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Waananen A, Richardson LK, Thoen RD, Nordstrom SW, Eichenberger EG, Kiefer G, Dykstra AB, Shaw RG, Wagenius S. High Juvenile Mortality Overwhelms Benefits of Mating Potential for Reproductive Fitness. Am Nat 2024; 203:E188-E199. [PMID: 38781531 DOI: 10.1086/730112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
AbstractAn individual's access to mates (i.e., its "mating potential") can constrain its reproduction but may also influence its fitness through effects on offspring survival. For instance, mate proximity may correspond with relatedness and lead to inbreeding depression in offspring. While offspring production and survival might respond differently to mating potential, previous studies have not considered the simultaneous effects of mating potential on these fitness components. We investigated the relationship of mating potential with both production and survival of offspring in populations of a long-lived herbaceous perennial, Echinacea angustifolia. Across 7 years and 14 sites, we quantified the mating potential of maternal plants in 1,278 mating bouts and followed the offspring from these bouts over 8 years. We used aster models to evaluate the relationship of mating potential with the number of offspring that emerged and that were alive after 8 years. Seedling emergence increased with mating potential. Despite this, the number of offspring surviving after 8 years showed no relationship to mating potential. Our results support the broader conclusion that the effect of mating potential on fitness erodes over time because of demographic stochasticity at the maternal level.
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Beck JJ, McKone MJ, Wagenius S. Masting, fire-stimulated flowering, and the evolutionary ecology of synchronized reproduction. Ecology 2024; 105:e4261. [PMID: 38363004 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Synchronized episodic reproduction among long-lived plants shapes ecological interactions, ecosystem dynamics, and evolutionary processes worldwide. Two active scientific fields investigate the causes and consequences of such synchronized reproduction: the fields of masting and fire-stimulated flowering. While parallels between masting and fire-stimulated flowering have been previously noted, there has been little dialogue between these historically independent fields. We predict that the synthesis of these fields will facilitate new insight into the causes and consequences of synchronized reproduction. Here we briefly review parallels between masting and fire-stimulated flowering, using two case studies and a database of 1870 plant species to facilitate methodological, conceptual, geographical, taxonomic, and phylogenetic comparisons. We identify avenues for future research and describe three key opportunities associated with synthesis. First, the taxonomic and geographic complementarity of empirical studies from these historically independent fields highlights the potential to derive more general inferences about global patterns and consequences of synchronized reproduction in perennial plants. Second, masting's well developed conceptual framework for evaluating adaptive hypotheses can help guide empirical studies of fire-stimulated species and enable stronger inferences about the evolutionary ecology of fire-stimulated flowering. Third, experimental manipulation of reproductive variation in fire-stimulated species presents unique opportunities to empirically investigate foundational questions about ecological and evolutionary processes underlying synchronized reproduction. Synthesis of these fields and their complementary insights offers a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of synchronized reproduction in perennial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared J Beck
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark J McKone
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stuart Wagenius
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois, USA
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3
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Beck J, Waananen A, Wagenius S. Habitat fragmentation decouples fire-stimulated flowering from plant reproductive fitness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306967120. [PMID: 37722060 PMCID: PMC10523459 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306967120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plant species in historically fire-dependent ecosystems exhibit fire-stimulated flowering. While greater reproductive effort after fire is expected to result in increased reproductive outcomes, seed production often depends on pollination, the spatial distribution of prospective mates, and the timing of their reproductive activity. Fire-stimulated flowering may thus have limited fitness benefits in small, isolated populations where mating opportunities are restricted and pollination rates are low. We conducted a 6-y study of 6,357 Echinacea angustifolia (Asteraceae) individuals across 35 remnant prairies in Minnesota (USA) to experimentally evaluate how fire effects on multiple components of reproduction vary with population size in a common species. Fire increased annual reproductive effort across populations, doubling the proportion of plants in flower and increasing the number of flower heads 65% per plant. In contrast, fire's influence on reproductive outcomes differed between large and small populations, reflecting the density-dependent effects of fire on spatiotemporal mating potential and pollination. In populations with fewer than 20 individuals, fire did not consistently increase pollination or annual seed production. Above this threshold, fire increased mating potential, leading to a 24% increase in seed set and a 71% increase in annual seed production. Our findings suggest that density-dependent effects of fire on pollination largely determine plant reproductive outcomes and could influence population dynamics across fire-dependent systems. Failure to account for the density-dependent effects of fire on seed production may lead us to overestimate the beneficial effects of fire on plant demography and the capacity of fire to maintain plant diversity, especially in fragmented habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Beck
