dysfunctions of the fusogenic proteins in SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion are closely related to many diseases. Recent studies have suggested that stimulated membrane fusion can be manipulated pharmacologically via disruption the interface between the SNARE complex and Ca2+ sensor protein. Here, we summarize recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of vesicle trafficking, and implications for the development of new therapeutics based on the manipulation of vesicle fusion.
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Weijman JF, Yadav SKN, Surridge KJ, Cross JA, Borucu U, Mantell J, Woolfson DN, Schaffitzel C, Dodding MP. Molecular architecture of the autoinhibited kinesin-1 lambda particle. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp9660. [PMID: 36112680 PMCID: PMC9481135 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite continuing progress in kinesin enzyme mechanochemistry and emerging understanding of the cargo recognition machinery, it is not known how these functions are coupled and controlled by the α-helical coiled coils encoded by a large component of kinesin protein sequences. Here, we combine computational structure prediction with single-particle negative-stain electron microscopy to reveal the coiled-coil architecture of heterotetrameric kinesin-1 in its compact state. An unusual flexion in the scaffold enables folding of the complex, bringing the kinesin heavy chain-light chain interface into close apposition with a tetrameric assembly formed from the region of the molecule previously assumed to be the folding hinge. This framework for autoinhibition is required to uncover how engagement of cargo and other regulatory factors drives kinesin-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F. Weijman
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sathish K. N. Yadav
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Katherine J. Surridge
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jessica A. Cross
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Ufuk Borucu
- GW4 Facility for High-Resolution Electron Cryo-Microscopy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Judith Mantell
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Derek N. Woolfson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Bristol BioDesign Institute, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Christiane Schaffitzel
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Bristol BioDesign Institute, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Mark P. Dodding
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Bristol BioDesign Institute, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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12
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The physiological cargo adaptor of kinesin-2 functions as an evolutionary conserved lockpick. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2109378119. [PMID: 35947619 PMCID: PMC9388150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109378119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific recognition of cellular cargo and efficient transport to its correct intracellular destination is an infrastructural challenge faced by most eukaryotic cells. This remarkable deed is accomplished by processive motor proteins that are subject to robust regulatory mechanisms. The first level of regulation entails the ability of the motor to suppress its own activity. This autoinhibition is eventually relieved by specific cargo binding. To better understand the role of the cargo during motor activation, we dissected the activation mechanism of the ciliary homodimeric kinesin-2 from Caenorhabditis elegans by its physiological cargo. In functional reconstitution assays, we identified two cargo adaptor proteins that together are necessary and sufficient to allosterically activate the autoinhibited motor. Surprisingly, the orthologous adaptor proteins from the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii also fully activated the kinesin-2 from worm, even though C. reinhardtii itself lacks a homodimeric kinesin-2 motor. The latter suggested that a motor activation mechanism similar to the C. elegans model existed already well before metazoans evolved, and prompted us to scrutinize predicted homodimeric kinesin-2 orthologs in other evolutionarily distant eukaryotes. We show that the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila not only possesses a homodimeric kinesin-2 but that it also shares the same allosteric activation mechanism that we delineated in the C. elegans model. Our results point to a much more fundamental role of homodimeric kinesin-2 in intraflagellar transport (IFT) than previously thought and warrant further scrutiny of distantly related organisms toward a comprehensive picture of the IFT process and its evolution.
