1
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Whitehurst LN, Morehouse A, Mednick SC. Can stimulants make you smarter, despite stealing your sleep? Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:702-713. [PMID: 38763802 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Nonmedical use of psychostimulants for cognitive enhancement is widespread and growing in neurotypical individuals, despite mixed scientific evidence of their effectiveness. Sleep benefits cognition, yet the interaction between stimulants, sleep, and cognition in neurotypical adults has received little attention. We propose that one effect of psychostimulants, namely decreased sleep, may play an important and unconsidered role in the effect of stimulants on cognition. We discuss the role of sleep in cognition, the alerting effects of stimulants in the context of sleep loss, and the conflicting findings of stimulants for complex cognitive processes. Finally, we hypothesize that sleep may be one unconsidered factor in the mythology of stimulants as cognitive enhancers and propose a methodological approach to systematically assess this relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Whitehurst
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, 40508.
| | - Allison Morehouse
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA, 92617
| | - Sara C Mednick
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA, 92617.
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2
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Tamaki M, Yamada T, Barnes-Diana T, Wang Z, Watanabe T, Sasaki Y. First-night effect reduces the beneficial effects of sleep on visual plasticity and modifies the underlying neurochemical processes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14388. [PMID: 38909129 PMCID: PMC11193735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals experience difficulty falling asleep in a new environment, termed the first night effect (FNE). However, the impact of the FNE on sleep-induced brain plasticity remains unclear. Here, using a within-subject design, we found that the FNE significantly reduces visual plasticity during sleep in young adults. Sleep-onset latency (SOL), an indicator of the FNE, was significantly longer during the first sleep session than the second session, confirming the FNE. We assessed performance gains in visual perceptual learning after sleep and increases in the excitatory-to-inhibitory neurotransmitter (E/I) ratio in early visual areas during sleep using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and polysomnography. These parameters were significantly smaller in sleep with the FNE than in sleep without the FNE; however, these parameters were not correlated with SOL. These results suggest that while the neural mechanisms of the FNE and brain plasticity are independent, sleep disturbances temporarily block the neurochemical process fundamental for brain plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Tamaki
- Cognitive Somnology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, 190 Thayer Street, 1821, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Tyler Barnes-Diana
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, 190 Thayer Street, 1821, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Zhiyan Wang
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, 190 Thayer Street, 1821, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, 190 Thayer Street, 1821, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, 190 Thayer Street, 1821, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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3
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Zhao Y, Liu J, Dosher BA, Lu ZL. Enabling identification of component processes in perceptual learning with nonparametric hierarchical Bayesian modeling. J Vis 2024; 24:8. [PMID: 38780934 PMCID: PMC11131338 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.5.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Perceptual learning is a multifaceted process, encompassing general learning, between-session forgetting or consolidation, and within-session fast relearning and deterioration. The learning curve constructed from threshold estimates in blocks or sessions, based on tens or hundreds of trials, may obscure component processes; high temporal resolution is necessary. We developed two nonparametric inference procedures: a Bayesian inference procedure (BIP) to estimate the posterior distribution of contrast threshold in each learning block for each learner independently and a hierarchical Bayesian model (HBM) that computes the joint posterior distribution of contrast threshold across all learning blocks at the population, subject, and test levels via the covariance of contrast thresholds across blocks. We applied the procedures to the data from two studies that investigated the interaction between feedback and training accuracy in Gabor orientation identification over 1920 trials across six sessions and estimated learning curve with block sizes L = 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 trials. The HBM generated significantly better fits to the data, smaller standard deviations, and more precise estimates, compared to the BIP across all block sizes. In addition, the HBM generated unbiased estimates, whereas the BIP only generated unbiased estimates with large block sizes but exhibited increased bias with small block sizes. With L = 10, 20, and 40, we were able to consistently identify general learning, between-session forgetting, and rapid relearning and adaptation within sessions. The nonparametric HBM provides a general framework for fine-grained assessment of the learning curve and enables identification of component processes in perceptual learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Zhao