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL60022
| | - Amy Waananen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN55108
| | - Stuart Wagenius
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL60022
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Siqueira JA, Batista-Silva W, Zsögön A, Fernie AR, Araújo WL, Nunes-Nesi A. Plant domestication: setting biological clocks. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:597-608. [PMID: 36822959 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Through domestication of wild species, humans have induced large changes in the developmental and circadian clocks of plants. As a result of these changes, modern crops are more productive and adaptive to contrasting environments from the center of origin of their wild ancestors, albeit with low genetic variability and abiotic stress tolerance. Likewise, a complete restructuring of plant metabolic timekeeping probably occurred during crop domestication. Here, we highlight that contrasting timings among organs in wild relatives of crops allowed them to recognize environmental adversities faster. We further propose that connections among biological clocks, which were established during plant domestication, may represent a fundamental source of genetic variation to improve crop resilience and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Antonio Siqueira
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Willian Batista-Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Richardson LK, Beck J, Eck DJ, Shaw R, Wagenius S. Fire effects on plant reproductive fitness vary among individuals, reflecting pollination-dependent mechanisms. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16160. [PMID: 36943018 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Fire induces flowering in many plant species worldwide, potentially improving reproductive fitness via greater availability of resources, as evident by flowering effort, and improved pollination outcomes, as evident by seed set. Postfire increases in flowering synchrony, and thus mating opportunities, may improve pollination. However, few studies evaluate fire effects on multiple components of fitness. Consequently, the magnitude and mechanism of fire effects on reproductive fitness remain unclear. METHODS Over multiple years and prescribed burns in a prairie preserve, we counted flowering stems, flowers, fruits, and seeds of three prairie perennials, Echinacea angustifolia, Liatris aspera, and Solidago speciosa. We used aster life-history models to assess how fire and mating opportunities influenced annual maternal fitness and its components in individual plants. RESULTS In Echinacea and Liatris, but not in Solidago, fire increased head counts, and both fire and mating opportunities increased maternal fitness. Burned Echinacea and Liatris plants with many flower heads produced many seeds despite low seed set (fertilization rates). In contrast, plants with an average number of flower heads had high seed set and produced many seeds only when mating opportunities were abundant. CONCLUSIONS Fire increased annual reproductive fitness via resource- and pollination-dependent mechanisms in Echinacea and Liatris but did not affect Solidago fitness. The consistent relationship between synchrony and seed set implies that temporal mating opportunities play an important role in pollination. While fire promotes flowering in many plant species, our results reveal that even closely related species exhibit differential responses to fire, which could impact the broader plant community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea K Richardson
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Hogan 6-140B, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois, 60022, USA
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, Califorrnia, 91330, USA
| | - Jared Beck
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois, 60022, USA
| | - Daniel J Eck
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois, Computing Applications Building, Room 152, 605 E. Springfield Avenue, Champaign, Illinois, 61820, USA
| | - Ruth Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 206 Ecology, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Stuart Wagenius
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois, 60022, USA
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Adedoja OA, Crandall RM, Mallinger RE. Season of prescribed burns and management of an early successional species affect flower density and pollinator activity in a pine savanna ecosystem. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14377. [PMID: 36389407 PMCID: PMC9661972 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the age of changing fire regimes, land managers often rely on prescribed burns to promote high diversity of herbaceous plants. Yet, little is known about how the timing of prescribed burns interacts with other ecological factors to maintain biodiversity while restoring fire-adapted ecosystems. We examined how timing of prescribed burns and removal of a dominant, early successional weedy plant yankeeweed (Eupatorium compositifolium) affect flower density and pollinator activity in an early-successional longleaf pine savanna restored from a timber plantation. During the first year of this study, plots received seasonal burn treatments, including unburned control, winter-dry, spring, and summer-wet season burns. During the second year of the study, data on flowers and pollinators were sampled across all plots. In the third year, these