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Soppina P, Patel N, Shewale DJ, Rai A, Sivaramakrishnan S, Naik PK, Soppina V. Kinesin-3 motors are fine-tuned at the molecular level to endow distinct mechanical outputs. BMC Biol 2022; 20:177. [PMID: 35948971 PMCID: PMC9364601 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinesin-3 family motors drive diverse cellular processes and have significant clinical importance. The ATPase cycle is integral to the processive motility of kinesin motors to drive long-distance intracellular transport. Our previous work has demonstrated that kinesin-3 motors are fast and superprocessive with high microtubule affinity. However, chemomechanics of these motors remain poorly understood. RESULTS We purified kinesin-3 motors using the Sf9-baculovirus expression system and demonstrated that their motility properties are on par with the motors expressed in mammalian cells. Using biochemical analysis, we show for the first time that kinesin-3 motors exhibited high ATP turnover rates, which is 1.3- to threefold higher compared to the well-studied kinesin-1 motor. Remarkably, these ATPase rates correlate to their stepping rate, suggesting a tight coupling between chemical and mechanical cycles. Intriguingly, kinesin-3 velocities (KIF1A > KIF13A > KIF13B > KIF16B) show an inverse correlation with their microtubule-binding affinities (KIF1A < KIF13A < KIF13B < KIF16B). We demonstrate that this differential microtubule-binding affinity is largely contributed by the positively charged residues in loop8 of the kinesin-3 motor domain. Furthermore, microtubule gliding and cellular expression studies displayed significant microtubule bending that is influenced by the positively charged insert in the motor domain, K-loop, a hallmark of kinesin-3 family. CONCLUSIONS Together, we propose that a fine balance between the rate of ATP hydrolysis and microtubule affinity endows kinesin-3 motors with distinct mechanical outputs. The K-loop, a positively charged insert in the loop12 of the kinesin-3 motor domain promotes microtubule bending, an interesting phenomenon often observed in cells, which requires further investigation to understand its cellular and physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpanjali Soppina
- Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Orissa, 768019, India
| | - Nishaben Patel
- Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Dipeshwari J Shewale
- Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Ashim Rai
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Sivaraj Sivaramakrishnan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Pradeep K Naik
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Orissa, 768019, India
| | - Virupakshi Soppina
- Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.
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14
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The architecture of kinesin-3 KLP-6 reveals a multilevel-lockdown mechanism for autoinhibition. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4281. [PMID: 35879313 PMCID: PMC9314371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoinhibition of kinesin-3 ensures the proper spatiotemporal control of the motor activity for intracellular transport, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we determine the full-length structure of kinesin-3 KLP-6 in a compact self-folded state. Unexpectedly, all the internal coiled-coil segments and domains in KLP-6 cooperate to successively lock down the neck and motor domains. The first coiled-coil segment is melted into several short helices that work with the motor domain to restrain the entire neck domain. The second coiled-coil segment associates with its neighboring FHA and MBS domains and integrates with the tail MATH domain to form a supramodule that synergistically wraps around the motor domain to trap the nucleotide and hinder the microtubule binding. This multilevel-lockdown mechanism for autoinhibition could be applicable to other kinesin-3 motors.
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15
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Cytoskeletal regulation of a transcription factor by DNA mimicry via coiled-coil interactions. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1088-1098. [PMID: 35725768 PMCID: PMC10016618 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A long-established strategy for transcription regulation is the tethering of transcription factors to cellular membranes. By contrast, the principal effectors of Hedgehog signalling, the GLI transcription factors, are regulated by microtubules in the primary cilium and the cytoplasm. How GLI is tethered to microtubules remains unclear. Here, we uncover DNA mimicry by the ciliary kinesin KIF7 as a mechanism for the recruitment of GLI to microtubules, wherein the coiled-coil dimerization domain of KIF7, characterized by its striking shape, size and charge similarity to DNA, forms a complex with the DNA-binding zinc fingers in GLI, thus revealing a mode of tethering a DNA-binding protein to the cytoskeleton. GLI increases KIF7 microtubule affinity and consequently modulates the localization of both proteins to microtubules and the cilium tip. Thus, the kinesin-microtubule system is not a passive GLI tether but a regulatable platform tuned by the kinesin-transcription factor interaction. We retooled this coiled-coil-based GLI-KIF7 interaction to inhibit the nuclear and cilium localization of GLI. This strategy can potentially be exploited to downregulate erroneously activated GLI in human cancers.
