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Guida M, Tammaro C, Quaranta M, Salvucci B, Biava M, Poce G, Consalvi S. Amino Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors in Tuberculosis Drug Discovery. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:725. [PMID: 38931847 PMCID: PMC11206623 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the latest World Health Organization (WHO) report, an estimated 10.6 million people were diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in 2022, and 1.30 million died. A major concern is the emergence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains, fueled by the length of anti-TB treatment and HIV comorbidity. Innovative anti-TB agents acting with new modes of action are the only solution to counteract the spread of resistant infections. To escape starvation and survive inside macrophages, Mtb has evolved to become independent of the host by synthesizing its own amino acids. Therefore, targeting amino acid biosynthesis could subvert the ability of the mycobacterium to evade the host immune system, providing innovative avenues for drug discovery. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the most recent progress in the discovery of amino acid biosynthesis inhibitors. Among the hits discovered over the past five years, tryptophan (Trp) inhibitors stand out as the most advanced and have significantly contributed to demonstrating the feasibility of this approach for future TB drug discovery. Future efforts should be directed at prioritizing the chemical optimization of these hits to enrich the TB drug pipeline with high-quality leads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Giovanna Poce
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (C.T.); (M.Q.); (B.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Sara Consalvi
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (C.T.); (M.Q.); (B.S.); (M.B.)
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2
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Zhang K, Mishra A, Jagannath C. New insight into arginine and tryptophan metabolism in macrophage activation during tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363938. [PMID: 38605962 PMCID: PMC11008464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Arginine and tryptophan are pivotal in orchestrating cytokine-driven macrophage polarization and immune activation. Specifically, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression), leading to the conversion of arginine into citrulline and nitric oxide (NO), while Interleukin-4 (IL4) promotes arginase activation, shifting arginine metabolism toward ornithine. Concomitantly, IFN-γ triggers indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and Interleukin-4 induced 1 (IL4i1), resulting in the conversion of tryptophan into kynurenine and indole-3-pyruvic acid. These metabolic pathways are tightly regulated by NAD+-dependent sirtuin proteins, with Sirt2 and Sirt5 playing integral roles. In this review, we present novel insights that augment our understanding of the metabolic pathways of arginine and tryptophan following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, particularly their relevance in macrophage responses. Additionally, we discuss arginine methylation and demethylation and the role of Sirt2 and Sirt5 in regulating tryptophan metabolism and arginine metabolism, potentially driving macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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3
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Liu X, Guo X, Su X, Ji B, Chang Y, Huang Q, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang P. Extracellular Vehicles from Commensal Skin Malassezia restricta Inhibit Staphylococcus aureus Proliferation and Biofilm Formation. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:624-637. [PMID: 38295002 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The colonizing microbiota on the body surface play a crucial role in barrier function. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a significant contributor to skin infection, and the utilization of colonization resistance of skin commensal microorganisms to counteract the invasion of pathogens is a viable approach. However, most studies on colonization resistance have focused on skin bacteria, with limited research on the resistance of skin fungal communities to pathogenic bacteria. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) play an important role in the colonization of microbial niches and the interaction between distinct strains. This paper explores the impact of Malassezia restricta (M. restricta), the fungus that dominates the normal healthy skin microbiota, on the proliferation of S. aureus by examining the distribution disparities between the two microorganisms. Based on the extraction of EVs, the bacterial growth curve, and biofilm formation, it was determined that the EVs of M. restricta effectively suppressed the growth and biofilm formation of S. aureus. The presence of diverse metabolites was identified as the primary factor responsible for the growth inhibition of S. aureus, specifically in relation to glycerol phospholipid metabolism, ABC transport, and arginine synthesis. These findings offer valuable experimental evidence for understanding microbial symbiosis and interactions within healthy skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Xiaomin Su
- Shaanxi Province Blood Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Bingru Ji
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Yawei Chang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Qichao Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Shaanxi Province Blood Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Pan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
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Starikova EA, Rubinstein AA, Mammedova JT, Isakov DV, Kudryavtsev IV. Regulated Arginine Metabolism in Immunopathogenesis of a Wide Range of Diseases: Is There a Way to Pass between Scylla and Charybdis? Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3525-3551. [PMID: 37185755 PMCID: PMC10137093 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
More than a century has passed since arginine was discovered, but the metabolism of the amino acid never ceases to amaze researchers. Being a conditionally essential amino acid, arginine performs many important homeostatic functions in the body; it is involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system and regeneration processes. In recent years, more and more facts have been accumulating that demonstrate a close relationship between arginine metabolic pathways and immune responses. This opens new opportunities for the development of original ways to treat diseases associated with suppressed or increased activity of the immune system. In this review, we analyze the literature describing the role of arginine metabolism in the immunopathogenesis of a wide range of diseases, and discuss arginine-dependent processes as a possible target for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora A Starikova