seasonal burn treatments were again applied to plots, and data were again collected on flowers and pollinators. In each burn treatment plot, we manipulated the presence of yankeeweed, including one control subplot (no removal) in which yankeeweed was not manipulated and one removal subplot in which yankeeweed was removed, and flowers and pollinators were measured. During the year between burns, flower density was highest in the summer-wet season burn treatment, significantly higher than in the unburned control, while pollinator activity was highest in the summer-wet and spring season burn treatments, significantly higher than the unburned control. During the year in which plots were burned again, flower density was highest in the spring season burn treatment, and pollinators most frequent in both spring and winter-dry season burn treatments, significantly higher than the unburned control. Removing yankeeweed enhanced pollinator activity but only in the year between fire applications. We conclude that prescribed burning enhances floral resource availability and pollinator activity, but the magnitude of these effects depends on when fires are applied. Additionally, removal of yankeeweed can enhance pollinator activity during years between prescribed burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi A. Adedoja
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Raelene M. Crandall
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Rachel E. Mallinger
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Reed WJ, Ison JL, Waananen A, Shaw FH, Wagenius S, Shaw RG. Genetic variation in reproductive timing in a long-lived herbaceous perennial. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1861-1874. [PMID: 36112607 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Reproductive fitness of individual plants depends on the timing of flowering, especially in mate-limited populations, such as those in fragmented habitats. When flowering time traits are associated with differential reproductive success, the narrow-sense heritability (h2 ) of traits will determine how rapidly trait means evolve in response to selection. Heritability of flowering time is documented in many annual plants. However, estimating h2 of flowering time in perennials presents additional methodological challenges, often including paternity assignment and trait expression over multiple years. METHODS We evaluated the h2 of onset and duration of flowering using offspring-midparent regressions and restricted maximum likelihood methods in an experimental population of an iterocarpic, perennial, herbaceous plant, Echinacea angustifolia, growing in natural conditions. We assessed the flowering time of the parental cohort in 2005 and 2006; the offspring in 2014 through 2017. We also examined the effects of the paternity assignment from Cervus and MasterBayes on estimates of h2 . RESULTS We found substantial h2 for onset and duration of flowering. We also observed variation in estimates among years. The most reliable estimates for both traits fell in the range of 0.1-0.17. We found evidence of a genotype by year interaction for onset of flowering and strong evidence that genotypes are consistent in their duration of flowering across years. CONCLUSIONS Substantial heritabilities in this population imply the capacity for a response to natural selection, while also suggesting the potential for differential contributions to adaptive evolution among seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Reed
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1900 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ison
- Biology Department, College of Wooster, 1189 Beall Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Amy Waananen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Frank H Shaw
- Math Department, Hamline University, 1536 Hewitt Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55104, USA
| | - Stuart Wagenius
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Ruth G Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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De Vitis M, Havens K, Barak RS, Egerton-Warburton L, Ernst AR, Evans M, Fant JB, Foxx AJ, Hadley K, Jabcon J, O’Shaughnessey J, Ramakrishna S, Sollenberger D, Taddeo S, Urbina-Casanova R, Woolridge C, Xu L, Zeldin J, Kramer AT. Why are some plant species missing from restorations? A diagnostic tool for temperate grassland ecosystems. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.1028295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.N. Decade on Ecosystem Restoration aims to accelerate actions to prevent, halt, and reverse the degradation of ecosystems, and re-establish ecosystem functioning and species diversity. The practice of ecological restoration has made great progress in recent decades, as has recognition of the importance of species diversity to maintaining the long-term stability and functioning of restored ecosystems. Restorations may also focus on specific species to fulfill needed functions, such as supporting dependent wildlife or mitigating extinction risk. Yet even in the most carefully planned and managed restoration, target species may fail to germinate, establish, or persist. To support the successful reintroduction of ecologically and culturally important plant species with an emphasis on temperate grasslands, we developed a tool to diagnose common causes of missing species, focusing on four major categories of filters, or factors: genetic, biotic, abiotic, and planning & land management. Through a review of the scientific literature, we propose a series of diagnostic tests to identify potential causes of failure to restore target species, and treatments that could improve future outcomes. This practical diagnostic tool is meant to strengthen collaboration between restoration practitioners and researchers on diagnosing and treating causes of missing species in order to effectively restore them.