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16
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Thompson AF, Blackburn PR, Arons NS, Stevens SN, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Lian JB, Klee EW, Stumpff J. Pathogenic mutations in the chromokinesin KIF22 disrupt anaphase chromosome segregation. eLife 2022; 11:78653. [PMID: 35730929 PMCID: PMC9302971 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromokinesin KIF22 generates forces that contribute to mitotic chromosome congression and alignment. Mutations in the α2 helix of the motor domain of KIF22 have been identified in patients with abnormal skeletal development, and we report the identification of a patient with a novel mutation in the KIF22 tail. We demonstrate that pathogenic mutations do not result in a loss of KIF22’s functions in early mitosis. Instead, mutations disrupt chromosome segregation in anaphase, resulting in reduced proliferation, abnormal daughter cell nuclear morphology, and, in a subset of cells, cytokinesis failure. This phenotype could be explained by a failure of KIF22 to inactivate in anaphase. Consistent with this model, constitutive activation of the motor via a known site of phosphoregulation in the tail phenocopied the effects of pathogenic mutations. These results suggest that the motor domain α2 helix may be an important site for regulation of KIF22 activity at the metaphase to anaphase transition. In support of this conclusion, mimicking phosphorylation of α2 helix residue T158 also prevents inactivation of KIF22 in anaphase. These findings demonstrate the importance of both the head and tail of the motor in regulating the activity of KIF22 and offer insight into the cellular consequences of preventing KIF22 inactivation and disrupting force balance in anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex F Thompson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | | | - Noah S Arons
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Sarah N Stevens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | | | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Eric W Klee
- Biomedical Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Jason Stumpff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
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17
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Morthorst SK, Nielsen C, Farinelli P, Anvarian Z, Rasmussen CBR, Serra-Marques A, Grigoriev I, Altelaar M, Fürstenberg N, Ludwig A, Akhmanova A, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. Angiomotin isoform 2 promotes binding of PALS1 to KIF13B at primary cilia and regulates ciliary length and signaling. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275635. [PMID: 35673984 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinesin-3 motor KIF13B functions in endocytosis, vesicle transport and regulation of ciliary length and signaling. Direct binding of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) DLG1 to the MAGUK-binding stalk domain of KIF13B relieves motor autoinhibition and promotes microtubule plus-end-directed cargo transport. Here, we characterize angiomotin (AMOT) isoform 2 (p80, referred to as Ap80) as a novel KIF13B interactor that promotes binding of another MAGUK, the polarity protein and Crumbs complex component PALS1, to KIF13B. Live-cell imaging analysis indicated that Ap80 is concentrated at and recruits PALS1 to the base of the primary cilium, but is not a cargo of KIF13B itself. Consistent with a ciliary function for Ap80, its depletion led to elongated primary cilia and reduced agonist-induced ciliary accumulation of SMO, a key component of the Hedgehog signaling pathway, whereas Ap80 overexpression caused ciliary shortening. Our results suggest that Ap80 activates KIF13B cargo binding at the base of the primary cilium to regulate ciliary length, composition and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Kjær Morthorst
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Camilla Nielsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Pietro Farinelli
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Zeinab Anvarian
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Andrea Serra-Marques
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline Fürstenberg
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences and NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City 637551, Singapore
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Søren Tvorup Christensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lotte Bang Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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18
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Kumari D, Ray K. Phosphoregulation of Kinesins Involved in Long-Range Intracellular Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873164. [PMID: 35721476 PMCID: PMC9203973 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins, the microtubule-dependent mechanochemical enzymes, power a variety of intracellular movements. Regulation of Kinesin activity and Kinesin-Cargo interactions determine the direction, timing and flux of various intracellular transports. This review examines how phosphorylation of Kinesin subunits and adaptors influence the traffic driven by Kinesin-1, -2, and -3 family motors. Each family of Kinesins are phosphorylated by a partially overlapping set of serine/threonine kinases, and each event produces a unique outcome. For example, phosphorylation of the motor domain inhibits motility, and that of the stalk and tail domains induces cargo loading and unloading effects according to the residue and context. Also, the association of accessory subunits with cargo and adaptor proteins with the motor, respectively, is disrupted by phosphorylation. In some instances, phosphorylation by the same kinase on different Kinesins elicited opposite outcomes. We discuss how this diverse range of effects could manage the logistics of Kinesin-dependent, long-range intracellular transport.