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L'va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artem A Rubinstein
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jennet T Mammedova
- Laboratory of General Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Isakov
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L'va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor V Kudryavtsev
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, FEFU Campus, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
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Liu B, Yang Y, Wu H, Wang S, Tian J, Dai C, Liu T. Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 Triggers the Inhibition of Arginine Biosynthesis to Combat Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205682. [PMID: 36604977 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The self-preservation and intelligent survival abilities of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) result in the ineffective treatment of many antibiotics. Nano-drug delivery systems have emerged as a new strategy to overcome MRSA infection. ZIF-8 nanoparticles (ZIF-8 NPs) exhibit good antibacterial activities, while its molecular mechanisms are largely elusive. In this study, the ZIF-8 NPs are prepared using the room temperature solution reaction method. The values of minimum inhibitory concentration of ZIF-8 NPs against Escherichia coli and MRSA isolates are 25 and 12.5 µg mL-1 , respectively. Transcriptome and metabonomic analyses reveal that ZIF-8 NPs could trigger the inhibition of arginine biosynthesis pathway and the production of ROS, which lead to dysfunctional tricarboxylic acid cycle and disruption of cell membrane integrity, eventually killing MRSA isolates. Moreover, ZIF-8 NPs show desirable treatment and repair effects on mice model of MRSA isolates wound infected-model. The results, for the first time, reveal that the inhibition of arginine biosynthesis mediates the production of ROS and energy metabolism dysfunction contributes to the antibacterial ability of ZIF-8 NPs against MRSA. This study offers a new insight into ZIF-8 NPs combating MRSA isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Nanopathology College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yue Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Nanopathology College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Nanopathology College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Sihan Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jijing Tian
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Nanopathology College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Chongshan Dai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Nanopathology College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Nanopathology College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
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Kaur K, Sharma S, Abhishek S, Kaur P, Saini UC, Dhillon MS, Karakousis PC, Verma I. Metabolic switching and cell wall remodelling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during bone tuberculosis. J Infect 2023; 86:134-146. [PMID: 36549425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bone tuberculosis (TB) is the third most common types of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. It is critical to understand mycobacterial adaptive strategies within bone lesions to identify mycobacterial factors that may have role in disease pathogenesis. METHODS Whole genome microarray was used to characterize the in-vivo transcriptome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) within bone TB specimens. Mycobacterial virulent proteins were identified by bioinformatic software. An in vitro osteoblast cell line model was used to study the role of these proteins in bone TB pathogenesis. RESULTS 914 mycobacterial genes were significantly overexpressed and 1688 were repressed in bone TB specimens. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes demonstrated a non-replicative and hypometabolic state of M.tb, reinforcement of the mycobacterial cell wall and induction of DNA damage repair responses, suggesting possible survival strategies of M.tb within bone. Bioinformatics mining of microarray data led to identification of five virulence proteins. The genes encoding these proteins were also upregulated in the in vitro MC3T3 osteoblast cell line model of bone TB. Further, exposure of osteoblast cells to two of these virulence proteins (Rv1046c and Rv3663c) significantly inhibited osteoblast differentiation. CONCLUSION M.tb alters its transcriptome to establish infection in bone by upregulating certain virulence genes which play a key role in disturbing bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushpreet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumedha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sudhanshu Abhishek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Prabhdeep Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Uttam Chand Saini
- Department of Orthopaedics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mandeep Singh Dhillon
- Department of Orthopaedics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Petros C Karakousis
- Centers for Tuberculosis Research and Systems Approaches for Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Wang L, Ying R, Liu Y, Sun Q, Sha W. Metabolic Profiles of Clinical Isolates of Drug-Susceptible and Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Metabolomics-Based Study. