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Yan Y, Wang H, Bi Y, Wang J, Noman M, Li D, Song F. OsATL32 ubiquitinates the reactive oxygen species-producing OsRac5-OsRbohB module to suppress rice immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:1459-1480. [PMID: 38629772 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation is integral to plant immunity, with E3 ubiquitin ligases acting as key factors in this process. Here, we report the functions of OsATL32, a plasma membrane-localized Arabidopsis Tóxicos En Levadura (ATL)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, in rice (Oryza sativa) immunity and its associated regulatory network. We found that the expression of OsATL32 is downregulated in both compatible and incompatible interactions between rice and the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. The OsATL32 protein level declines in response to infection by a compatible M. oryzae strain or to chitin treatment. OsATL32 negatively regulates rice resistance to blast and bacterial leaf blight diseases, as well as chitin-triggered immunity. Biochemical and genetic studies revealed that OsATL32 suppresses pathogen-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of the ROS-producing OsRac5-OsRbohB module, which enhances rice immunity against M. oryzae. The protein phosphatase PHOSPHATASE AND TENSIN HOMOLOG enhances rice blast resistance by dephosphorylating OsATL32 and promoting its degradation, preventing its negative effect on rice immunity. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanism by which the E3 ligase OsATL32 targets a ROS-producing module to undermine rice immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Yan
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Bi
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Noman
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dayong Li
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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2
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Li Y, Wang Q, Jia H, Ishikawa K, Kosami KI, Ueba T, Tsujimoto A, Yamanaka M, Yabumoto Y, Miki D, Sasaki E, Fukao Y, Fujiwara M, Kaneko-Kawano T, Tan L, Kojima C, Wing RA, Sebastian A, Nishimura H, Fukada F, Niu Q, Shimizu M, Yoshida K, Terauchi R, Shimamoto K, Kawano Y. An NLR paralog Pit2 generated from tandem duplication of Pit1 fine-tunes Pit1 localization and function. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4610. [PMID: 38816417 PMCID: PMC11139913 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
NLR family proteins act as intracellular receptors. Gene duplication amplifies the number of NLR genes, and subsequent mutations occasionally provide modifications to the second gene that benefits immunity. However, evolutionary processes after gene duplication and functional relationships between duplicated NLRs remain largely unclear. Here, we report that the rice NLR protein Pit1 is associated with its paralogue Pit2. The two are required for the resistance to rice blast fungus but have different functions: Pit1 induces cell death, while Pit2 competitively suppresses Pit1-mediated cell death. During evolution, the suppression of Pit1 by Pit2 was probably generated through positive selection on two fate-determining residues in the NB-ARC domain of Pit2, which account for functional differences between Pit1 and Pit2. Consequently, Pit2 lost its plasma membrane localization but acquired a new function to interfere with Pit1 in the cytosol. These findings illuminate the evolutionary trajectory of tandemly duplicated NLR genes after gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huimin Jia
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kosami
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Fruit Tree Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ehime, 791-0112, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ueba
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0101, Japan
| | - Atsumi Tsujimoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0101, Japan
| | - Miki Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0101, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yabumoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0101, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miki
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Eriko Sasaki
- Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | | | - Takako Kaneko-Kawano
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Li Tan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Chojiro Kojima
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Rod A Wing
- Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alfino Sebastian
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Hideki Nishimura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Fumi Fukada
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Qingfeng Niu
- Advanced Academy, Anhui Agricultural University, Research Centre for Biological Breeding Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Motoki Shimizu
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshida
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 617-0001, Japan
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 617-0001, Japan
| | - Ko Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, 630-0101, Japan
| | - Yoji Kawano
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan.
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan.
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Kou Y, Shi H, Qiu J, Tao Z, Wang W. Effectors and environment modulating rice blast disease: from understanding to effective control. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00072-6. [PMID: 38580607 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Rice blast is a highly destructive crop disease that requires the interplay of three essential factors: the virulent blast fungus, the susceptible rice plant, and favorable environmental conditions. Although previous studies have focused mainly on the pathogen and rice, recent research has shed light on the molecular mechanisms by which the blast fungus and environmental conditions regulate host resistance and contribute to blast disease outbreaks. This review summarizes significant achievements in understanding the sophisticated modulation of blast resistance by Magnaporthe oryzae effectors and the dual regulatory mechanisms by which environmental conditions influence rice resistance and virulence of the blast fungus. Furthermore, it emphasizes potential strategies for developing blast-resistant rice varieties to effectively control blast disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| | - Huanbin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Zeng Tao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wenming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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4
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Wei YY, Liang S, Zhu XM, Liu XH, Lin FC. Recent Advances in Effector Research of Magnaporthe oryzae. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1650. [PMID: 38002332 PMCID: PMC10669146 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recalcitrant rice blast disease is caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, which has a significant negative economic reverberation on crop productivity. In order to induce the disease onto the host, M. oryzae positively generates many types of small secreted proteins, here named as effectors, to manipulate the host cell for the purpose of stimulating pathogenic infection. In M. oryzae, by engaging with specific receptors on the cell surface, effectors activate signaling channels which control an array of cellular activities, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The most recent research on effector identification, classification, function, secretion, and control mechanism has been compiled in this review. In addition, the article also discusses directions and challenges for future research into an effector in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Wei
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China;
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
| | - Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
- Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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5
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Ganotra J, Sharma B, Biswal B, Bhardwaj D, Tuteja N. Emerging role of small GTPases and their interactome in plants to combat abiotic and biotic stress. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1007-1029. [PMID: 36525153 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants are frequently subjected to abiotic and biotic stress which causes major impediments in their growth and development. It is emerging that small guanosine triphosphatases (small GTPases), also known as monomeric GTP-binding proteins, assist plants in managing environmental stress. Small GTPases function as tightly regulated molecular switches that get activated with the aid of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and deactivated by the subsequent hydrolysis of GTP to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). All small GTPases except Rat sarcoma (Ras) are found in plants, including Ras-like in brain (Rab), Rho of plant (Rop), ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) and Ras-like nuclear (Ran). The members of small GTPases in plants interact with several downstream effectors to counteract the negative effects of environmental stress and disease-causing pathogens. In this review, we describe processes of stress alleviation by developing pathways involving several small GTPases and their associated proteins which are important for neutralizing fungal infections, stomatal regulation, and activation of abiotic stress-tolerant genes in plants. Previous reviews on small GTPases in plants were primarily focused on Rab GTPases, abiotic stress, and membrane trafficking, whereas this review seeks to improve our understanding of the role of all small GTPases in plants as well as their interactome in regulating mechanisms to combat abiotic and biotic stress. This review brings to the attention of scientists recent research on small GTPases so that they can employ genome editing tools to precisely engineer economically important plants through the overexpression/knock-out/knock-in of stress-related small GTPase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahanvi Ganotra
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Bhawana Sharma
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Brijesh Biswal
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Deepak Bhardwaj
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India.
