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Wang J, Miao Y. Ligand Gaussian Accelerated Molecular Dynamics 3 (LiGaMD3): Improved Calculations of Binding Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Both Small Molecules and Flexible Peptides. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:5829-5841. [PMID: 39002136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Binding thermodynamics and kinetics play critical roles in drug design. However, it has proven challenging to efficiently predict ligand binding thermodynamics and kinetics of small molecules and flexible peptides using conventional molecular dynamics (cMD), due to limited simulation time scales. Based on our previously developed ligand Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (LiGaMD) method, we present a new approach, termed "LiGaMD3″, in which we introduce triple boosts into three individual energy terms that play important roles in small-molecule/peptide dissociation, rebinding, and system conformational changes to improve the sampling efficiency of small-molecule/peptide interactions with target proteins. To validate the performance of LiGaMD3, MDM2 bound by a small molecule (Nutlin 3) and two highly flexible peptides (PMI and P53) were chosen as the model systems. LiGaMD3 could efficiently capture repetitive small-molecule/peptide dissociation and binding events within 2 μs simulations. The predicted binding kinetic constant rates and free energies from LiGaMD3 were in agreement with the available experimental values and previous simulation results. Therefore, LiGaMD3 provides a more general and efficient approach to capture dissociation and binding of both small-molecule ligands and flexible peptides, allowing for accurate prediction of their binding thermodynamics and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinan Wang
- Computational Medicine Program and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yinglong Miao
- Computational Medicine Program and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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2
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Wang J, Miao Y. Ligand Gaussian accelerated Molecular Dynamics 3 (LiGaMD3): Improved Calculations of Binding Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Both Small Molecules and Flexible Peptides. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.06.592668. [PMID: 38766067 PMCID: PMC11100592 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.06.592668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Binding thermodynamics and kinetics play critical roles in drug design. However, it has proven challenging to efficiently predict ligand binding thermodynamics and kinetics of small molecules and flexible peptides using conventional Molecular Dynamics (cMD), due to limited simulation timescales. Based on our previously developed Ligand Gaussian accelerated Molecular Dynamics (LiGaMD) method, we present a new approach, termed "LiGaMD3", in which we introduce triple boosts into three individual energy terms that play important roles in small-molecule/peptide dissociation, rebinding and system conformational changes to improve the sampling efficiency of small-molecule/peptide interactions with target proteins. To validate the performance of LiGaMD3, MDM2 bound by a small molecule (Nutlin 3) and two highly flexible peptides (PMI and P53) were chosen as model systems. LiGaMD3 could efficiently capture repetitive small-molecule/peptide dissociation and binding events within 2 microsecond simulations. The predicted binding kinetic constant rates and free energies from LiGaMD3 agreed with available experimental values and previous simulation results. Therefore, LiGaMD3 provides a more general and efficient approach to capture dissociation and binding of both small-molecule ligand and flexible peptides, allowing for accurate prediction of their binding thermodynamics and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinan Wang
- Computational Medicine Program and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 27599
| | - Yinglong Miao
- Computational Medicine Program and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 27599
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3
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Banerjee P, Monje-Galvan V, Voth GA. Cooperative Membrane Binding of HIV-1 Matrix Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2595-2606. [PMID: 38477117 PMCID: PMC10962350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The HIV-1 assembly process begins with a newly synthesized Gag polyprotein being targeted to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane of the infected cells to form immature viral particles. Gag-membrane interactions are mediated through the myristoylated (Myr) N-terminal matrix (MA) domain of Gag, which eventually multimerize on the membrane to form trimers and higher order oligomers. The study of the structure and dynamics of peripheral membrane proteins like MA has been challenging for both experimental and computational studies due to the complex transient dynamics of protein-membrane interactions. Although the roles of anionic phospholipids (PIP2, PS) and the Myr group in the membrane targeting and stable membrane binding of MA are now well-established, the cooperative interactions between the MA monomers and MA-membrane remain elusive in the context of viral assembly and release. Our present study focuses on the membrane binding dynamics of a higher order oligomeric structure of MA protein (a dimer of trimers), which has not been explored before. Employing time-lagged independent component analysis (tICA) to our microsecond-long trajectories, we investigate conformational changes of the matrix protein induced by membrane binding. Interestingly, the Myr switch of an MA monomer correlates with the conformational switch of adjacent monomers in the same trimer. Together, our findings suggest complex protein dynamics during the formation of the immature HIV-1 lattice; while MA trimerization facilitates Myr insertion, MA trimer-trimer interactions in the immature lattice can hinder the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry,
Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical
Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | | | - Gregory A. Voth
- Department of Chemistry,
Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical
Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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4
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Banerjee P, Qu K, Briggs JAG, Voth GA. Molecular dynamics simulations of HIV-1 matrix-membrane interactions at different stages of viral maturation. Biophys J 2024; 123:389-406. [PMID: 38196190 PMCID: PMC10870173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the structural rearrangement of the membrane-bound matrix (MA) protein trimers upon HIV-1 maturation has been reported, the consequences of MA maturation on the MA-lipid interactions are not well understood. Long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations of the MA multimeric assemblies of immature and mature virus particles with our realistic asymmetric membrane model have explored MA-lipid interactions and lateral organization of lipids around MA complexes. The number of stable MA-phosphatidylserine and MA-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) interactions at the trimeric interface of the mature MA complex is observed to be greater compared to that of the immature MA complex. Our simulations identified an alternative PIP2-binding site in the immature MA complex where the multivalent headgroup of a PIP2 lipid with a greater negative charge binds to multiple basic amino acid residues such as ARG3 residues of both the MA monomers at the trimeric interface and highly basic region (HBR) residues (LYS29, LYS31) of one of the MA monomers. Our enhanced sampling simulations have explored the conformational space of phospholipids at different binding sites of the trimer-trimer interface of MA complexes that are not accessible by conventional unbiased molecular dynamics. Unlike the immature MA complex, the 2' acyl tail of two PIP2 lipids at the trimeric interface of the mature MA complex is observed to sample stable binding pockets of MA consisting of helix-4 residues. Together, our results provide molecular-level insights into the interactions of MA trimeric complexes with membrane and different lipid conformations at the specific binding sites of MA protein before and after viral maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kun Qu
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - John A G Briggs
- Department of Cell and Virus Structure, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Planegg, Germany
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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5