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2667-2680. [PMID: 37163145 PMCID: PMC10164396 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s405987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a global and highly deleterious pathogen that creates an enormous pressure on global public health. Although several effective drugs have been used to treat tuberculosis, the emergence of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-MTB) has further increased the public health burden. The aim of this study was to describe in depth the metabolic changes in clinical isolates of drug-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis (DS-MTB) and MDR-MTB and to provide clues to the mechanisms of drug resistance based on metabolic pathways. Methods Based on the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of multiple anti-tuberculosis drugs, two clinical isolates were selected, one DS-MTB isolate (isoniazid MIC=0.06 mg/L, rifampin MIC=0.25 mg/L) and one MDR-MTB isolate (isoniazid MIC=4 mg/L, rifampin MIC=8 mg/L). Through high-throughput metabolomics, the metabolic profiles of the DS-MTB isolate and the MDR-MTB isolate and their cultured supernatants were revealed. Results Compared with the DS-MTB isolate, 128 metabolites were significantly altered in the MDR-MTB isolate and 66 metabolites were significantly altered in the cultured supernatant. The differential metabolites were significantly enriched in pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, arginine acid metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism. Furthermore, metabolomics analysis of the bacterial cultured supernatants showed a significant increase in 10 amino acids (L-citrulline, L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid, L-norleucine, L-phenylalanine, L-methionine, L-tyrosine, D-tryptophan, valylproline, and D-methionine) and a significant decrease in 2 amino acids (L-lysine and L-arginine) in MDR-MTB isolate. Conclusion The present study provided a metabolite alteration profile as well as a cultured supernatant metabolite alteration profile of MDR-MTB clinical isolate, providing clues to the potential metabolic pathways and mechanisms of multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruoyan Ying
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yidian Liu
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Sun
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Sha
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Wei Sha; Qin Sun, Email ;
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Khurana H, Srivastava M, Chaudhary D, Gosain TP, Kumari R, Bean AC, Chugh S, Maiti TK, Stephens CE, Asthana S, Singh R. Identification of diphenyl furan derivatives via high throughput and computational studies as ArgA inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1845-1858. [PMID: 34762917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbial amino acid biosynthetic pathways are underexploited for the development of anti-bacterial agents. N-acetyl glutamate synthase (ArgA) catalyses the first committed step in L-arginine biosynthesis and is essential for M. tuberculosis growth. Here, we have purified and optimized assay conditions for the acetylation of l-glutamine by ArgA. Using the optimized conditions, high throughput screening was performed to identify ArgA inhibitors. We identified 2,5-Bis (2-chloro-4-guanidinophenyl) furan, a dicationic diaryl furan derivatives, as ArgA inhibitor, with a MIC99 values of 1.56 μM against M. tuberculosis. The diaryl furan derivative displayed bactericidal killing against both M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis. Inhibition of ArgA by the lead compound resulted in transcriptional reprogramming and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. The lead compound and its derivatives showed micromolar binding with ArgA as observed in surface plasmon resonance and tryptophan quenching experiments. Computational and dynamic analysis revealed that these scaffolds share similar binding site residues with L-arginine, however, with slight variations in their interaction pattern. Partial restoration of growth upon supplementation of liquid cultures with either L-arginine or N-acetyl cysteine suggests a multi-target killing mechanism for the lead compound. Taken together, we have identified small molecule inhibitors against ArgA enzyme from M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Khurana
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Mitul Srivastava
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Deepika Chaudhary
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India; Manipal academy of higher education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104. India
| | - Tannu Priya Gosain
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Raniki Kumari
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Andrew C Bean
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, 2500 Walton Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Saurabh Chugh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Chad E Stephens
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, 2500 Walton Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA.
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
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Jiang T, Liu L, Zhang M, Qiao Z, Zhao T, Su J, Cao G, Su T. Metabolomics Reveals the Mechanisms for the Pulmonary Toxicity of Siegesbeckia orientalis L. and the Toxicity-Reducing Effect of Processing. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:630319. [PMID: 34434104 PMCID: PMC8381750 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.630319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Siegesbeckia orientalis L. (SO) is a commonly used Chinese medicinal herb. It has long been used as a remedy in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for symptoms that resemble inflammatory joint disorders. However, it is slightly toxic. According to the TCM theory, processing can reduce the toxicity of the herbs. Here, we performed metabolomics to determine whether processing with rice wine reduces the toxicity of raw SO, and to explore the mechanisms underlying the raw SO–induced toxicity and the toxicity-reducing effect of processing. Our results showed that raw SO has long-term toxicity in rats. It significantly elevated the serum level of LDH and caused histopathological damages in the lung tissues. It is worth noting that the LDH level in the PSO group was lower than that in the raw SO group, and the damages in lung tissues were relatively mild in PSO-treated rats, suggesting that processing reduces the pulmonary toxicity of the raw. Moreover, a total of 32 significantly changed metabolites were identified. Based on the MetaboAnalyst pathway analysis, we found that two characteristic metabolic pathways including alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism were only changed in the raw SO group, while histidine metabolism was only changed in the PSO group, which suggests that induction of oxidative stress contributes to raw SO–induced pulmonary toxicity, and free radical scavenging might be responsible for the toxicity-reducing effect of processing. Our data shed new light on how raw SO induces pulmonary toxicity and how the toxicity can be reduced by processing. This study not only provides scientific justifications for the traditional processing theory of SO, but also helps to optimize the processing protocol and the clinical drug combination of SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linsheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Qiao