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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6
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Approaches to Reduce Rice Blast Disease Using Knowledge from Host Resistance and Pathogen Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054985. [PMID: 36902415 PMCID: PMC10003181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is one of the staple foods for the majority of the global population that depends directly or indirectly on it. The yield of this important crop is constantly challenged by various biotic stresses. Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae), is a devastating rice disease causing severe yield losses annually and threatening rice production globally. The development of a resistant variety is one of the most effective and economical approaches to control rice blast. Researchers in the past few decades have witnessed the characterization of several qualitative resistance (R) and quantitative resistance (qR) genes to blast disease as well as several avirulence (Avr) genes from the pathogen. These provide great help for either breeders to develop a resistant variety or pathologists to monitor the dynamics of pathogenic isolates, and ultimately to control the disease. Here, we summarize the current status of the isolation of R, qR and Avr genes in the rice-M. oryzae interaction system, and review the progresses and problems of these genes utilized in practice for reducing rice blast disease. Research perspectives towards better managing blast disease by developing a broad-spectrum and durable blast resistance variety and new fungicides are also discussed.
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Engelhardt S, Trutzenberg A, Kopischke M, Probst K, McCollum C, Hofer J, Hückelhoven R. Barley RIC157, a potential RACB scaffold protein, is involved in susceptibility to powdery mildew. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 111:329-344. [PMID: 36562946 PMCID: PMC10090020 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CRIB motif-containing barley RIC157 is a novel ROP scaffold protein that interacts directly with barley RACB, promotes susceptibility to fungal penetration, and colocalizes with RACB at the haustorial neck. Successful obligate pathogens benefit from host cellular processes. For the biotrophic ascomycete fungus Blumeria hordei (Bh) it has been shown that barley RACB, a small monomeric G-protein (ROP, Rho of plants), is required for full susceptibility to fungal penetration. The susceptibility function of RACB probably lies in its role in cell polarity, which may be co-opted by the pathogen for invasive ingrowth of its haustorium. However, how RACB supports fungal penetration success and which other host proteins coordinate this process is incompletely understood. RIC (ROP-Interactive and CRIB-(Cdc42/Rac Interactive Binding) motif-containing) proteins are considered scaffold proteins which can interact directly with ROPs via a conserved CRIB motif. Here we describe a previously uncharacterized barley RIC protein, RIC157, which can interact directly with RACB in planta. We show that, in the presence of constitutively activated RACB, RIC157 shows a localization at the cell periphery/plasma membrane, whereas it otherwise localizes to the cytoplasm. RIC157 appears to mutually stabilize the plasma membrane localization of the activated ROP. During fungal infection, RIC157 and RACB colocalize at the penetration site, particularly at the haustorial neck. Additionally, transiently overexpressed RIC157 renders barley epidermal cells more susceptible to fungal penetration. We discuss that RIC157 may promote fungal penetration into barley epidermal cells by operating probably downstream of activated RACB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Engelhardt
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Adriana Trutzenberg
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Katja Probst
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Christopher McCollum
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Johanna Hofer
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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Zhang H, Hu Z, Luo X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu T, Zhang Y, Chu L, Wang X, Zhen Y, Zhang J, Yu Y. ZmRop1 participates in maize defense response to the damage of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae through mediating ROS and soluble phenol production. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e468. [PMID: 36540415 PMCID: PMC9751866 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As plant-specific molecular switches, Rho-like GTPases (Rops) are vital for plant survival in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, their roles in plant defense response to phytophagous insect's damage are largely unknown. In this study, the expression levels of nine maize RAC family genes were analyzed after fall armyworm (FAW) larvae infestation. Among the analyzed genes, ZmRop1 was specifically and highly expressed, and its role in maize response to FAW larvae damage was studied. The results showed that upon FAW larvae infestation, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate treatment ZmRop1 gene transcripts were all down-regulated. However, upon mechanical injury, the expression level of ZmRop1 was up-regulated. Overexpression of ZmRop1 gene in maize plants could improve maize plant resistance to FAW larvae damage. Conversely, silencing of ZmRop1 increased maize plant susceptibility to FAW larvae damage. The analysis of the potential anti-herbivore metabolites, showed that ZmRop1 promoted the enzyme activities of catalase, peroxidase and the expression levels of ZmCAT, ZmPOD, ZmRBOHA and ZmRBOHB, thereby enhancing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, including the content of O2- and H2O2. In addition, overexpression or silencing of ZmRop1 could have influence on the content of the total soluble phenol through mediating the activity of polyphenol oxidase. In summary, the results illuminated our understanding of how ZmRop1 participate in maize defense response to FAW larvae damage as a positive regulator through mediating ROS production and can be used as a reference for the green prevention and control of FAW larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Zongwei Hu