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiajuan Liu
- Department of Cognitive Sciences and Institute of Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Anne Dosher
- Department of Cognitive Sciences and Institute of Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shanghai, China
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4
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Tamaki M, Yamada T, Barnes-Diana T, Wang Z, Watanabe T, Sasaki Y. First-night effect reduces the beneficial effects of sleep on visual plasticity and modifies the underlying neurochemical processes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.21.576529. [PMID: 38328250 PMCID: PMC10849493 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.21.576529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Individuals experience difficulty falling asleep in a new environment, termed the first night effect (FNE). However, the impact of the FNE on sleep-induced brain plasticity remains unclear. Here, using a within-subject design, we found that the FNE significantly reduces visual plasticity during sleep in young adults. Sleep-onset latency (SOL), an indicator of the FNE, was significantly longer during the first sleep session than the second session, confirming the FNE. We assessed performance gains in visual perceptual learning after sleep and increases in the excitatory-to-inhibitory neurotransmitter (E/I) ratio in early visual areas during sleep using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and polysomnography. These parameters were significantly smaller in sleep with the FNE than in sleep without the FNE; however, these parameters were not correlated with SOL. These results suggest that while the neural mechanisms of the FNE and brain plasticity are independent, sleep disturbances temporarily block the neurochemical process fundamental for brain plasticity.
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5
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Yamada T, Watanabe T, Sasaki Y. Plasticity-stability dynamics during post-training processing of learning. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:72-83. [PMID: 37858389 PMCID: PMC10842181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Learning continues beyond the end of training. Post-training learning is supported by changes in plasticity and stability in the brain during both wakefulness and sleep. However, the lack of a unified measure for assessing plasticity and stability dynamics during training and post-training periods has limited our understanding of how these dynamics shape learning. Focusing primarily on procedural learning, we integrate work using behavioral paradigms and a recently developed measure, the excitatory-to-inhibitory (E/I) ratio, to explore the delicate balance between plasticity and stability and its relationship to post-training learning. This reveals plasticity-stability cycles during both wakefulness and sleep that enhance learning and protect it from new learning during post-training processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamada
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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6
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Zhao Y, Liu J, Dosher BA, Lu ZL. Estimating the Trial-by-Trial Learning Curve in Perceptual Learning with Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3649060. [PMID: 38045291 PMCID: PMC10690334 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3649060/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The learning curve serves as a crucial metric for assessing human performance in perceptual learning. It may encompass various component processes, including general learning, between-session forgetting or consolidation, and within-session rapid relearning and adaptation or deterioration. Typically, empirical learning curves are constructed by aggregating tens or hundreds of trials of data in blocks or sessions. Here, we devised three inference procedures for estimating the trial-by-trial learning curve based on the multi-component functional form identified in Zhao et al. (submitted): general learning, between-session forgetting, and within-session rapid relearning and adaptation. These procedures include a Bayesian inference procedure (BIP) estimating the posterior distribution of parameters for each learner independently, and two hierarchical Bayesian models (HBMv and HBMc) computing the joint posterior distribution of parameters and hyperparameters at the population, subject, and test levels. The HBMv and HBMc incorporate variance and covariance hyperparameters, respectively, between and within subjects. We applied these procedures to data from two studies investigating the interaction between feedback and training accuracy in Gabor orientation identification across about 2000 trials spanning six sessions (Liu et al., 2010, 2012) and estimated the trial-by-trial learning curves at both the subject and population levels. The HBMc generated best fits to the data and the smallest half width of 68.2% credible interval of the learning curves compared to the BIP and HBMv. The parametric HBMc with the multi-component functional form provides a general framework for trial-by-trial analysis of the component processes in perceptual learning and for predicting the learning curve in unmeasured time points.