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9
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Henn JJ, Damschen EI. Grassland management actions influence soil conditions and plant community responses to winter climate change. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Henn
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology University of California Riverside Riverside California USA
- Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Ellen I. Damschen
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
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Novak L, Scholl JP, Kiefer G, Iler AM. Prescribed burning has limited effects on the population dynamics of rare plants. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Logan Novak
- Chicago Botanic Garden The Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Glencoe Illinois USA
| | - Joshua P. Scholl
- Chicago Botanic Garden The Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Glencoe Illinois USA
| | - Gretel Kiefer
- Chicago Botanic Garden The Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Glencoe Illinois USA
| | - Amy M. Iler
- Chicago Botanic Garden The Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Glencoe Illinois USA
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11
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Duquette CA, Hovick TJ, Geaumont BA, Harmon JP, Limb RF, Sedivec KK. Spatially discrete disturbance processes enhance grassland floral resources. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron A. Duquette
- New Mexico State University Plant and Environmental Science Las Cruces NM USA
| | | | | | | | - Ryan F. Limb
- North Dakota State University, Range Science Fargo ND USA
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12
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Geest EA, Baum KA. The Impact of Fire on Nectar Quality and Quantity for Insect Pollinator Communities. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-187.2.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Geest
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater 74078
| | - Kristen A. Baum
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater 74078
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13
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Richardson LK, Wagenius S. Fire influences reproductive outcomes by modifying flowering phenology and mate-availability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2083-2093. [PMID: 34921422 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A recent study posited that fire in grasslands promotes persistence of plant species by improving mating opportunities and reproductive outcomes. We devised an investigation to test these predicted mechanisms in two widespread, long-lived perennials. We expect fire to synchronize flowering, increase mating and boost seed set. We quantified individual flowering phenology and seed set of Liatris aspera and Solidago speciosa for 3 yr on a preserve in Minnesota, USA. The preserve comprises two management units burned on alternating years, allowing for comparisons between plants in burned and unburned areas within the same year, and plants in the same area across years with and without burns. Fire increased flowering synchrony and increased time between start date and peak flowering. Individuals of both species that initiated flowering later in the season had higher seed set. Fire was associated with substantially higher flowering rates and seed set in L. aspera but not S. speciosa. In L. aspera, greater synchrony was associated with increased mean seed set. Although fire affected flowering phenology in both species, reproductive success improved only in the species in which fire also synchronized among-year flowering. Our results support the hypothesis that reproduction in some grassland species benefits from fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea K Richardson
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive - Hogan 6-140B, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Stuart Wagenius
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
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14
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Raghurama M, Sankaran M. Restoring tropical forest–grassland mosaics invaded by woody exotics. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manaswi Raghurama
- Ecology & Evolution Group, National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bengaluru Karnataka 560065 India
| | - Mahesh Sankaran
- Ecology & Evolution Group, National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bengaluru Karnataka 560065 India
- School of Biology University of Leeds Leeds U.K
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15