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Rohilla K, Pandey MK. Computational Approach to Elucidating Insulin-Protamine Binding Interactions and Dynamics in Insulin NPH Formulations. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:4857-4869. [PMID: 38313521 PMCID: PMC10831847 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Insulin NPH is an intermediate-acting insulin. Its protracted action profile is due to the formation of microcrystalline suspensions when insulin is complexed with a basic peptide protamine, zinc ion, and phenolic ligands. Despite advancements in analytical techniques, the binding epitope and binding mode of the protamine in the insulin-protamine complex are still unknown. In this study, we used bioinformatics tools such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to compute the binding sites and energetics of the insulin-protamine complex. We have taken four naturally occurring protamine peptides that are independently docked with the insulin R6 hexamer and subjected them to 200 ns MD simulations to observe the dynamics of the complexes and estimate the binding energies. The arginine-rich protamine peptides were found to bind on the surface of the insulin hexamer through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, and electrostatic interactions well supported by the calculated negative binding energies. The overall structure of the insulin hexamer was retained upon binding, highlighting its dynamic stability in the complex. Furthermore, the residues at the termini of the protamine peptides in the complex were seen to be highly dynamic, which stabilize toward the end of the simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan
Kumar Rohilla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
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6
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Chen X, Wang G, Zeng X, Li W, Zhou M. Unveiling the Role of Water on π-π Stacking Through Microwave Spectroscopy of (Thiophene) 2-(Water) 1-2 Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1484-1490. [PMID: 38057276 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
There has been an ongoing debate about whether water enhances or hinders π-π stacking, a phenomenon crucial in various biological and chemical systems. In this study, the influence of water on π-π stacking is investigated by microwave spectroscopic observation of gas-phase hydrated clusters of thiophene dimers. Two isomers of (C4H4S)2-H2O and two isomers of (C4H4S)2-(H2O)2 have been unambiguously identified. These identifications are supported by quantum chemistry calculations and isotopic measurements. In each of these conformations, water molecules are situated between aromatic pairs, forming distinctive interactions. Water molecules engage with thiophene molecules either as hydrogen bond donors through OH···π interactions or as hydrogen bond acceptors through CH···O interactions. The energy decomposition analysis indicates that the bonding pattern of water molecules significantly affects the π···π interactions between aromatic rings. These findings offer valuable structural insights into the role of water in shaping π-π stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Weixing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, China
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7
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Banerjee P, Voth GA. Conformational transitions of the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein upon multimerization and gRNA binding. Biophys J 2024; 123:42-56. [PMID: 37978800 PMCID: PMC10808027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During the HIV-1 assembly process, the Gag polyprotein multimerizes at the producer cell plasma membrane, resulting in the formation of spherical immature virus particles. Gag-genomic RNA (gRNA) interactions play a crucial role in the multimerization process, which is yet to be fully understood. We performed large-scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of membrane-bound full-length Gag dimer, hexamer, and 18-mer. The inter-domain dynamic correlation of Gag, quantified by the heterogeneous elastic network model applied to the simulated trajectories, is observed to be altered by implicit gRNA binding, as well as the multimerization state of the Gag. The lateral dynamics of our simulated membrane-bound Gag proteins, with and without gRNA binding, agree with prior experimental data and help to validate our simulation models and methods. The gRNA binding is observed to affect mainly the SP1 domain of the 18-mer and the matrix-capsid linker domain of the hexamer. In the absence of gRNA binding, the independent dynamical motion of the nucleocapsid domain results in a collapsed state of the dimeric Gag. Unlike stable SP1 helices in the six-helix bundle, without IP6 binding, the SP1 domain undergoes a spontaneous helix-to-coil transition in the dimeric Gag. Together, our findings reveal conformational switches of Gag at different stages of the multimerization process and predict that the gRNA binding reinforces an efficient binding surface of Gag for multimerization, and also regulates the dynamic organization of the local membrane region itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Banerjee P, Monje-Galvan V, Voth GA. Cooperative Membrane Binding of HIV-1 Matrix Proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.22.559012. [PMID: 37790356 PMCID: PMC10542177 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.22.559012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 assembly process begins with a newly synthesized Gag polyprotein being targeted to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane of the infected cells to form immature viral particles. Gag-membrane interactions are mediated through the myristoylated(Myr) N-terminal matrix (MA) domain of Gag which eventually multimerize on the membrane to form trimers and higher-order oligomers. The study of the structure and dynamics of peripheral membrane proteins like MA has been challenging for both experimental and computational studies due to the complex dynamics of protein-membrane interactions. Although the roles of anionic phospholipids (PIP2, PS) and the Myr group in the membrane targeting and stable membrane binding of MA are now well-established, the cooperative interactions between MA monomers and MA-membrane still remain elusive. Our present study focuses on the membrane binding dynamics of a higher-order oligomeric structure of MA protein (a dimer of trimers), which has not been explored before. Employing time-lagged independent component analysis (tICA) to our microsecond-long trajectories, we investigate conformational changes of the matrix protein induced by membrane binding. Interestingly, the Myr switch of a MA monomer correlates with the conformational switch of adjacent monomers in the same trimer. Together, our findings suggest that MA trimerization facilitates Myr insertion, but MA trimer-trimer interactions in the lattice of immature HIV-1 particles can hinder the same. Additionally, local lipid density patterns of different lipid species provide a signature of the initial stage of lipid-domain formation upon membrane binding of the protein complex. TOC
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Abstract
A survey of protein databases indicates that the majority of enzymes exist in oligomeric forms, with about half of those found in the UniProt database being homodimeric. Understanding why many enzymes are in their dimeric form is imperative. Recent developments in experimental and computational techniques have allowed for a deeper comprehension of the cooperative interactions between the subunits of dimeric enzymes. This review aims to succinctly summarize these recent advancements by providing an overview of experimental and theoretical methods, as well as an understanding of cooperativity in substrate binding and the molecular mechanisms of cooperative catalysis within homodimeric enzymes. Focus is set upon the beneficial effects of dimerization and cooperative catalysis. These advancements not only provide essential case studies and theoretical support for comprehending dimeric enzyme catalysis but also serve as a foundation for designing highly efficient catalysts, such as dimeric organic catalysts. Moreover, these developments have significant implications for drug design, as exemplified by Paxlovid, which was designed for the homodimeric main protease of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wei Chen
- Lab of Computional Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Lab of Computional Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