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7
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Cochrane A, Sims CR, Bejjanki VR, Green CS, Bavelier D. Multiple timescales of learning indicated by changes in evidence-accumulation processes during perceptual decision-making. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2023; 8:19. [PMID: 37291102 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-023-00168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Evidence accumulation models have enabled strong advances in our understanding of decision-making, yet their application to examining learning has not been common. Using data from participants completing a dynamic random dot-motion direction discrimination task across four days, we characterized alterations in two components of perceptual decision-making (Drift Diffusion Model drift rate and response boundary). Continuous-time learning models were applied to characterize trajectories of performance change, with different models allowing for varying dynamics. The best-fitting model included drift rate changing as a continuous, exponential function of cumulative trial number. In contrast, response boundary changed within each daily session, but in an independent manner across daily sessions. Our results highlight two different processes underlying the pattern of behavior observed across the entire learning trajectory, one involving a continuous tuning of perceptual sensitivity, and another more variable process describing participants' threshold of when enough evidence is present to act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Cochrane
- University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Daphne Bavelier
- University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Herpers J, Vanduffel W, Vogels R. Limited Pairings of Electrical Micro-stimulation of the Ventral Tegmental Area and a Visual Stimulus Enhance Visual Cortical Responses. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:1259-1273. [PMID: 35468206 PMCID: PMC7614035 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that pairing a visual stimulus and electrical micro-stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA-EM) for multiple days is sufficient to induce visual cortical plasticity and changes perception. However, a brief epoch of VTA-EM-stimulus pairing within a single day has been shown to result in a behavioral preference for the paired stimulus. Here, we investigated whether a brief single-day session of VTA-EM-stimulus pairings is sufficient to induce changes in visual cortical responses. We examined macaque posterior inferior temporal (PIT) cortex because previous studies demonstrated response changes after VTA-EM stimulus pairing in that area. Multi-unit recordings in PIT were interleaved with VTA-EM-stimulus pairing epochs. During the short VTA-EM-stimulus pairing epochs (60 pairings), one image (fractal) was paired with VTA-EM (STIM) whereas another, unpaired fractal was presented as control. Two other fractals (dummies) were presented only during the recordings. The difference in response between the STIM and control fractals already increased after the first VTA-EM-stimulus pairing epoch, reflecting a relative increase of the response to the STIM fractal. However, the response to the STIM fractal did not increase further with more VTA-EM-stimulus pairing epochs. The relative increase in firing rate for the paired fractal was present early in the response, in line with a local/ bottom-up origin. These effects were absent when comparing the responses to the dummies pre- and post-VTA-EM. This study shows that pairing a visual image and VTA-EM in a brief single-day session is sufficient to increase the response for the paired image in macaque PIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Herpers
- Laboratory for Neuro-and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, 3000, Belgium,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro-and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, 3000, Belgium,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
| | - Rufin Vogels
- Laboratory for Neuro-and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, 3000, Belgium,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium,Corresponding author
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9
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Yang J, Yan FF, Chen L, Fan S, Wu Y, Jiang L, Xi J, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Lu ZL, Huang CB. Identifying Long- and Short-Term Processes in Perceptual Learning. Psychol Sci 2022; 33:830-843. [PMID: 35482783 PMCID: PMC9248287 DOI: 10.1177/09567976211056620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Practice makes perfect in almost all perceptual tasks, but how perceptual improvements accumulate remains unknown. Here, we developed a multicomponent theoretical framework to model contributions of both long- and short-term processes in perceptual learning. Applications of the framework to the block-by-block learning curves of 49 adult participants in seven perceptual tasks identified ubiquitous long-term general learning and within-session relearning in most tasks. More importantly, we also found between-session forgetting in the vernier-offset discrimination, face-view discrimination, and auditory-frequency discrimination tasks; between-session off-line gain in the visual shape search task; and within-session adaptation and both between-session forgetting and off-line gain in the contrast detection task. The main results of the vernier-offset discrimination and visual shape search tasks were replicated in a new experiment. The multicomponent model provides a theoretical framework to identify component processes in perceptual learning and a potential tool to optimize learning in normal and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Department of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Fang-Fang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Department of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Department of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Shuhan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Department of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yifan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Department of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Department of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jie Xi