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19
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Morikawa M, Jerath NU, Ogawa T, Morikawa M, Tanaka Y, Shy ME, Zuchner S, Hirokawa N. A neuropathy-associated kinesin KIF1A mutation hyper-stabilizes the motor-neck interaction during the ATPase cycle. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108899. [PMID: 35132656 PMCID: PMC8886545 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanochemical coupling of ATPase hydrolysis and conformational dynamics in kinesin motors facilitates intramolecular interaction cycles between the kinesin motor and neck domains, which are essential for microtubule-based motility. Here, we characterized a charge-inverting KIF1A-E239K mutant that we identified in a family with axonal-type Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and also in 24 cases in human neuropathies including spastic paraplegia and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. We show that Glu239 in the β7 strand is a key residue of the motor domain that regulates the motor-neck interaction. Expression of the KIF1A-E239K mutation has decreased ability to complement Kif1a+/- neurons, and significantly decreases ATPase activity and microtubule gliding velocity. X-ray crystallography shows that this mutation causes an excess positive charge on β7, which may electrostatically interact with a negative charge on the neck. Quantitative mass spectrometric analysis supports that the mutation hyper-stabilizes the motor-neck interaction at the late ATP hydrolysis stage. Thus, the negative charge of Glu239 dynamically regulates the kinesin motor-neck interaction, promoting release of the neck from the motor domain upon ATP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manatsu Morikawa
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Nivedita U Jerath
- Department of NeurologyCarver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA,Neuromuscular DivisionAdventHealth OrlandoWinter ParkFLUSA
| | - Tadayuki Ogawa
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan,Research Center for Advanced Medical ScienceDokkyo Medical UniversityMibuJapan
| | - Momo Morikawa
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan,Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Yosuke Tanaka
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Michael E Shy
- Department of NeurologyCarver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human GenomicsMiller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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20
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Motor domain-mediated autoinhibition dictates axonal transport by the kinesin UNC-104/KIF1A. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009940. [PMID: 34843479 PMCID: PMC8659337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The UNC-104/KIF1A motor is crucial for axonal transport of synaptic vesicles, but how the UNC-104/KIF1A motor is activated in vivo is not fully understood. Here, we identified point mutations located in the motor domain or the inhibitory CC1 domain, which resulted in gain-of-function alleles of unc-104 that exhibit hyperactive axonal transport and abnormal accumulation of synaptic vesicles. In contrast to the cell body localization of wild type motor, the mutant motors accumulate on neuronal processes. Once on the neuronal process, the mutant motors display dynamic movement similarly to wild type motors. The gain-of-function mutation on the motor domain leads to an active dimeric conformation, releasing the inhibitory CC1 region from the motor domain. Genetically engineered mutations in the motor domain or CC1 of UNC-104, which disrupt the autoinhibitory interface, also led to the gain of function and hyperactivation of axonal transport. Thus, the CC1/motor domain-mediated autoinhibition is crucial for UNC-104/KIF1A-mediated axonal transport in vivo. UNC-104/KIF1A is the founding member of the kinesin-3 family. When not transporting cargos, most kinesin-3 motors adopt an autoinhibited conformation, and how the UNC-104/KIF1A motor is activated in vivo is not fully understood. Here, we identified gain-of-function mutations in the motor domain or CC1 domain that significantly enhance the synaptic vesicle transport. Further biochemical and structural analyses revealed that these mutations could disrupt the CC1/motor mediated autoinhibition. Thus, our work provides a mechanistic explanation for the role of some disease-related mutations in motor hyperactivation.