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Banerjee P, Voth GA. Conformational transitions of the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein upon multimerization and gRNA binding. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.16.553549. [PMID: 37645781 PMCID: PMC10462060 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.16.553549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
During the HIV-1 assembly process, the Gag polyprotein multimerizes at the producer cell plasma membrane, resulting in the formation of spherical immature virus particles. Gag-gRNA interactions play a crucial role in the multimerization process, which is yet to be fully understood. We have performed large-scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of membrane-bound full-length Gag dimer, hexamer, and 18-mer. The inter-domain dynamic correlation of Gag, quantified by the heterogeneous elastic network model (hENM) applied to the simulated trajectories, is observed to be altered by implicit gRNA binding, as well as the multimerization state of the Gag. The lateral dynamics of our simulated membrane-bound Gag proteins, with and without gRNA binding, agree with prior experimental data and help to validate our simulation models and methods. The gRNA binding is observed to impact mainly the SP1 domain of the 18-mer and the MA-CA linker domain of the hexamer. In the absence of gRNA binding, the independent dynamical motion of the NC domain results in a collapsed state of the dimeric Gag. Unlike stable SP1 helices in the six-helix bundle, without IP6 binding, the SP1 domain undergoes a spontaneous helix-to-coil transition in the dimeric Gag. Together, our findings reveal conformational switches of Gag at different stages of the multimerization process and predict that the gRNA binding reinforces an efficient binding surface of Gag for multimerization, as well as regulates the dynamic organization of the local membrane region itself. Significance Gag(Pr 55 Gag ) polyprotein orchestrates many essential events in HIV-1 assembly, including packaging of the genomic RNA (gRNA) in the immature virion. Although various experimental techniques, such as cryo-ET, X-ray, and NMR, have revealed structural properties of individual domains in the immature Gag clusters, structural and biophysical characterization of a full-length Gag molecule remains a challenge for existing experimental techniques. Using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the different model systems of Gag polyprotein, we present here a detailed structural characterization of Gag molecules in different multimerization states and interrogate the synergy between Gag-Gag, Gag-membrane, and Gag-gRNA interactions during the viral assembly process.
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11
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Yang L, Guo S, Liao C, Hou C, Jiang S, Li J, Ma X, Shi L, Ye L, He X. Spatial Layouts of Low-Entropy Hydration Shells Guide Protein Binding. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2300022. [PMID: 37483413 PMCID: PMC10362119 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein binding enables orderly biological self-organization and is therefore considered a miracle of nature. Protein‒protein binding is driven by electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals force, and hydrophobic interactions. Among these physical forces, only hydrophobic interactions can be considered long-range intermolecular attractions between proteins due to the electrostatic shielding of surrounding water molecules. Low-entropy hydration shells around proteins drive hydrophobic attraction among them that essentially coordinate protein‒protein binding. Here, an innovative method is developed for identifying low-entropy regions of hydration shells of proteins by screening off pseudohydrophilic groups on protein surfaces and revealing that large low-entropy regions of the hydration shells typically cover the binding sites of individual proteins. According to an analysis of determined protein complex structures, shape matching between a large low-entropy hydration shell region of a protein and that of its partner at the binding sites is revealed as a universal law. Protein‒protein binding is thus found to be mainly guided by hydrophobic collapse between the shape-matched low-entropy hydration shells that is verified by bioinformatics analyses of hundreds of structures of protein complexes, which cover four test systems. A simple algorithm is proposed to accurately predict protein binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special EnvironmentsCenter for Composite Materials and StructuresHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
- School of AerospaceMechanical and Mechatronic EngineeringThe University of SydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Shuai Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special EnvironmentsCenter for Composite Materials and StructuresHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Liao
- School of Electronics and Information EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
| | - Chengyu Hou
- School of Electronics and Information EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
| | - Shenda Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special EnvironmentsCenter for Composite Materials and StructuresHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special EnvironmentsCenter for Composite Materials and StructuresHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special EnvironmentsCenter for Composite Materials and StructuresHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
| | - Liping Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special EnvironmentsCenter for Composite Materials and StructuresHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
| | - Lin Ye
- School of System Design and Intelligent ManufacturingSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special EnvironmentsCenter for Composite Materials and StructuresHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
- Shenzhen STRONG Advanced Materials Research Institute Co., LtdShenzhen518035P. R. China
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Wang J, Do HN, Koirala K, Miao Y. Predicting Biomolecular Binding Kinetics: A Review. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:2135-2148. [PMID: 36989090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular binding kinetics including the association (kon) and dissociation (koff) rates are critical parameters for therapeutic design of small-molecule drugs, peptides, and antibodies. Notably, the drug molecule residence time or dissociation rate has been shown to correlate with their efficacies better than binding affinities. A wide range of modeling approaches including quantitative structure-kinetic relationship models, Molecular Dynamics simulations, enhanced sampling, and Machine Learning has been developed to explore biomolecular binding and dissociation mechanisms and predict binding kinetic rates. Here, we review recent advances in computational modeling of biomolecular binding kinetics, with an outlook for future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinan Wang
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Hung N Do
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Kushal Koirala
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Yinglong Miao
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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13
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Unexpectedly Spontaneous Water Dissociation on Graphene Oxide Supported by Copper Substrate. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 642:112-119. [PMID: 37001450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Water dissociation is of fundamental importance in scientific fields and has drawn considerable interest in diverse technological applications. However, the high activation barrier of breaking the OH bond within the water molecule has been identified as the bottleneck, even for the water adsorbed on the graphene oxide (GO). Herein, using the density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that the water molecule can be spontaneously dissociated on GO supported by the (111) surface of the copper substrate (Copper-GO). This process involves a proton transferring from water to the interfacial oxygen group, and a hydroxide covalently bonding to GO. Compared to that on GO, the water dissociation barrier on Copper-GO is significantly decreased to be less than or comparable to thermal fluctuations. This is ascribed to the orbital-hybridizing interaction between copper substrate and GO, which enhances the reaction activity of interfacial oxygen groups along the basal plane of GO for water dissociation. Our work provides a novel strategy to access water dissociation via the substrate-enhanced reaction activity of interfacial oxygen groups on GO and indicates that the substrate can serve as an essential key to tuning the catalytic performance of various two-dimensional material devices.