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingxiu Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfang Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Su
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Yelamanchi SD, Surolia A. Targeting amino acid metabolism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for developing inhibitors to curtail its survival. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:643-658. [PMID: 33624925 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by the bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), continues to remain one of the most devastating infectious diseases afflicting humans. Although there are several drugs for treating tuberculosis available currently, the emergence of the drug resistant forms of this pathogen has made its treatment and eradication a challenging task. While the replication machinery, protein synthesis and cell wall biogenesis of Mtb have been targeted often for anti-tubercular drug development a number of essential metabolic pathways crucial to its survival have received relatively less attention. In this context a number of amino acid biosynthesis pathways have recently been shown to be essential for the survival and pathogenesis of Mtb. Many of these pathways and or their key enzymes homologs are absent in humans hence they could be harnessed for anti-tubercular drug development. In this review, we describe comprehensively the amino acid metabolic pathways essential in Mtb and the key enzymes involved therein that are being investigated for developing inhibitors that compromise the survival and pathogenesis caused by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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11
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Pierson E, Haufroid M, Gosain TP, Chopra P, Singh R, Wouters J. Identification and Repurposing of Trisubstituted Harmine Derivatives as Novel Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phosphoserine Phosphatase. Molecules 2020; 25:E415. [PMID: 31963843 PMCID: PMC7024313 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is still the deadliest bacterial pathogen worldwide and the increasing number of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases further complicates this global health issue. M. tuberculosis phosphoserine phosphatase SerB2 is a promising target for drug design. Besides being a key essential metabolic enzyme of the pathogen's serine pathway, it appears to be involved in immune evasion mechanisms. In this work, a malachite green-based phosphatase assay has been used to screen 122 compounds from an internal chemolibrary. Trisubstituted harmine derivatives were found among the best hits that inhibited SerB2 activity. Synthesis of an original compound helped to discuss a brief structure activity relationship evaluation. Kinetics experiments showed that the most potent derivatives inhibit the phosphatase in a parabolic competitive fashion with apparent inhibition constants ( K i ) values in the micromolar range. Their interaction modes with the enzyme were investigated through induced fit docking experiments, leading to results consistent with the experimental data. Cellular assays showed that the selected compounds also inhibited M. tuberculosis growth in vitro. Those promising results may provide a basis for the development of new antimycobacterial agents targeting SerB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Pierson
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale (CBS), Namur Medicine and Drug Innovation Center (NAMEDIC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Marie Haufroid
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale (CBS), Namur Medicine and Drug Innovation Center (NAMEDIC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Tannu Priya Gosain
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Pankaj Chopra
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Johan Wouters
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale (CBS), Namur Medicine and Drug Innovation Center (NAMEDIC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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Li T, Zhan Z, Lin Y, Lin M, Xie Q, Chen Y, He C, Tao J, Li C. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Is Essential to Its Pathogenicity. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120693. [PMID: 31847108 PMCID: PMC6956189 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is the causal agent of rice bacterial blight disease, which causes a large reduction in rice production. The successful interaction of pathogens and plants requires a particular nutrient environment that allows pathogen growth and the initiation of both pathogen and host responses. Amino acid synthesis is essential for bacterial growth when bacteria encounter amino acid-deficient environments, but the effects of amino acid synthesis on Xoo pathogenicity are unclear. Here, we systemically deleted the essential genes (leuB, leuC, leuD, ilvC, thrC, hisD, trpC, argH, metB, and aspC) involved in the synthesis of different amino acids and analyzed the effects of these mutations on Xoo virulence. Our results showed that leucine, isoleucine, valine, histidine, threonine, arginine, tryptophan, and cysteine syntheses are essential to Xoo infection. We further studied the role of leucine in the interaction between pathogens and hosts and found that leucine could stimulate some virulence-related responses and regulate Xoo pathogenicity. Our findings highlight that amino acids not only act as nutrients for bacterial growth but also play essential roles in the Xoo and rice interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Haikou 570228, China (Y.C.)
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhaohong Zhan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Haikou 570228, China (Y.C.)
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yunuan Lin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Haikou 570228, China (Y.C.)
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Maojuan Lin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Haikou 570228, China (Y.C.)
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qingbiao Xie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Haikou 570228, China (Y.C.)
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yinhua Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Haikou 570228, China (Y.C.)
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Haikou 570228, China (Y.C.)
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Haikou 570228, China (Y.C.)
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Chunxia Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Haikou 570228, China (Y.C.)
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (C.L.)
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