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Xincheng Luo
- College of Life SciencesYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Yuxue Wang
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Yi Wang
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Ting Liu
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Longyan Chu
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | | | - Yangya Zhen
- College of Life SciencesYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect PestsNanningChina
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9
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Trutzenberg A, Engelhardt S, Weiß L, Hückelhoven R. Barley guanine nucleotide exchange factor HvGEF14 is an activator of the susceptibility factor HvRACB and supports host cell entry by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1524-1537. [PMID: 35849420 PMCID: PMC9452760 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In barley (Hordeum vulgare), signalling rat sarcoma homolog (RHO) of plants guanosine triphosphate hydrolases (ROP GTPases) support the penetration success of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei but little is known about ROP activation. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) facilitate the exchange of ROP-bound GDP for GTP and thereby turn ROPs into a signalling-activated ROP-GTP state. Plants possess a unique class of GEFs harbouring a plant-specific ROP nucleotide exchanger domain (PRONE). Here, we performed phylogenetic analyses and annotated barley PRONE-GEFs. The leaf epidermal-expressed PRONE-GEF HvGEF14 undergoes a transcriptional down-regulation on inoculation with B. graminis f. sp. hordei and directly interacts with the ROP GTPase and susceptibility factor HvRACB in yeast and in planta. Overexpression of activated HvRACB or of HvGEF14 led to the recruitment of ROP downstream interactor HvRIC171 to the cell periphery. HvGEF14 further supported direct interaction of HvRACB with a HvRACB-GTP-binding CRIB (Cdc42/Rac Interactive Binding motif) domain-containing HvRIC171 truncation. Finally, the overexpression of HvGEF14 caused enhanced susceptibility to fungal entry, while HvGEF14 RNAi provoked a trend to more penetration resistance. HvGEF14 might therefore play a role in the activation of HvRACB in barley epidermal cells during fungal penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Trutzenberg
- Chair of Phytopathology, School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreising‐WeihenstephanGermany
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Chair of Phytopathology, School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreising‐WeihenstephanGermany
| | - Lukas Weiß
- Chair of Phytopathology, School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreising‐WeihenstephanGermany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreising‐WeihenstephanGermany
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10
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Comprehensive Analysis of Subcellular Localization, Immune Function and Role in Bacterial wilt Disease Resistance of Solanum lycopersicum Linn. ROP Family Small GTPases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179727. [PMID: 36077125 PMCID: PMC9456112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ROPs (Rho-like GTPases from plants) belong to the Rho-GTPase subfamily and serve as molecular switches for regulating diverse cellular events, including morphogenesis and stress responses. However, the immune functions of ROPs in Solanum lycopersicum Linn. (tomato) is still largely unclear. The tomato genome contains nine genes encoding ROP-type small GTPase family proteins (namely SlRop1–9) that fall into five distinct groups as revealed by phylogenetic tree. We studied the subcellular localization and immune response induction of nine SlRops by using a transient overexpression system in Nicotiana benthamiana Domin. Except for SlRop1 and SlRop3, which are solely localized at the plasma membrane, most of the remaining ROPs have additional nuclear and/or cytoplasmic distributions. We also revealed that the number of basic residues in the polybasic region of ROPs tends to be correlated with their membrane accumulation. Though nine SlRops are highly conserved at the RHO (Ras Homology) domains, only seven constitutively active forms of SlRops were able to trigger hypersensitive responses. Furthermore, we analyzed the tissue-specific expression patterns of nine ROPs and found that the expression levels of SlRop3, 4 and 6 were generally high in different tissues. The expression levels of SlRop1, 2 and 7 significantly decreased in tomato seedlings after infection with Ralstonia solanacearum (E.F. Smith) Yabuuchi et al. (GMI1000); the others did not respond. Infection assays among nine ROPs showed that SlRop3 and SlRop4 might be positive regulators of tomato bacterial wilt disease resistance, whereas the rest of the ROPs may not contribute to defense. Our study provides systematic evidence of tomato Rho-related small GTPases for localization, immune response, and disease resistance.