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14
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Ligand Gaussian Accelerated Molecular Dynamics 2 (LiGaMD2): Improved Calculations of Ligand Binding Thermodynamics and Kinetics with Closed Protein Pocket. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:733-745. [PMID: 36706316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ligand binding thermodynamics and kinetics are critical parameters for drug design. However, it has proven challenging to efficiently predict ligand binding thermodynamics and kinetics from molecular simulations due to limited simulation timescales. Protein dynamics, especially in the ligand binding pocket, often plays an important role in ligand binding. Based on our previously developed Ligand Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (LiGaMD), here we present LiGaMD2 in which a selective boost potential was applied to both the ligand and protein residues in the binding pocket to improve sampling of ligand binding and dissociation. To validate the performance of LiGaMD2, the T4 lysozyme (T4L) mutants with open and closed pockets bound by different ligands were chosen as model systems. LiGaMD2 could efficiently capture repetitive ligand dissociation and binding within microsecond simulations of all T4L systems. The obtained ligand binding kinetic rates and free energies agreed well with available experimental values and previous modeling results. Therefore, LiGaMD2 provides an improved approach to sample opening of closed protein pockets for ligand dissociation and binding, thereby allowing for efficient calculations of ligand binding thermodynamics and kinetics.
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15
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From structure and dynamics to biomolecular functions: The ubiquitous role of solvent in biology. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 77:102462. [PMID: 36150344 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biological activity requires a solvent that can provide a suitable environment, which satisfies the twin need for stability and the ability to change. Among all the solvents water plays the most important role. We review, analyze, and comment on recent works on the structure and dynamics of water around biomolecules and their role in specific biological functions. While studies in the past have focused on understanding the biomolecule-water interactions through a hydration layer; recently the attention has shifted towards understanding functions at a molecular level. Such a microscopic understanding clearly requires elucidation of detailed dynamical processes where solvent molecules play an important role. Finally, we comment on the advances made in understanding the role of water inside a biological cell.
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16
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Dynamic stability of salt stable cowpea chlorotic mottle virus capsid protein dimers and pentamers of dimers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14251. [PMID: 35995818 PMCID: PMC9395436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediates of the self-assembly process of the salt stable cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ss-CCMV) capsid can be modelled atomistically on realistic computational timescales either by studying oligomers in equilibrium or by focusing on their dissociation instead of their association. Our previous studies showed that among the three possible dimer interfaces in the icosahedral capsid, two are thermodynamically relevant for capsid formation. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the relative structural stabilities of the three different ss-CCMV dimers and to find and understand the conditions that lead to their dissociation. Long timescale molecular dynamics simulations at 300 K of the various dimers and of the pentamer of dimers underscore the importance of large contact surfaces on stabilizing the capsid subunits within an oligomer. Simulations in implicit solvent show that at higher temperature (350 K), the N-terminal tails of the protein units act as tethers, delaying dissociation for all but the most stable interface. The pentamer of dimers is also found to be stable on long timescales at 300 K, with an inherent flexibility of the outer protein chains.
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17
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Counteractive Effects of Choline Geranate (CAGE) ILs and Ethanol on Insulin's Stability-A Leap Forward towards Oral Insulin Formulation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27155031. [PMID: 35956982 PMCID: PMC9370287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Choline geranate (CAGE) ionic liquids (ILs) stabilize insulin, thereby aiding its oral delivery, whereas ethanol (EtOH) affects its stability by disrupting the hydrophobic interactions. In this study, cognizance of the stabilization mechanism of insulin dimer in the presence of both CAGE ILs and EtOH mixtures is achieved through biased and unbiased molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Here, two order parameters are employed to study the insulin dimer dissociation using well-tempered metadynamics (WT-MetaD). The stability of insulin is found to be strongly maintained until a 0.20 mole fraction of EtOH. Besides, higher concentrations of EtOH marginally affect the insulin stability. Moreover, geranate anions form a higher number of H-bonding interactions with water molecules, which aids insulin stabilization. Conversely, the addition of EtOH minimizes the water-mediated H-bonding interactions of geranate. Additionally, geranate traps the EtOH molecules, thereby preventing the interactions between insulin and EtOH. Furthermore, the free energy landscape (FEL) reveals the absence of dimer dissociation along with noticeable deviations in the distances R and the number of contacts Q. The dimerization free energy of insulin was calculated to be −16.1 kcal/mol at a 0.20 mole fraction of EtOH. Moreover, increments in mole fractions of EtOH effectuate a decrease in the insulin stability. Thus, the present study represents CAGE ILs as efficient insulin dimer stabilizes at low concentrations of EtOH.