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21
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Hummel JJA, Hoogenraad CC. Specific KIF1A-adaptor interactions control selective cargo recognition. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212488. [PMID: 34287616 PMCID: PMC8298099 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202105011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular transport in neurons is driven by molecular motors that carry many different cargos along cytoskeletal tracks in axons and dendrites. Identifying how motors interact with specific types of transport vesicles has been challenging. Here, we use engineered motors and cargo adaptors to systematically investigate the selectivity and regulation of kinesin-3 family member KIF1A–driven transport of dense core vesicles (DCVs), lysosomes, and synaptic vesicles (SVs). We dissect the role of KIF1A domains in motor activity and show that CC1 regulates autoinhibition, CC2 regulates motor dimerization, and CC3 and PH mediate cargo binding. Furthermore, we identify that phosphorylation of KIF1A is critical for binding to vesicles. Cargo specificity is achieved by specific KIF1A adaptors; MADD/Rab3GEP links KIF1A to SVs, and Arf-like GTPase Arl8A mediates interactions with DCVs and lysosomes. We propose a model where motor dimerization, posttranslational modifications, and specific adaptors regulate selective KIF1A cargo trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J A Hummel
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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22
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Blasius TL, Yue Y, Prasad R, Liu X, Gennerich A, Verhey KJ. Sequences in the stalk domain regulate auto-inhibition and ciliary tip localization of the immotile kinesin-4 KIF7. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:269104. [PMID: 34114033 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinesin-4 member KIF7 plays critical roles in Hedgehog signaling in vertebrate cells. KIF7 is an atypical kinesin as it binds to microtubules but is immotile. We demonstrate that, like conventional kinesins, KIF7 is regulated by auto-inhibition, as the full-length protein is inactive for microtubule binding in cells. We identify a segment, the inhibitory coiled coil (inhCC), that is required for auto-inhibition of KIF7, whereas the adjacent regulatory coiled coil (rCC) that contributes to auto-inhibition of the motile kinesin-4s KIF21A and KIF21B is not sufficient for KIF7 auto-inhibition. Disease-associated mutations in the inhCC relieve auto-inhibition and result in strong microtubule binding. Surprisingly, uninhibited KIF7 proteins did not bind preferentially to or track the plus ends of growing microtubules in cells, as suggested by previous in vitro work, but rather bound along cytosolic and axonemal microtubules. Localization to the tip of the primary cilium also required the inhCC, and could be increased by disease-associated mutations regardless of the auto-inhibition state of the protein. These findings suggest that loss of KIF7 auto-inhibition and/or altered cilium tip localization can contribute to the pathogenesis of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - RaghuRam Prasad
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xinglei Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Arne Gennerich
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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23
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ElGamacy M, Hernandez Alvarez B. Expanding the versatility of natural and de novo designed coiled coils and helical bundles. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 68:224-234. [PMID: 33964630 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural helical bundles (HBs) constitute a ubiquitous class of protein folds built of two or more longitudinally arranged α-helices. They adopt topologies that include symmetric, highly regular assemblies all the way to asymmetric, loosely packed domains. The diverse functional spectrum of HBs ranges from structural scaffolds to complex and dynamic effectors as molecular motors, signaling and sensing molecules, enzymes, and molecular switches. Symmetric HBs, particularly coiled coils, offer simple model systems providing an ideal entry point for protein folding and design studies. Herein, we review recent progress unveiling new structural features and functional mechanisms in natural HBs and cover staggering advances in the de novo design of HBs, giving rise to exotic structures and the creation of novel functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad ElGamacy
- Systems Biology of Development Group, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Max-Planck-Ring 9, Tübingen, 72076, Germany; Division of Translational Oncology, Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, Tübingen, 72076, Germany; Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Birte Hernandez Alvarez
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
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24
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Patel NM, Siva MSA, Kumari R, Shewale DJ, Rai A, Ritt M, Sharma P, Setty SRG, Sivaramakrishnan S, Soppina V. KIF13A motors are regulated by Rab22A to function as weak dimers inside the cell. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/6/eabd2054. [PMID: 33536208 PMCID: PMC7857691 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Endocytic recycling is a complex itinerary, critical for many cellular processes. Membrane tubulation is a hallmark of recycling endosomes (REs), mediated by KIF13A, a kinesin-3 family motor. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of KIF13A in RE tubulation and cargo recycling is of fundamental importance but is overlooked. Here, we report a unique mechanism of KIF13A dimerization modulated by Rab22A, a small guanosine triphosphatase, during RE tubulation. A conserved proline between neck coil-coiled-coil (NC-CC1) domains of KIF13A creates steric hindrance, rendering the motors as inactive monomers. Rab22A plays an unusual role by binding to NC-CC1 domains of KIF13A, relieving proline-mediated inhibition and facilitating motor dimerization. As a result, KIF13A motors produce balanced motility and force against multiple dyneins in a molecular tug-of-war to regulate RE tubulation and homeostasis. Together, our findings demonstrate that KIF13A motors are tuned at a single-molecule level to function as weak dimers on the cellular cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishaben M Patel
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
| | | | - Ruchi Kumari
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Dipeshwari J Shewale
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Ashim Rai
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael Ritt
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Prerna Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Subba Rao Gangi Setty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sivaraj Sivaramakrishnan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Virupakshi Soppina
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India.