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Cutter J, Geaumont B, McGranahan D, Harmon J, Limb R, Schauer C, Hovick T. Cattle and sheep differentially alter floral resources and the native bee communities in working landscapes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02406. [PMID: 34245625 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Within agricultural landscapes, native bees often rely on limited natural and seminatural lands to provide the majority of the food and nesting resources that sustain them. To understand better how management can affect pollinators in these seminatural areas, we compared how sheep or cattle herbivory influenced floral resources and bee communities in low-diversity, former Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) pastures managed with patch-burn grazing. We sampled bee communities and floral resources three times per season in 2017, 2018, and 2019. We used plant-pollinator line transect sampling and collected bees and counted all flowering stems within 1 m. Across all years, we found that floral abundance, floral richness, floral diversity (Simpson's) and bee richness and abundance were significantly higher in cattle pastures compared to sheep. In cattle pastures, 46 native bee species plus honey bees interacted with 25 of 68 available flowering forbs. In sheep pastures, we recorded 14 native bee species and honey bees interacted with 10 of 34 flowering species. Native bee abundance and native bee richness were best explained by models that included an interaction of floral richness and year. Overall, our results suggest that season-long sheep grazing in low-diversity grasslands greatly reduces available floral resources and correlates with much lower bee abundance and native bee diversity. Given the importance of pollinators to natural and agricultural systems, it is imperative that we take proactive actions to increase forb richness and native flower abundance in seminatural lands to maintain a more diverse and resilient bee community that can continue to support pollination services and global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Cutter
- School of Natural Resource Sciences-Range Science Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58108, USA
- Hettinger Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Hettinger, North Dakota, 58639, USA
| | - Benjamin Geaumont
- Hettinger Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Hettinger, North Dakota, 58639, USA
| | - Devan McGranahan
- School of Natural Resource Sciences-Range Science Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58108, USA
| | - Jason Harmon
- School of Natural Resource Sciences-Entomology Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58108, USA
| | - Ryan Limb
- School of Natural Resource Sciences-Range Science Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58108, USA
| | - Chris Schauer
- Hettinger Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Hettinger, North Dakota, 58639, USA
| | - Torre Hovick
- School of Natural Resource Sciences-Range Science Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58108, USA
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16
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Nordstrom SW, Dykstra AB, Wagenius S. Fires slow population declines of a long-lived prairie plant through multiple vital rates. Oecologia 2021; 196:679-691. [PMID: 34076744 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In grasslands worldwide, modified fire cycles are accelerating herbaceous species extinctions. Fire may avert population declines by increasing survival, reproduction, or both. Survival and growth after fires may be promoted by removal of competitors or biomass and increasing resource availability. Fire-stimulated reproduction may also contribute to population growth through bolstered recruitment. We quantified these influences of fire on population dynamics in Echinacea angustifolia, a perennial forb in North American tallgrass prairie. We first used four datasets, 7-21 years long, to estimate fire's influences on survival, flowering, and recruitment. We then used matrix projection models to estimate growth rates across several burn frequencies in five populations, each with one to four burns over 15 years. Finally, we estimated the contribution of fire-induced changes in each vital rate to changes in population growth. Population growth rates generally increased with burning. The demographic process underpinning these increases depended on juvenile survival. In populations with high juvenile survival, fire-induced increases in seedling recruitment and juvenile survival enhanced population growth. However, in populations with low juvenile survival, small changes in adult survival drove growth rate changes. Regardless of burn frequencies, our models suggest populations are declining and that recruitment and juvenile survival critically influence population response to fire. However, crucially, increased seedling recruitment only increases population growth rates when enough new recruits reach reproductive maturity. The importance of recruitment and juvenile survival is especially relevant for small populations in fragmented habitats subject to mate-limiting Allee effects and inbreeding depression, which reduce recruitment and survival, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Nordstrom
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA. .,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3145 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1900 Pleasant Street, 334 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Amy B Dykstra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bethel University, 3900 Bethel Drive, St. Paul, MN, 55112, USA