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18
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High-resolution crystal structure of LpqH, an immunomodulatory surface lipoprotein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals a distinct fold and a conserved cleft on its surface. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:494-503. [PMID: 35504420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is predominantly a disease of the lungs acquired by inhaling mycobacteria from infected individuals via airborne droplets. In order to facilitate their entry into the alveolar macrophages, mycobacteria have a collection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on their surface that are known to detect certain pattern recognition receptors present on the surface of host cells. A major group of these PAMPs includes mycobacterial lipoproteins, of which, the 19 kDa surface antigen LpqH, has been reported to play a critical role in both host-pathogen interactions as well as pleiotropic immune regulation. Despite its crucial involvement in tuberculosis, the detailed structure-function relationship of this protein remains to be explored. Here, we report the high-resolution crystal structure of the non-acylated LpqH (LpqH48-159) at a resolution of 1.26 Å, which adopts a unique fold. Flow cytometry-based experiments show that the protein can bind and induce apoptosis in PMA-activated human monocytic cell line THP-1, indicative of the preservation of functionality of the protein. Furthermore, analysis of conservation of LpqH sequences from Mycobacterium species reveals a patch of conserved residues on the surface which may play a role in its binding partner recognition and hence in host-pathogen interaction.
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19
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Acharya S, Bagchi B. Non-Markovian rate theory on a multidimensional reaction surface: Complex interplay between enhanced configuration space and memory. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:134101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0084146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A theory of barrier crossing rate on a multidimensional reaction energy surface is presented. The theory is a generalization of the earlier theoretical schemes to higher dimensions, with the inclusion of non-Markovian friction along both the reactive and the nonreactive coordinates. The theory additionally includes the bilinear coupling between the reactive and the nonreactive modes at the Hamiltonian level. Under suitable conditions, we recover the rate expressions of Langer and Hynes and establish a connection with the rate treatment of Pollak. Within the phenomenology of generalized Langevin equation description, our formulation provides an improvement over the existing ones because we explicitly include both the non-Markovian effects along the reaction coordinate and the bilinear coupling at the Hamiltonian level. At intermediate-to-large friction, an increase in dimensionality by itself tends to reduce the rate, while the inclusion of the memory effects increases the rate. The theory predicts an increase in rate when off-diagonal friction terms are included. We present a model calculation to study isomerization of a stilbene-like molecule using the prescription of Hochstrasser and co-workers on a two-dimensional reaction energy surface, employing Zwanzig–Bixon hydrodynamic theory of frequency-dependent friction. The calculated rate shows a departure from the predictions of Langer’s theory and also from the two-dimensional transition state theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Acharya
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Biman Bagchi
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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20
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Gasparotto P, Fitzner M, Cox SJ, Sosso GC, Michaelides A. How do interfaces alter the dynamics of supercooled water? NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4254-4262. [PMID: 35244128 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00387b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The structure of liquid water in the proximity of an interface can deviate significantly from that of bulk water, with surface-induced structural perturbations typically converging to bulk values at about ∼1 nm from the interface. While these structural changes are well established it is, in contrast, less clear how an interface perturbs the dynamics of water molecules within the liquid. Here, through an extensive set of molecular dynamics simulations of supercooled bulk and interfacial water films and nano-droplets, we observe the formation of persistent, spatially extended dynamical domains in which the average mobility varies as a function of the distance from the interface. This is in stark contrast with the dynamical heterogeneity observed in bulk water, where these domains average out spatially over time. We also find that the dynamical response of water to an interface depends critically on the nature of the interface and on the choice of interface definition. Overall these results reveal a richness in the dynamics of interfacial water that opens up the prospect of tuning the dynamical response of water through specific modifications of the interface structure or confining material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Gasparotto
- Scientific Computing Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Fitzner
- Thomas Young Centre, London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephen James Cox
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Gabriele Cesare Sosso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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21
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Wang J, Miao Y. Protein-Protein Interaction-Gaussian Accelerated Molecular Dynamics (PPI-GaMD): Characterization of Protein Binding Thermodynamics and Kinetics. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:1275-1285. [PMID: 35099970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play key roles in many fundamental biological processes such as cellular signaling and immune responses. However, it has proven challenging to simulate repetitive protein association and dissociation in order to calculate binding free energies and kinetics of PPIs due to long biological timescales and complex protein dynamics. To address this challenge, we have developed a new computational approach to all-atom simulations of PPIs based on a robust Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) technique. The method, termed "PPI-GaMD", selectively boosts interaction potential energy between protein partners to facilitate their slow dissociation. Meanwhile, another boost potential is applied to the remaining potential energy of the entire system to effectively model the protein's flexibility and rebinding. PPI-GaMD has been demonstrated on a model system of the ribonuclease barnase interactions with its inhibitor barstar. Six independent 2 μs PPI-GaMD simulations have captured repetitive barstar dissociation and rebinding events, which enable calculations of the protein binding thermodynamics and kinetics simultaneously. The calculated binding free energies and kinetic rate constants agree well with the experimental data. Furthermore, PPI-GaMD simulations have provided mechanistic insights into barstar binding to barnase, which involves long-range electrostatic interactions and multiple binding pathways, being consistent with previous experimental and computational findings of this model system. In summary, PPI-GaMD provides a highly efficient and easy-to-use approach for binding free energy and kinetics calculations of PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinan Wang
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Yinglong Miao
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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22
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Challenges and frontiers of computational modelling of biomolecular recognition. QRB DISCOVERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/qrd.2022.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Biomolecular recognition including binding of small molecules, peptides and proteins to their target receptors plays a key role in cellular function and has been targeted for therapeutic drug design. However, the high flexibility of biomolecules and slow binding and dissociation processes have presented challenges for computational modelling. Here, we review the challenges and computational approaches developed to characterise biomolecular binding, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations (especially enhanced sampling) and machine learning. Further improvements are still needed in order to accurately and efficiently characterise binding structures, mechanisms, thermodynamics and kinetics of biomolecules in the future.