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11
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He D, Singh SK, Peng L, Kaushal R, Vílchez JI, Shao C, Wu X, Zheng S, Morcillo RJL, Paré PW, Zhang H. Flavonoid-attracted Aeromonas sp. from the Arabidopsis root microbiome enhances plant dehydration resistance. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:2622-2632. [PMID: 35842464 PMCID: PMC9561528 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are stress-inducible metabolites important for plant-microbe interactions. In contrast to their well-known function in initiating rhizobia nodulation in legumes, little is known about whether and how flavonoids may contribute to plant stress resistance through affecting non-nodulating bacteria. Here we show that flavonoids broadly contribute to the diversity of the Arabidopsis root microbiome and preferentially attract Aeromonadaceae, which included a cultivable Aeromonas sp. H1 that displayed flavonoid-induced chemotaxis with transcriptional enhancement of flagellum biogenesis and suppression of fumarate reduction for smooth swims. Strain H1 showed multiple plant-beneficial traits and enhanced plant dehydration resistance, which required flavonoids but not through a sudden “cry-for-help” upon stress. Strain H1 boosted dehydration-induced H2O2 accumulation in guard cells and stomatal closure, concomitant with synergistic induction of jasmonic acid-related regulators of plant dehydration resistance. These findings revealed a key role of flavonoids, and the underlying mechanism, in mediating plant-microbiome interactions including the bacteria-enhanced plant dehydration resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxia He
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Sunil K Singh
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Li Peng
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Richa Kaushal
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.,Department of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Juan I Vílchez
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Oeiras, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Chuyang Shao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zheng
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Rafael J L Morcillo
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.,Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - Paul W Paré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Huiming Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.
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12
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Wang Q, Li Y, Kosami KI, Liu C, Li J, Zhang D, Miki D, Kawano Y. Three highly conserved hydrophobic residues in the predicted α2-helix of rice NLR protein Pit contribute to its localization and immune induction. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1876-1890. [PMID: 35312080 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins work as crucial intracellular immune receptors. N-terminal domains of NLRs fall into two groups, coiled-coil (CC) and Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domains, which play critical roles in signal transduction and disease resistance. However, the activation mechanisms of NLRs, and how their N-termini function in immune induction, remain largely unknown. Here, we revealed that the CC domain of a rice NLR Pit contributes to self-association. The Pit CC domain possesses three conserved hydrophobic residues that are known to be involved in oligomer formation in two NLRs, barley MLA10 and Arabidopsis RPM1. Interestingly, the function of these residues in Pit differs from that in MLA10 and RPM1. Although three hydrophobic residues are important for Pit-induced disease resistance against rice blast fungus, they do not participate in self-association or binding to downstream signalling molecules. By homology modelling of Pit using the Arabidopsis ZAR1 structure, we tried to clarify the role of three conserved hydrophobic residues and found that they are located in the predicted α2-helix of the Pit CC domain and involved in the plasma membrane localization. Our findings provide novel insights for understanding the mechanisms of NLR activation as well as the relationship between subcellular localization and immune induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuying Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ken-Ichi Kosami
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Fruit Tree Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ehime, Japan
| | - Chaochao Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daisuke Miki
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yoji Kawano
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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13
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Understanding the Dynamics of Blast Resistance in Rice-Magnaporthe oryzae Interactions. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060584. [PMID: 35736067 PMCID: PMC9224618 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is a global food grain crop for more than one-third of the human population and a source for food and nutritional security. Rice production is subjected to various stresses; blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the major biotic stresses that has the potential to destroy total crop under severe conditions. In the present review, we discuss the importance of rice and blast disease in the present and future global context, genomics and molecular biology of blast pathogen and rice, and the molecular interplay between rice–M. oryzae interaction governed by different gene interaction models. We also elaborated in detail on M. oryzae effector and Avr genes, and the role of noncoding RNAs in disease development. Further, rice blast resistance QTLs; resistance (R) genes; and alleles identified, cloned, and characterized are discussed. We also discuss the utilization of QTLs and R genes for blast resistance through conventional breeding and transgenic approaches. Finally, we review the demonstrated examples and potential applications of the latest genome-editing tools in understanding and managing blast disease in rice.
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14
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Mallery EL, Yanagisawa M, Zhang C, Lee Y, Robles LM, Alonso JM, Szymanski DB. Tandem C2 domains mediate dynamic organelle targeting of a DOCK family guanine nucleotide exchange factor. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275003. [PMID: 35194638 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms use DOCK family guanine nucleotide exchange factors to activate Rac/Rho-of-Plants small GTPases and coordinate cell shape change. In developing tissues, DOCK signals integrate cell-cell interactions with cytoskeleton remodeling, and the GEFs cluster reversibly at specific organelle surfaces to orchestrate cytoskeletal reorganization. The domain organizations among DOCK orthologs are diverse, and the mechanisms of localization control are poorly understood. Here we use combinations of transgene complementation and live cell imaging assays to uncover an evolutionarily conserved and essential localization determinant in the DOCK-GEF named SPIKE1. The SPIKE1-DHR3 domain is sufficient for organelle association in vivo, and displays a complicated lipid binding selectivity for both phospholipid head groups and fatty acid chain saturation. SPIKE1-DHR3 is predicted to adopt a C2-domain structure and functions as part of tandem C2 array that enables reversible clustering at the cell apex. This work provides mechanistic insight into how DOCK GEFs sense compositional and biophysical membrane properties at the interface of two organelle systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen L Mallery
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Makoto Yanagisawa
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Youngwoo Lee
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Linda M Robles
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jose M Alonso
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Departments of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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15