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25
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Budaitis BG, Jariwala S, Rao L, Yue Y, Sept D, Verhey KJ, Gennerich A. Pathogenic mutations in the kinesin-3 motor KIF1A diminish force generation and movement through allosteric mechanisms. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211720. [PMID: 33496723 PMCID: PMC7844421 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinesin-3 motor KIF1A functions in neurons, where its fast and superprocessive motility facilitates long-distance transport, but little is known about its force-generating properties. Using optical tweezers, we demonstrate that KIF1A stalls at an opposing load of ~3 pN but more frequently detaches at lower forces. KIF1A rapidly reattaches to the microtubule to resume motion due to its class-specific K-loop, resulting in a unique clustering of force generation events. To test the importance of neck linker docking in KIF1A force generation, we introduced mutations linked to human neurodevelopmental disorders. Molecular dynamics simulations predict that V8M and Y89D mutations impair neck linker docking. Indeed, both mutations dramatically reduce the force generation of KIF1A but not the motor’s ability to rapidly reattach to the microtubule. Although both mutations relieve autoinhibition of the full-length motor, the mutant motors display decreased velocities, run lengths, and landing rates and delayed cargo transport in cells. These results advance our understanding of how mutations in KIF1A can manifest in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breane G Budaitis
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Shashank Jariwala
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lu Rao
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David Sept
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Arne Gennerich
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
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26
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Atherton J, Hummel JJA, Olieric N, Locke J, Peña A, Rosenfeld SS, Steinmetz MO, Hoogenraad CC, Moores CA. The mechanism of kinesin inhibition by kinesin-binding protein. eLife 2020; 9:e61481. [PMID: 33252036 PMCID: PMC7746232 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular compartmentalisation is necessary for eukaryotic cell function. Spatial and temporal regulation of kinesin activity is essential for building these local environments via control of intracellular cargo distribution. Kinesin-binding protein (KBP) interacts with a subset of kinesins via their motor domains, inhibits their microtubule (MT) attachment, and blocks their cellular function. However, its mechanisms of inhibition and selectivity have been unclear. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy to reveal the structure of KBP and of a KBP-kinesin motor domain complex. KBP is a tetratricopeptide repeat-containing, right-handed α-solenoid that sequesters the kinesin motor domain's tubulin-binding surface, structurally distorting the motor domain and sterically blocking its MT attachment. KBP uses its α-solenoid concave face and edge loops to bind the kinesin motor domain, and selected structure-guided mutations disrupt KBP inhibition of kinesin transport in cells. The KBP-interacting motor domain surface contains motifs exclusively conserved in KBP-interacting kinesins, suggesting a basis for kinesin selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Atherton
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jessica JA Hummel
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Natacha Olieric
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer InstitutVilligen PSISwitzerland
| | - Julia Locke
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Peña
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer InstitutVilligen PSISwitzerland
- University of Basel, BiozentrumBaselSwitzerland
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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27
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Stepp WL, Ökten Z. Resolving kinesin stepping: one head at a time. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/5/e201900456. [PMID: 31601622 PMCID: PMC6788457 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins are well known to power diverse long-range transport processes in virtually all eukaryotic cells. The ATP-dependent processive stepping as well as the regulation of kinesin' activity have, thus, been the focus of extensive studies over the past decades. It is widely accepted that kinesin motors can self-regulate their activity by suppressing the catalytic activity of the "heads." The distal random coil at the C terminus, termed "tail domain," is proposed to mediate this autoinhibition; however, a direct regulatory influence of the tail on the processive stepping of kinesin proved difficult to capture. Here, we simultaneously tracked the two distinct head domains in the kinesin-2 motor using dual-color super resolution microscopy (dcFIONA) and reveal for the first time their individual properties during processive stepping. We show that the autoinhibitory wild-type conformation selectively impacts one head in the heterodimer but not the other. Our results provide insights into the regulated kinesin stepping that had escaped experimental scrutiny so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi L Stepp