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Department of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Junlei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yudong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Division of Arts and Sciences, New York University Shanghai.,Center for Neural Science, New York University.,Department of Psychology, New York University.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at New York University Shanghai
| | - Chang-Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Department of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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10
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11
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Boosting visual perceptual learning by transcranial alternating current stimulation over the visual cortex at alpha frequency. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:546-553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Johnson BP, Cohen LG. Reward and plasticity: Implications for neurorehabilitation. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:331-340. [PMID: 35034746 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity follows nervous system injury in the presence or absence of rehabilitative treatments. Rehabilitative interventions can be used to modulate adaptive neuroplasticity, reducing motor impairment and improving activities of daily living in patients with brain lesions. Learning principles guide some rehabilitative interventions. While basic science research has shown that reward combined with training enhances learning, this principle has been only recently explored in the context of neurorehabilitation. Commonly used reinforcers may be more or less rewarding depending on the individual or the context in which the task is performed. Studies in healthy humans showed that both reward and punishment can enhance within-session motor performance; but reward, and not punishment, improves consolidation and retention of motor skills. On the other hand, neurorehabilitative training after brain lesions involves complex tasks (e.g., walking and activities of daily living). The contribution of reward to neurorehabilitation is incompletely understood. Here, we discuss recent research on the role of reward in neurorehabilitation and the needed directions of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Johnson
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Leonardo G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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13
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Tamaki M, Watanabe T, Sasaki Y. Coregistration of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and polysomnography for sleep analysis in human subjects. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100974. [PMID: 34901890 PMCID: PMC8637650 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a protocol for simultaneous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and polysomnography (PSG) recordings while subjects are in sleep. The approach is useful to estimate plasticity-stability balances by measuring neurochemical changes in the brain during sleep. We detail the steps needed to minimize artifacts in PSG recordings and the setup and coregistration of MRS data to sleep stages. We also describe useful information for various types of electroencephalogram (EEG) experiments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environments. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Tamaki et al. (2020b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Tamaki
- Cognitive Somnology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama 3510198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 3510198, Japan
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence 02912, USA
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence 02912, USA
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14
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Sterpenich V, van Schie MKM, Catsiyannis M, Ramyead A, Perrig S, Yang HD, Van De Ville D, Schwartz S. Reward biases spontaneous neural reactivation during sleep. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4162. [PMID: 34230462 PMCID: PMC8260738 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep favors the reactivation and consolidation of newly acquired memories. Yet, how our brain selects the noteworthy information to be reprocessed during sleep remains largely unknown. From an evolutionary perspective, individuals must retain information that promotes survival, such as avoiding dangers, finding food, or obtaining praise or money. Here, we test whether neural representations of rewarded (compared to non-rewarded) events have priority for reactivation during sleep. Using functional MRI and a brain decoding approach, we show that patterns of brain activity observed during waking behavior spontaneously reemerge during slow-wave sleep. Critically, we report a privileged reactivation of neural patterns previously associated with a rewarded task (i.e., winning at a complex game). Moreover, during sleep, activity in task-related brain regions correlates with better subsequent memory performance. Our study uncovers a neural mechanism whereby rewarded life experiences are preferentially replayed and consolidated while we sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Sterpenich
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Mojca K M van Schie
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maximilien Catsiyannis
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Avinash Ramyead
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Perrig
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Division of Pneumology, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hee-Deok Yang