| | - Stuart Wagenius
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
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17
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Buisson E, Fidelis A, Overbeck GE, Schmidt IB, Durigan G, Young TP, Alvarado ST, Arruda AJ, Boisson S, Bond W, Coutinho A, Kirkman K, Oliveira RS, Schmitt MH, Siebert F, Siebert SJ, Thompson DI, Silveira FAO. A research agenda for the restoration of tropical and subtropical grasslands and savannas. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Buisson
- Avignon Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie ‐ IMBE, CNRS, IRD Aix Marseille Université, IUT d'Avignon, AGROPARC BP61207 Avignon cedex 9 84911 France
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Alessandra Fidelis
- Lab of Vegetation Ecology, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Av. 24A, 1515 Rio Claro SP 13506‐900 Brazil
| | - Gerhard E. Overbeck
- Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP Porto Alegre RS 91501‐970 Brazil
| | - Isabel B. Schmidt
- Department of Ecology University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Brasilia Brazil
| | - Giselda Durigan
- Floresta Estadual de Assis Instituto Florestal do Estado de São Paulo P.O. Box 104 Assis SP 19802‐970 Brazil
| | - Truman P. Young
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | | | - André J. Arruda
- Avignon Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie ‐ IMBE, CNRS, IRD Aix Marseille Université, IUT d'Avignon, AGROPARC BP61207 Avignon cedex 9 84911 France
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP Belo Horizonte MG 31270‐901 Brazil
| | - Sylvain Boisson
- Université de Liège Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech Biodiversity and Landscape, TERRA Gembloux Belgium
| | - William Bond
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - André Coutinho
- Ecology Graduate Program University of Brasília Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Brasília DF 70.910‐900 Brazil
| | - Kevin Kirkman
- School of Life Science University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg KwaZulu‐Natal South Africa
| | - Rafael S. Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology University of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Melissa H. Schmitt
- South African Environmental Observation Network, Ndlovu Node, Scientific Services Kruger National Park Private Bag X1021 Phalaborwa 1390 South Africa
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA U.S.A
| | - Frances Siebert
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North‐West University 11 Hoffman Street Potchefstroom North‐West 2531 South Africa
| | - Stefan J. Siebert
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North‐West University 11 Hoffman Street Potchefstroom North‐West 2531 South Africa
| | - Dave I. Thompson
- South African Environmental Observation Network, Ndlovu Node, Scientific Services Kruger National Park Private Bag X1021 Phalaborwa 1390 South Africa
- School of Geography, Archaeology, and Environmental Studies University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3 WITS 2050 South Africa
| | - Fernando A. O. Silveira
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP Belo Horizonte MG 31270‐901 Brazil
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18
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Bogdziewicz M, Pesendorfer M, Crone EE, Pérez-Izquierdo C, Bonal R. Flowering synchrony drives reproductive success in a wind-pollinated tree. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1820-1826. [PMID: 32981190 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Synchronised and quasi-periodic production of seeds by plant populations, known as masting, is implicated in many ecological processes, but how it arises remains poorly understood. Flowering and pollination dynamics are hypothesised to provide the mechanistic link for the observed relationship between weather and population-level seed production. We report the first experimental test of the phenological synchrony hypotheses as a driver of pollen limitation in mast seeding oaks (Quercus ilex). Higher flowering synchrony yielded greater pollination efficiency, which resulted in 2-fold greater seed set in highly synchronised oaks compared to asynchronous individuals. Pollen addition removed the negative effect of asynchronous flowering on seed set. Because phenological synchrony operates through environmental variation, this result suggests that oak masting is synchronised by exogenous rather than endogenous factors. It also points to a mechanism by which changes in flowering phenology can affect plant reproduction of mast-seeding plants, with subsequent implications for community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mario Pesendorfer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Raul Bonal
- INDEHESA, Forest Research Group, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
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