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23
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Gorai B, Vashisth H. Progress in Simulation Studies of Insulin Structure and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:908724. [PMID: 35795141 PMCID: PMC9252437 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.908724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a peptide hormone known for chiefly regulating glucose level in blood among several other metabolic processes. Insulin remains the most effective drug for treating diabetes mellitus. Insulin is synthesized in the pancreatic β-cells where it exists in a compact hexameric architecture although its biologically active form is monomeric. Insulin exhibits a sequence of conformational variations during the transition from the hexamer state to its biologically-active monomer state. The structural transitions and the mechanism of action of insulin have been investigated using several experimental and computational methods. This review primarily highlights the contributions of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in elucidating the atomic-level details of conformational dynamics in insulin, where the structure of the hormone has been probed as a monomer, dimer, and hexamer. The effect of solvent, pH, temperature, and pressure have been probed at the microscopic scale. Given the focus of this review on the structure of the hormone, simulation studies involving interactions between the hormone and its receptor are only briefly highlighted, and studies on other related peptides (e.g., insulin-like growth factors) are not discussed. However, the review highlights conformational dynamics underlying the activities of reported insulin analogs and mimetics. The future prospects for computational methods in developing promising synthetic insulin analogs are also briefly highlighted.
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24
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Nijhawan AK, Chan AM, Hsu DJ, Chen LX, Kohlstedt KL. Resolving Dynamics in the Ensemble: Finding Paths through Intermediate States and Disordered Protein Structures. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12401-12412. [PMID: 34748336 PMCID: PMC9096987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteins have been found to inhabit a diverse set of three-dimensional structures. The dynamics that govern protein interconversion between structures happen over a wide range of time scales─picoseconds to seconds. Our understanding of protein functions and dynamics is largely reliant upon our ability to elucidate physically populated structures. From an experimental structural characterization perspective, we are often limited to measuring the ensemble-averaged structure both in the steady-state and time-resolved regimes. Generating kinetic models and understanding protein structure-function relationships require atomistic knowledge of the populated states in the ensemble. In this Perspective, we present ensemble refinement methodologies that integrate time-resolved experimental signals with molecular dynamics models. We first discuss integration of experimental structural restraints to molecular models in disordered protein systems that adhere to the principle of maximum entropy for creating a complete set of ensemble structures. We then propose strategies to find kinetic pathways between the refined structures, using time-resolved inputs to guide molecular dynamics trajectories and the use of inference to generate tailored stimuli to prepare a desired ensemble of protein states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K Nijhawan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Arnold M Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Darren J Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kevin L Kohlstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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25
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Palanisamy K, Prakash M. The molecular mechanism behind the stabilization of insulin by choline and geranate (CAGE) ionic liquids - computational insights into oral insulin drug formulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25298-25307. [PMID: 34746944 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03349b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is a principal hormone that is involved in the regulation of glucose levels in the blood. Oral insulin formulation is a recent development in drug delivery systems. Biocompatible choline-based ionic liquids (ILs) show promising antibacterial activity and are useful for oral and transdermal drug delivery applications. Choline and geranate (CAGE) ILs enhance the stability and oral efficacy of insulin delivery. The molecular mechanism behind insulin formulation in the oral form is at issue. In the present work, the molecular-level understanding of CAGE ILs in insulin is scrutinized by employing atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. To identify the stability of insulin in an IL medium, we have studied a series of concentration (mole fraction 0.05-1.00) of CAGE ILs with an insulin dimer. It can be well evidenced from the experimental reports that in an aqueous medium, there is a refashioning of CAGE nanostructures at 0.50 mole fraction. It is found from our calculations that the first solvation shell of insulin is readily occupied by choline and geranate ions in the presence of water. Moreover, the geranate ions strongly interacted with the water molecules and thereby, eliminating the intermolecular hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) interactions towards the insulin at 0.30-0.50 mole fraction of CAGE ILs. The most desirable 0.30-0.50 mole fraction of CAGE invigorates water-mediated H-bonding interactions with geranate ions, which also enhances the electrostatic behavior around the vicinity of the insulin dimer. These important findings can help in the development of oral insulin drug delivery and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandhan Palanisamy
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Muthuramalingam Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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26
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Mukherjee S, Acharya S, Mondal S, Banerjee P, Bagchi B. Structural Stability of Insulin Oligomers and Protein Association-Dissociation Processes: Free Energy Landscape and Universal Role of Water. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11793-11811. [PMID: 34674526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Association and dissociation of proteins are important biochemical events. In this Feature Article, we analyze the available studies of these processes for insulin oligomers in aqueous solution. We focus on the solvation of the insulin monomer in water, stability and dissociation of its dimer, and structural integrity of the hexamer. The intricate role of water in solvation of the dimer- and hexamer-forming surfaces, in long-range interactions between the monomers and the stability of the oligomers, is discussed. Ten water molecules inside the central cavity stabilize the structure of the insulin hexamer. We discuss how different order parameters can be used to understand the dissociation of the insulin dimer. The calculation of the rate using a recently computed multidimensional free energy provides considerable insight into the interplay between protein and water dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumyak Mukherjee
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Subhajit Acharya
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sayantan Mondal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Puja Banerjee
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Biman Bagchi
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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27