- Department of Computer Engineering, Chosun University, Seosuk-dong, Dong-ku, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Schwartz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Nissen C, Piosczyk H, Holz J, Maier JG, Frase L, Sterr A, Riemann D, Feige B. Sleep is more than rest for plasticity in the human cortex. Sleep 2021; 44:6047280. [PMID: 33401305 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep promotes adaptation of behavior and underlying neural plasticity in comparison to active wakefulness. However, the contribution of its two main characteristics, sleep-specific brain activity and reduced stimulus interference, remains unclear. We tested healthy humans on a texture discrimination task, a proxy for neural plasticity in primary visual cortex, in the morning and retested them in the afternoon after a period of daytime sleep, passive waking with maximally reduced interference, or active waking. Sleep restored performance in direct comparison to both passive and active waking, in which deterioration of performance across repeated within-day testing has been linked to synaptic saturation in the primary visual cortex. No difference between passive and active waking was observed. Control experiments indicated that deterioration across wakefulness was retinotopically specific to the trained visual field and not due to unspecific performance differences. The restorative effect of sleep correlated with time spent in NREM sleep and with electroencephalographic slow wave energy, which is thought to reflect renormalization of synaptic strength. The results indicate that sleep is more than a state of reduced stimulus interference, but that sleep-specific brain activity restores performance by actively refining cortical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Piosczyk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Holz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Applied Police Sciences Baden-Württemberg, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Jonathan G Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Frase
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Sterr
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Davidson P, Jönsson P, Carlsson I, Pace-Schott E. Does Sleep Selectively Strengthen Certain Memories Over Others Based on Emotion and Perceived Future Relevance? Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1257-1306. [PMID: 34335065 PMCID: PMC8318217 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s286701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep has been found to have a beneficial effect on memory consolidation. It has furthermore frequently been suggested that sleep does not strengthen all memories equally. The first aim of this review paper was to examine whether sleep selectively strengthens emotional declarative memories more than neutral ones. We examined this first by reviewing the literature focusing on sleep/wake contrasts, and then the literature on whether any specific factors during sleep preferentially benefit emotional memories, with a special focus on the often-suggested claim that rapid eye movement sleep primarily consolidates emotional memories. A second aim was to examine if sleep preferentially benefits memories based on other cues of future relevance such as reward, test-expectancy or different instructions during encoding. Once again, we first focused on studies comparing sleep and wake groups, and then on studies examining the contributions of specific factors during sleep (for each future relevance paradigm, respectively). The review revealed that although some support exists that sleep is more beneficial for certain kinds of memories based on emotion or other cues of future relevance, the majority of studies does not support such an effect. Regarding specific factors during sleep, our review revealed that no sleep variable has reliably been found to be specifically associated with the consolidation of certain kinds of memories over others based on emotion or other cues of future relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Davidson
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Jönsson
- School of Education and Environment, Centre for Psychology, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | | | - Edward Pace-Schott
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Tamaki M, Wang Z, Barnes-Diana T, Guo D, Berard AV, Walsh E, Watanabe T, Sasaki Y. Complementary contributions of non-REM and REM sleep to visual learning. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:1150-1156. [PMID: 32690968 PMCID: PMC7483793 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is beneficial for learning. However, it remains unclear whether learning is facilitated by non-REM (NREM) sleep or by REM sleep, whether it results from plasticity increases or stabilization, and whether facilitation results from learning-specific processing. Here, we trained volunteers on a visual task, and measured the excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) balance in early visual areas during subsequent sleep as an index of plasticity. E/I balance increased during NREM sleep irrespective of whether pre-sleep learning occurred, but it was associated with post-sleep performance gains relative to pre-sleep performance. By contrast, E/I balance decreased during REM sleep but only after pre-sleep training, and the decrease was associated with stabilization of pre-sleep learning. These findings indicate that NREM sleep promotes plasticity, leading to performance gains independent of learning, while REM sleep decreases plasticity to stabilize learning in a learning-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Tamaki
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Zhiyan Wang
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Tyler Barnes-Diana
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - DeeAnn Guo
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Aaron V Berard
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Edward Walsh
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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