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Akamatsu A, Fujiwara M, Hamada S, Wakabayashi M, Yao A, Wang Q, Kosami KI, Dang TT, Kaneko-Kawano T, Fukada F, Shimamoto K, Kawano Y. The Small GTPase OsRac1 Forms Two Distinct Immune Receptor Complexes Containing the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1662-1675. [PMID: 34329461 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ two different types of immune receptors, cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs), to cope with pathogen invasion. Both immune receptors often share similar downstream components and responses but it remains unknown whether a PRR and an NLR assemble into the same protein complex or two distinct receptor complexes. We have previously found that the small GTPase OsRac1 plays key roles in the signaling of OsCERK1, a PRR for fungal chitin, and of Pit, an NLR for rice blast fungus, and associates directly and indirectly with both of these immune receptors. In this study, using biochemical and bioimaging approaches, we revealed that OsRac1 formed two distinct receptor complexes with OsCERK1 and with Pit. Supporting this result, OsCERK1 and Pit utilized different transport systems for anchorage to the plasma membrane (PM). Activation of OsCERK1 and Pit led to OsRac1 activation and, concomitantly, OsRac1 shifted from a small to a large protein complex fraction. We also found that the chaperone Hsp90 contributed to the proper transport of Pit to the PM and the immune induction of Pit. These findings illuminate how the PRR OsCERK1 and the NLR Pit orchestrate rice immunity through the small GTPase OsRac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Akamatsu
- Department of Biosciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Yanmar Holdings Co., Ltd, 1-32 Chayamachi, Kita Ward, Osaka 530-8311, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hamada
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Megumi Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Field Solutions North East Asia, Agronomic Operations Japan, Agronomic Technology Station East Japan, Bayer Crop Science K.K., 9511-4 Yuki, Ibaraki 307-0001, Japan
| | - Ai Yao
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ken-Ichi Kosami
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China
- Fruit Tree Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Matsuyama, 1618 Shimoidaicho, Ehime 791-0112, Japan
| | - Thu Thi Dang
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China
- IRHS-UMR1345, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Université d'Angers, Beaucouzé 49071, France
| | - Takako Kaneko-Kawano
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1 Chome-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Fumi Fukada
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ko Shimamoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoji Kawano
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maiokachō, Totsuka Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
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16
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Yu M, Zhou Z, Liu X, Yin D, Li D, Zhao X, Li X, Li S, Chen R, Lu L, Yang D, Tang D, Zhu L. The OsSPK1-OsRac1-RAI1 defense signaling pathway is shared by two distantly related NLR proteins in rice blast resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2852-2864. [PMID: 34597396 PMCID: PMC8644225 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Resistance (R) proteins are important components of plant innate immunity. Most known R proteins are nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. Although a number of signaling components downstream of NLRs have been identified, we lack a general understanding of the signaling pathways. Here, we used the interaction between rice (Oryza sativa) and Magnaporthe oryzae to study signaling of rice NLRs in response to blast infection. We found that in blast resistance mediated by the NLR PIRICULARIA ORYZAE RESISTANCE IN DIGU 3 (PID3), the guanine nucleotide exchange factor OsSPK1 works downstream of PID3. OsSPK1 activates the small GTPase OsRac1, which in turn transduces the signal to the transcription factor RAC IMMUNITY1 (RAI1). Further investigation revealed that the three signaling components also play important roles in disease resistance mediated by the distantly related NLR protein Pi9, suggesting that the OsSPK1-OsRac1-RAI1 signaling pathway could be conserved across rice NLR-induced blast resistance. In addition, we observed changes in RAI1 levels during blast infection, which led to identification of OsRPT2a, a subunit of the 19S regulatory particle of the 26S proteasome. OsRPT2a seemed to be responsible for RAI1 turnover in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner. Collectively, our results suggest a defense signaling route that might be common to NLR proteins in response to blast infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350019, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Dedong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dayong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shengping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Dewei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350019, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lihuang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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17
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Li X, Li S, Liu Y, He Q, Liu W, Lin C, Miao W. HbLFG1, a Rubber Tree ( Hevea brasiliensis) Lifeguard Protein, Can Facilitate Powdery Mildew Infection by Suppressing Plant Immunity. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1648-1659. [PMID: 34047620 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0362-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew causes substantial losses in crop and economic plant yields worldwide. Although powdery mildew infection of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis), caused by the biotrophic fungus Erysiphe quercicola, severely threatens natural rubber production, little is known about the mechanism by which E. quercicola adapts to H. brasiliensis to invade the host plant. In barley and Arabidopsis thaliana, lifeguard (LFG) proteins, which have topological similarity to BAX INHIBITOR-1, are involved in host plant susceptibility to powdery mildew infection. In this study, we characterized an H. brasiliensis LFG protein (HbLFG1) with a focus on its function in regulating defense against powdery mildew. HbLFG1 gene expression was found to be upregulated during E. quercicola infection. HbLFG1 showed conserved functions in cell death inhibition and membrane localization. Expression of HbLFG1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and A. thaliana Col-0 was demonstrated to significantly suppress callose deposition induced by conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns chitin and flg22. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of HbLFG1 in H. brasiliensis mesophyll protoplasts significantly suppressed the chitin-induced burst of reactive oxygen species. Although A. thaliana Col-0 and E. quercicola displayed an incompatible interaction, Col-0 transformants overexpressing HbLFG1 were shown to be susceptible to E. quercicola. Collectively, the findings of this study provide evidence that HbLFG1 acts as a negative regulator of plant immunity that facilitates E. quercicola infection in H. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Sipeng Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qiguang He
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
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18