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Sur VP, Sen MK, Komrskova K. In Silico Identification and Validation of Organic Triazole Based Ligands as Potential Inhibitory Drug Compounds of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. Molecules 2021; 26:6199. [PMID: 34684780 PMCID: PMC8541586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is highly contagious to humans and has caused a pandemic of global proportions. Despite worldwide research efforts, efficient targeted therapies against the virus are still lacking. With the ready availability of the macromolecular structures of coronavirus and its known variants, the search for anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics through in silico analysis has become a highly promising field of research. In this study, we investigate the inhibiting potentialities of triazole-based compounds against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) is known to play a prominent role in the processing of polyproteins that are translated from the viral RNA. Compounds were pre-screened from 171 candidates (collected from the DrugBank database). The results showed that four candidates (Bemcentinib, Bisoctrizole, PYIITM, and NIPFC) had high binding affinity values and had the potential to interrupt the main protease (Mpro) activities of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The pharmacokinetic parameters of these candidates were assessed and through molecular dynamic (MD) simulation their stability, interaction, and conformation were analyzed. In summary, this study identified the most suitable compounds for targeting Mpro, and we recommend using these compounds as potential drug molecules against SARS-CoV-2 after follow up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishma Pratap Sur
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV—Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic;
| | - Madhab Kumar Sen
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 1176, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Katerina Komrskova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV—Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic;
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
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28
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Acharya S, Mondal S, Mukherjee S, Bagchi B. Rate of Insulin Dimer Dissociation: Interplay between Memory Effects and Higher Dimensionality. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9678-9691. [PMID: 34406771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We calculate the rate of dissociation of an insulin dimer into two monomers in water. The rate of this complex reaction is determined by multiple factors that are elucidated. By employing advanced sampling techniques, we first obtain the reaction free energy surface for the dimer dissociation as a function of two order parameters, namely, the distance between the center-of-mass of two monomers (R) and the number of cross-contacts (Q) among the backbone Cα atoms of two monomers. We then construct an orthogonal 2D reaction energy surface by introducing the reaction coordinate X to denote the minimum energy pathway and a conjugate coordinate Y that spans the orthogonal direction. The free energy landscape is rugged with multiple maxima and minima. We calculate the rate by employing not only the non-Markovian multidimensional rate theory but also several other theoretical approaches. The necessary reaction frequencies and the frictions are calculated from the time correlation function formalism. Our best estimate of the rate is 0.4 μs-1. Our study reveals interesting opposite influences of dimensionality and memory in determining the rate constant of the reaction. We gain interesting insights into the dimer dissociation process by looking directly at the trajectories obtained from molecular dynamics simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Acharya
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 Karnataka, India
| | - Sayantan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Saumyak Mukherjee
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 Karnataka, India
| | - Biman Bagchi
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 Karnataka, India
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29
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Mondal S, Mukherjee S, Acharya S, Bagchi B. Unfolding of Dynamical Events in the Early Stage of Insulin Dimer Dissociation. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7958-7966. [PMID: 34260242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dissociation of an insulin dimer is an important biochemical event that could also serve as a prototype of dissociations in similar biomolecular assemblies. We use a recently developed multidimensional free energy landscape for insulin dimer dissociation to unearth the microscopic and mechanistic aspects of the initial stages of the process that could hold the key to understanding the stability and the rate. The following sequence of events occurs in the initial stages: (i) The backbone hydrogen bonds break partially at the antiparallel β-sheet junction, (ii) the two α-helices (chain B) move away from each other while several residues (chain A) move closer, and (iii) a flow of adjacent water molecules occurs into the junction region. Interestingly, the intermonomeric center-to-center distance does not increase, but the number of native contacts exhibits a sharp decrease. Subsequent steps involve further disengagement of hydrophobic groups. This process is slow because of an entropic bottleneck created by the existence of the large configuration space available in the native state (NS), which is inhabited by low-frequency conformational fluctuations. We carry out a density-of-states analyses in the dimer NS to unearth distinctive features not present in the monomers. These low-frequency modes are also responsible for a large entropic stabilization of the NS. Hydrophobic disengagement in the early stage leads to the formation of a twisted intermediate state which itself is a metastable minimum (IS-1). The subsequent progress leads to another dimeric complex (IS-2), which is on the dissociative pathway and characterized by a further decrease in the native contacts. The dissociation process provides insights into the workings of a biomolecular assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Mondal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 012, India
| | - Saumyak Mukherjee
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 012, India
| | - Subhajit Acharya
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 012, India
| | - Biman Bagchi
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 012, India
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30
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Feng CJ, Sinitskiy A, Pande V, Tokmakoff A. Computational IR Spectroscopy of Insulin Dimer Structure and Conformational Heterogeneity. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4620-4633. [PMID: 33929849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the structure and conformational dynamics of insulin dimer using a Markov state model (MSM) built from extensive unbiased atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and performed infrared spectral simulations of the insulin MSM to describe how structural variation within the dimer can be experimentally resolved. Our model reveals two significant conformations to the dimer: a dominant native state consistent with other experimental structures of the dimer and a twisted state with a structure that appears to reflect a ∼55° clockwise rotation of the native dimer interface. The twisted state primarily influences the contacts involving the C-terminus of insulin's B chain, shifting the registry of its intermolecular hydrogen bonds and reorganizing its side-chain packing. The MSM kinetics predict that these configurations exchange on a 14 μs time scale, largely passing through two Markov states with a solvated dimer interface. Computational amide I spectroscopy of site-specifically 13C18O labeled amides indicates that the native and twisted conformation can be distinguished through a series of single and dual labels involving the B24F, B25F, and B26Y residues. Additional structural heterogeneity and disorder is observed within the native and twisted states, and amide I spectroscopy can also be used to gain insight into this variation. This study will provide important interpretive tools for IR spectroscopic investigations of insulin structure and transient IR kinetics experiments studying the conformational dynamics of insulin dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jui Feng
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Anton Sinitskiy
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Vijay Pande
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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31