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Zeynep Ökten
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany .,Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Munich, Germany
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28
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Magaletta ME, Perkins KJ, Deuchler CP, Pieczynski JN. The Kinesin-3 motor, KLP-4, mediates axonal organization and cholinergic signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. FASEB Bioadv 2019; 1:450-460. [PMID: 32123843 PMCID: PMC6996341 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule plus-end directed trafficking is dominated by kinesin motors, yet kinesins differ in terms of cargo identity, movement rate, and distance travelled. Functional diversity of kinesins is especially apparent in polarized neurons, where long distance trafficking is required for efficient signal transduction-behavioral response paradigms. The Kinesin-3 superfamily are expressed in neurons and are hypothesized to have significant roles in neuronal signal transduction due to their high processivity. Although much is known about Kinesin-3 motors mechanistically in vitro, there is little known about their mechanisms in vivo. Here, we analyzed KLP-4, the Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of human KIF13A and KIF13B. Like other Kinesin-3 superfamily motors, klp-4 is highly expressed in the ventral nerve cord command interneurons of the animal, suggesting it might have a role in controlling movement of the animal. We characterized an allele of klp-4 that contains are large indel in the cargo binding domain of the motor, however, the gene still appears to be expressed. Behavioral analysis demonstrated that klp-4 mutants have defects in locomotive signaling, but not the strikingly uncoordinated movements such as those found in unc-104/KIF1A mutants. Animals with this large deletion are hypersensitive to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb but are unaffected by exogenous serotonin. Interestingly, this large klp-4 indel does not affect gross neuronal development but does lead to aggregation and disorganization of RAB-3 at synapses. Taken together, these data suggest a role for KLP-4 in modulation of cholinergic signaling in vivo and shed light on possible in vivo mechanisms of Kinesin-3 motor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Magaletta
- Department of BiologyRollins CollegeWinter ParkFlorida
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of ExcellenceUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
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29
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Abstract
Kinesin motor proteins that drive intracellular transport share an overall architecture of two motor domain-containing subunits that dimerize through a coiled-coil stalk. Dimerization allows kinesins to be processive motors, taking many steps along the microtubule track before detaching. However, whether dimerization is required for intracellular transport remains unknown. Here, we address this issue using a combination of in vitro and cellular assays to directly compare dimeric motors across the kinesin-1, -2, and -3 families to their minimal monomeric forms. Surprisingly, we find that monomeric motors are able to work in teams to drive peroxisome dispersion in cells. However, peroxisome transport requires minimal force output, and we find that most monomeric motors are unable to disperse the Golgi complex, a high-load cargo. Strikingly, monomeric versions of the kinesin-2 family motors KIF3A and KIF3B are able to drive Golgi dispersion in cells, and teams of monomeric KIF3B motors can generate over 8 pN of force in an optical trap. We find that intracellular transport and force output by monomeric motors, but not dimeric motors, are significantly decreased by the addition of longer and more flexible motor-to-cargo linkers. Together, these results suggest that dimerization of kinesin motors is not required for intracellular transport; however, it enables motor-to-motor coordination and high force generation regardless of motor-to-cargo distance. Dimerization of kinesin motors is thus critical for cellular events that require an ability to generate or withstand high forces.
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30
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Malleable folding of coiled-coils regulates kinesin-3 dimerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12845-12847. [PMID: 30530652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818758115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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