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Ma Z, Qin G, Zhang Y, Liu C, Wei M, Cen Z, Yan Y, Luo T, Li Z, Liang H, Huang D, Deng G. Bacterial leaf streak 1 encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase confers resistance to bacterial leaf streak in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1084-1101. [PMID: 34101285 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) is a major bacterial disease of rice. Utilization of host genetic resistance has become one of the most important strategies for controlling BLS. However, only a few resistance genes have been characterized. Previously, a recessive BLS resistance gene bls1 was roughly mapped on chromosome 6. Here, we further delineated bls1 to a 21 kb region spanning four genes. Genetic analysis confirmed that the gene encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase (OsMAPK6) is the target of the allelic genes BLS1 and bls1. Overexpression of BLS1 weakened resistance to the specific Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) strain JZ-8, while low expression of bls1 increased resistance. However, both overexpression of BLS1 and low expression of bls1 could increase no-race-specific broad-spectrum resistance. These results indicate that BLS1 and bls1 negatively regulate race-specific resistance to Xoc strain JZ-8 but positively and negatively control broad-spectrum resistance, respectively. Subcellular localization demonstrated that OsMAPK6 was localized in the nucleus. RGA4, which is known to mediate resistance to Xoc, is the potential target of OsMAPK6. Overexpression of BLS1 and low expression of bls1 showed increase in salicylic acid and induced expression of defense-related genes, simultaneously increasing broad-spectrum resistance. Moreover, low expression of bls1 showed increase an in jasmonic acid and abscisic acid, in company with an increase in resistance to Xoc strain JZ-8. Collectively, our study provides new insights into the understanding of BLS resistance and facilitates the development of rice host-resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengfeng Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Gang Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Yuexiong Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Minyi Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Zhenlu Cen
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Microbiology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Tongping Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Zhenjing Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Haifu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Dahui Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Guofu Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
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Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Genes CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 Are Positive Modulators in the Cucumis sativus Defense Response to Sphaerotheca fuliginea. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083986. [PMID: 33924330 PMCID: PMC8069588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea is a leaf disease that seriously affects cucumber's yield and quality. This study aimed to report two nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeats (NBS-LRR) genes CsRSF1 and CsRSF2, which participated in regulating the resistance of cucumber to S. fuliginea. The subcellular localization showed that the CsRSF1 protein was localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, while the CsRSF2 protein was localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. In addition, the transcript levels of CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 were different between resistant and susceptible cultivars after treatment with exogenous substances, such as abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), ethephon (ETH), gibberellin (GA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The expression analysis showed that the transcript levels of CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 were correlated with plant defense response against S. fuliginea. Moreover, the silencing of CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 impaired host resistance to S. fuliginea, but CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 overexpression improved resistance to S. fuliginea in cucumber. These results showed that CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 genes positively contributed to the resistance of cucumber to S. fuliginea. At the same time, CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 genes could also regulate the expression of defense-related genes. The findings of this study might help enhance the resistance of cucumber to S. fuliginea.
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20
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Li C, Zhang J, Ren Z, Xie R, Yin C, Ma W, Zhou F, Chen H, Lin Y. Development of 'multiresistance rice' by an assembly of herbicide, insect and disease resistance genes with a transgene stacking system. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1536-1547. [PMID: 33201594 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weeds, diseases and pests pose serious threats to rice production and cause significant economic losses. Cultivation of rice varieties with resistance to herbicides, diseases and pests is believed to be the most economical and environmentally friendly method to deal with these problems. RESULTS In this study, a highly efficient transgene stacking system was used to assembly the synthetic glyphosate-tolerance gene (I. variabilis-EPSPS*), lepidopteran pest resistance gene (Cry1C*), brown planthopper resistance genes (Bph14* and OsLecRK1*), bacterial blight resistance gene (Xa23*) and rice blast resistance gene (Pi9*) onto a transformable artificial chromosome vector. The construct was transferred into ZH11 (a widely used japonica rice cultivar Zhonghua 11) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and 'multiresistance rice' (MRR) with desirable agronomic traits was obtained. The results showed that MRR had significantly improved resistance to glyphosate, borers, brown planthopper, bacterial blight and rice blast relative to the recipient cultivar ZH11. Besides, under the natural occurrence of pests and diseases in the field, the yield of MRR was significantly higher than that of ZH11. CONCLUSION A multigene transformation strategy was employed to successfully develop rice lines with multiresistance to glyphosate, borers, brown planthopper, bacterial blight and rice blast, and the obtained MRR is expected to have great application potential. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Ren
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Xie
- Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Luzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center, Deyang, China
| | - Changxi Yin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihua Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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21
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Wang J, Han M, Liu Y. Diversity, structure and function of the coiled-coil domains of plant NLR immune receptors. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:283-296. [PMID: 33205883 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) perceive pathogen avirulence effectors and activate defense responses. Nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors are classified into coiled-coil (CC)-containing and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-containing NLRs. Recent advances suggest that NLR CC domains often function in signaling activation, especially for induction of cell death. In this review, we outline our current understanding of NLR CC domains, including their diversity/classification and structure, their roles in cell death induction, disease resistance, and interaction with other proteins. Furthermore, we provide possible directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Meng Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
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22