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Saha S, Nandi R, Vishwakarma P, Prakash A, Kumar D. Discovering Potential RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitors as Prospective Drugs Against COVID-19: An in silico Approach. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:634047. [PMID: 33716752 PMCID: PMC7952625 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.634047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2, is declared a Global Pandemic by WHO in early 2020. In the present situation, though more than 180 vaccine candidates with some already approved for emergency use, are currently in development against SARS-CoV-2, their safety and efficacy data is still in a very preliminary stage to recognize them as a new treatment, which demands an utmost emergency for the development of an alternative anti-COVID-19 drug sine qua non for a COVID-19 free world. Since RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is an essential protein involved in replicating the virus, it can be held as a potential drug target. We were keen to explore the plant-based product against RdRp and analyze its inhibitory potential to treat COVID-19. A unique collection of 248 plant compounds were selected based on their antiviral activity published in previous literature and were subjected to molecular docking analysis against the catalytic sub-unit of RdRp. The docking study was followed by a pharmacokinetics analysis and molecular dynamics simulation study of the selected best-docked compounds. Tellimagrandin I, SaikosaponinB2, Hesperidin and (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate were the most prominent ones that showed strong binding affinity toward RdRp. All the compounds mentioned showed satisfactory pharmacokinetics properties and remained stabilized at their respective binding sites during the Molecular dynamics simulation. Additionally, we calculated the free-binding energy/the binding properties of RdRp-ligand complexes with the connection of MM/GBSA. Interestingly, we observe that SaikosaponinB2 gives the best binding affinity (∆Gbinding = -42.43 kcal/mol) in the MM/GBSA assay. Whereas, least activity is observed for Hesperidin (∆Gbinding = -22.72 kcal/mol). Overall our study unveiled the feasibility of the SaikosaponinB2 to serve as potential molecules for developing an effective therapy against COVID-19 by inhibiting one of its most crucial replication proteins, RdRp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satabdi Saha
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Rajat Nandi
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Poonam Vishwakarma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Amresh Prakash
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
| | - Diwakar Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, India
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Salehi SM, Koner D, Meuwly M. Dynamics and Infrared Spectrocopy of Monomeric and Dimeric Wild Type and Mutant Insulin. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11882-11894. [PMID: 33245663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The infrared spectroscopy and dynamics of -CO labels in wild type and mutant insulin monomer and dimer are characterized from molecular dynamics simulations using validated force fields. It is found that the spectroscopy of monomeric and dimeric forms in the region of the amide-I vibration differs for residues B24-B26 and D24-D26, which are involved in dimerization of the hormone. Also, the spectroscopic signatures change for mutations at position B24 from phenylalanine, which is conserved in many organisms and is known to play a central role in insulin aggregation, to alanine or glycine. Using three different methods to determine the frequency trajectories (solving the nuclear Schrödinger equation on an effective 1-dimensional potential energy curve, using instantaneous normal modes, and using parametrized frequency maps) leads to the same overall conclusions. The spectroscopic response of monomeric WT and mutant insulin differs from that of their respective dimers, and the spectroscopy of the two monomers in the dimer is also not identical. For the WT and F24A and F24G monomers, spectroscopic shifts are found to be ∼20 cm-1 for residues (B24-B26) located at the dimerization interface. Although the crystal structure of the dimer is that of a symmetric homodimer, dynamically the two monomers are not equivalent on the nanosecond time scale. Together with earlier work on the thermodynamic stability of the WT and the same mutants, it is concluded that combining computational and experimental infrared spectroscopy provides a potentially powerful way to characterize the aggregation state and dimerization energy of modified insulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Maryam Salehi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Debasish Koner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Durrani MK, Kang J. Transition-state theory-based analysis of diffusion of water in yeast cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:5909596. [PMID: 33000144 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehvish K Durrani
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, 1500 N. Patterson St., Valdosta, GA 31698, USA
| | - Jonghoon Kang
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, 1500 N. Patterson St., Valdosta, GA 31698, USA
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Antoszewski A, Feng CJ, Vani BP, Thiede EH, Hong L, Weare J, Tokmakoff A, Dinner AR. Insulin Dissociates by Diverse Mechanisms of Coupled Unfolding and Unbinding. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5571-5587. [PMID: 32515958 PMCID: PMC7774804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The protein hormone insulin exists in various oligomeric forms, and a key step in binding its cellular receptor is dissociation of the dimer. This dissociation process and its corresponding association process have come to serve as paradigms of coupled (un)folding and (un)binding more generally. Despite its fundamental and practical importance, the mechanism of insulin dimer dissociation remains poorly understood. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations, leveraging recent developments in umbrella sampling, to characterize the energetic and structural features of dissociation in unprecedented detail. We find that the dissociation is inherently multipathway with limiting behaviors corresponding to conformational selection and induced fit, the two prototypical mechanisms of coupled folding and binding. Along one limiting path, the dissociation leads to detachment of the C-terminal segment of the insulin B chain from the protein core, a feature believed to be essential for receptor binding. We simulate IR spectroscopy experiments to aid in interpreting current experiments and identify sites where isotopic labeling can be most effective for distinguishing the contributions of the limiting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Antoszewski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chi-Jui Feng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Bodhi P Vani
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Erik H Thiede
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Statistics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Lu Hong
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jonathan Weare
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York 10012, United States
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron R Dinner
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Zhang XX, Tokmakoff A. Revealing the Dynamical Role of Co-solvents in the Coupled Folding and Dimerization of Insulin. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4353-4358. [PMID: 32401513 PMCID: PMC7850624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-protein interactions are important for protein biological functions, especially for a coupled folding and binding system such as insulin. By monitoring the change in the conformation of insulin dimers during dissociation with temperature-jump infrared spectroscopy, we show that co-solvents can significantly destabilize the dimers by perturbing their hydrophobic center. The transition from the native to intermediate dimer state is observed as the buried residues are exposed to solvents in the presence of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and with α-helices unfolding when ethanol is present, which reduces the dissociation time dramatically to 50% and 20% of the value in a D2O solution, respectively. We propose a self-consistent analysis using complementary methods to resolve this coupled folding and binding process and obtain a much higher rate of monomer association than of intermediate folding. Our results demonstrate that the conformational changes are critical in dimer formation and strongly affected by co-solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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