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Liu J, Liu MX, Qiu LP, Xie F. SPIKE1 Activates the GTPase ROP6 to Guide the Polarized Growth of Infection Threads in Lotus japonicus. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3774-3791. [PMID: 33023954 PMCID: PMC7721321 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In legumes, rhizobia attach to root hair tips and secrete nodulation factor to activate rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis. Endosymbiotic rhizobia enter nodule primordia via a specialized transcellular compartment known as the infection thread (IT). The IT elongates by polar tip growth, following the path of the migrating nucleus along and within the root hair cell. Rho-family ROP GTPases are known to regulate the polarized growth of cells, but their role in regulating polarized IT growth is poorly understood. Here, we show that LjSPK1, a DOCK family guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), interacts with three type I ROP GTPases. Genetic analyses showed that these three ROP GTPases are involved in root hair development, but only LjROP6 is required for IT formation after rhizobia inoculation. Misdirected ITs formed in the root hairs of Ljspk1 and Ljrop6 mutants. We show that LjSPK1 functions as a GEF that activates LjROP6. LjROP6 enhanced the plasma membrane localization LjSPK1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells and Lotus japonicus root hairs, and LjSPK1 and LjROP6 interact at the plasma membrane. Taken together, these results shed light on how the LjROP6-LjSPK1 module mediates the polarized growth of ITs in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Miao Xia Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Ping Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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23
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Cheng X, Mwaura BW, Chang Stauffer SR, Bezanilla M. A Fully Functional ROP Fluorescent Fusion Protein Reveals Roles for This GTPase in Subcellular and Tissue-Level Patterning. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3436-3451. [PMID: 32917738 PMCID: PMC7610296 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rho of Plants (ROPs) are GTPases that regulate polarity and patterned wall deposition in plants. As these small, globular proteins have many interactors, it has been difficult to ensure that methods to visualize ROP in live cells do not affect ROP function. Here, motivated by work in fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), we generated a fluorescent moss (Physcomitrium [Physcomitrella] patens) ROP4 fusion protein by inserting mNeonGreen after Gly-134. Plants harboring tagged ROP4 and no other ROP genes were phenotypically normal. Plants lacking all four ROP genes comprised an unpatterned clump of spherical cells that were unable to form gametophores, demonstrating that ROP is essentially for spatial patterning at the cellular and tissue levels. The functional ROP fusion protein formed a steep gradient at the apical plasma membranes of growing tip cells. ROP also predicted the site of branch formation in the apical cell at the onset of mitosis, which occurs one to two cell cycles before a branch cell emerges. While fluorescence recovery after photobleaching studies demonstrated that ROP dynamics do not depend on the cytoskeleton, acute depolymerization of the cytoskeleton removed ROP from the membrane only in recently divided cells, pointing to a feedback mechanism between the cell cycle, cytoskeleton, and ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Bethany W Mwaura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | | | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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24
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Deng Y, Ning Y, Yang DL, Zhai K, Wang GL, He Z. Molecular Basis of Disease Resistance and Perspectives on Breeding Strategies for Resistance Improvement in Crops. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1402-1419. [PMID: 32979566 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Crop diseases are major factors responsible for substantial yield losses worldwide, which affects global food security. The use of resistance (R) genes is an effective and sustainable approach to controlling crop diseases. Here, we review recent advances on R gene studies in the major crops and related wild species. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying R gene activation and signaling, and susceptibility (S) gene-mediated resistance in crops are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we propose some new strategies for R gene discovery, how to balance resistance and yield, and how to generate crops with broad-spectrum disease resistance. With the rapid development of new genome-editing technologies and the availability of increasing crop genome sequences, the goal of breeding next-generation crops with durable resistance to pathogens is achievable, and will be a key step toward increasing crop production in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dong-Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Keran Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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25
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Zhang Z, Zhang X, Na R, Yang S, Tian Z, Zhao Y, Zhao J. StRac1 plays an important role in potato resistance against Phytophthora infestans via regulating H 2O 2 production. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 253:153249. [PMID: 32829122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ROP GTPases (Rho-related GTPases from plant), a unique subgroup of the Rho family in plants, is a group of key regulators of different signaling pathways controlling plant growth and development, cell polarity and differentiation, and plant response against biotic and abiotic stresses. The present study determined the potential regulatory mechanism of potato ROP GTPase (StRac1) against Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans) infection. Protein secondary structure analysis indicated that StRAC1 is a Rho GTPase. The expression level of StRac1 was variable in different tissues of potato, with the highest expression in young leaves of both Shepody and Hutou potato varieties. After challenging with P. infestans, the expression level of StRac1was higher in resistance varieties Zihuabai and Longshu 7 than in susceptible varieties Shepody and Desiree. StRAC1 fusion with GFP subcellularly localized at the plasma membrane (PM) in tobacco epidermal cells. The potato with transient or stable over-expression of CA-StRac1 (constitutively active form of StRac1)exhibited a dramatic enhancement of its resistance against P. infestans infections. The increased resistance level in transgenic potato was accompanied with elevated H2O2 levels. Importantly, silencing StRac1 via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in potato resulted in higher susceptibility to P. infestans infection than in control plants. In summary, our data reveal that StRac1 regulates potato resistance against P. infestans via positively modulating the accumulation of H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, 010019 China.
| | - Xiaoluo Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, 010019 China.
| | - Ren Na
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China.
| | - Shuqing Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, 010019 China.
| | - Zaimin Tian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, 010019 China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institutes of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101 China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, 010019 China.
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26
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Engelhardt S, Trutzenberg A, Hückelhoven R. Regulation and Functions of ROP GTPases in Plant-Microbe Interactions. Cells 2020; 9:E2016. [PMID: 32887298 PMCID: PMC7565977 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho proteins of plants (ROPs) form a specific clade of Rho GTPases, which are involved in either plant immunity or susceptibility to diseases. They are intensively studied in grass host plants, in which ROPs are signaling hubs downstream of both cell surface immune receptor kinases and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors, which activate major branches of plant immune signaling. Additionally, invasive fungal pathogens may co-opt the function of ROPs for manipulation of the cytoskeleton, cell invasion and host cell developmental reprogramming, which promote pathogenic colonization. Strikingly, mammalian bacterial pathogens also initiate both effector-triggered susceptibility for cell invasion and effector-triggered immunity via Rho GTPases. In this review, we summarize central concepts of Rho signaling in disease and immunity of plants and briefly compare them to important findings in the mammalian research field. We focus on Rho activation, downstream signaling and cellular reorganization under control of Rho proteins involved in disease progression and pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; (S.E.); (A.T.)
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27
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Gao A, Hu M, Gong Y, Dong R, Jiang Y, Zhu S, Ji J, Zhang D, Li S, He H. Pm21 CC domain activity modulated by intramolecular interactions is implicated in cell death and disease resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:975-984. [PMID: 32421925 PMCID: PMC7279971 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding (NB) leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs) provide resistance against several plant pathogens. We previously cloned the wheat powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21, which encodes a coiled-coil (CC) NLR that confers broad-spectrum resistance against Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. Here, we report comprehensive biochemical and functional analyses of Pm21 CC domain in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient overexpression assay suggested that only the extended CC (eCC, amino acid residues 1-159) domain has cell-death-inducing activity, whereas the CC-containing truncations, including CC-NB and CC-NB-LRR, do not induce cell-death responses. Coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay showed that the eCC domain self-associates and interacts with the NB and LRR domains in planta. These results imply that the activity of the eCC domain is inhibited by the intramolecular interactions of different domains in the absence of pathogens. We found that the LRR domain plays a crucial role in D491V-mediated full-length (FL) Pm21 autoactivation. Some mutations in the CC domain leading to the loss of Pm21 resistance to powdery mildew impaired the CC activity of cell-death induction. Two mutations (R73Q and E80K) interfered with D491V-mediated Pm21 autoactivation without affecting the cell-death-inducing activity of the eCC domain. Notably, some susceptible mutants harbouring mutations in the CC domain still exhibited cell-death-inducing activity. Taken together, these results implicate the CC domain of Pm21 in cell-death signalling and disease-resistance signalling, which are potentially independent of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anli Gao
- School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Minjie Hu
- School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Yifei Gong
- School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | | | - Yuan Jiang
- School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Shanying Zhu
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangChina
| | - Jian Ji
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangChina
| | - Dale Zhang
- School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Suoping Li
- School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Huagang He
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangChina
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28
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Sun Y, Zhu YX, Balint-Kurti PJ, Wang GF. Fine-Tuning Immunity: Players and Regulators for Plant NLRs. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:695-713. [PMID: 32526174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated innate immune system to defend against pathogen infection, and intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR or NB-LRR) immune receptors are one of the main components of this system. NLR activity is fine-tuned by intra- and intermolecular interactions. We survey what is known about the conservation and diversity of NLR-interacting proteins, and divide them into seven major categories. We discuss the molecular mechanisms by which NLR activities are regulated and how understanding this regulation has potential to facilitate the engineering of NLRs for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Yu-Xiu Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Peter J Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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29
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Zhou Z, Pang Z, Zhao S, Zhang L, Lv Q, Yin D, Li D, Liu X, Zhao X, Li X, Wang W, Zhu L. Importance of OsRac1 and RAI1 in signalling of nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat protein-mediated resistance to rice blast disease. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:828-838. [PMID: 30919975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants depend on Resistance (R) genes, most of which encode nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins, for pathogen race-specific disease resistance. However, only a few immediate downstream targets of R proteins have been characterized, and the signalling pathways for R-protein-induced immunity are largely unknown. In rice (Oryza sativa), NLR proteins serve as important immune receptors in the response to rice blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We used site-directed mutagenesis to create an autoactive form of the NLR protein PID3 that confers blast resistance and used transgenic rice to test the resulting immunity and gene expression changes. We identified OsRac1, a known GTPase, as a signalling molecule in PID3-mediated blast resistance, implicating OsRac1 as a possible common factor downstream of rice NLR proteins. We also identified RAI1, a transcriptional activator, as a PID3 interactor required for PID3-mediated blast resistance and showed that RAI1 expression is induced by PID3 via a process mediated by OsRac1. This study describes a new signalling pathway for NLR protein-mediated blast resistance and shows that OsRac1 and RAI1 act together to play a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shengli Zhao
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Qiming Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dedong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dayong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lihuang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Kou Y, Qiu J, Tao Z. Every Coin Has Two Sides: Reactive Oxygen Species during Rice⁻ Magnaporthe oryzae Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051191. [PMID: 30857220 PMCID: PMC6429160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in many important processes, including the growth, development, and responses to the environments, in rice (Oryza sativa) and Magnaporthe oryzae. Although ROS are known to be critical components in rice⁻M. oryzae interactions, their regulations and pathways have not yet been completely revealed. Recent studies have provided fascinating insights into the intricate physiological redox balance in rice⁻M. oryzae interactions. In M. oryzae, ROS accumulation is required for the appressorium formation and penetration. However, once inside the rice cells, M. oryzae must scavenge the host-derived ROS to spread invasive hyphae. On the other side, ROS play key roles in rice against M. oryzae. It has been known that, upon perception of M. oryzae, rice plants modulate their activities of ROS generating and scavenging enzymes, mainly on NADPH oxidase OsRbohB, by different signaling pathways to accumulate ROS against rice blast. By contrast, the M. oryzae virulent strains are capable of suppressing ROS accumulation and attenuating rice blast resistance by the secretion of effectors, such as AvrPii and AvrPiz-t. These results suggest that ROS generation and scavenging of ROS are tightly controlled by different pathways in both M. oryzae and rice during rice blast. In this review, the most recent advances in the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of ROS accumulation and signaling during rice⁻M. oryzae interaction are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Kou
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| | - Zeng Tao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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