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Velasquez-Carvajal D, Garampon F, Besnardeau L, Lemée R, Schaub S, Castagnetti S. Microtubule reorganization during mitotic cell division in the dinoflagellate Ostreospis cf. ovata. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261733. [PMID: 38770570 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are marine organisms that undergo seasonal proliferation events known as algal blooms. Vegetative cell proliferation is a main contributing factor in these events. However, mechanistical understanding of mitosis and cytokinesis in dinoflagellates remains rudimentary. Using an optimized immunofluorescence protocol, we analysed changes in microtubule organization occurring during the mitotic cycle of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata. We find that the flagella and the cortical microtubule array persist throughout the mitotic cycle. Two cytoplasmic microtubule bundles originate from the ventral area, where the basal bodies are located - a cortical bundle and a cytoplasmic bundle. The latter associates with the nucleus in the cell centre before mitosis and with the acentrosomal extranuclear spindle during mitosis. Analysis of tubulin post-translational modifications identifies two populations of spindle microtubules - polar acetylated microtubules, whose length is constant, and central tyrosinated microtubules, which elongate during chromosome segregation. During cell division a microtubule-rich structure forms along the dorsal-ventral axis, associated with the site of cytokinesis, consistent with a cytokinetic mechanism that is independent of the actomyosin ring typical of animal and yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Velasquez-Carvajal
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Flavie Garampon
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Lydia Besnardeau
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Rodolphe Lemée
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sebastien Schaub
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Stefania Castagnetti
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
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2
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Lebedev M, Chan FY, Lochner A, Bellessem J, Osório DS, Rackles E, Mikeladze-Dvali T, Carvalho AX, Zanin E. Anillin forms linear structures and facilitates furrow ingression after septin and formin depletion. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113076. [PMID: 37665665 PMCID: PMC10548094 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During cytokinesis, a contractile ring consisting of unbranched filamentous actin (F-actin) and myosin II constricts at the cell equator. Unbranched F-actin is generated by formin, and without formin no cleavage furrow forms. In Caenorhabditis elegans, depletion of septin restores furrow ingression in formin mutants. How the cleavage furrow ingresses without a detectable unbranched F-actin ring is unknown. We report that, in this setting, anillin (ANI-1) forms a meshwork of circumferentially aligned linear structures decorated by non-muscle myosin II (NMY-2). Analysis of ANI-1 deletion mutants reveals that its disordered N-terminal half is required for linear structure formation and sufficient for furrow ingression. NMY-2 promotes the circumferential alignment of the linear ANI-1 structures and interacts with various lipids, suggesting that NMY-2 links the ANI-1 network with the plasma membrane. Collectively, our data reveal a compensatory mechanism, mediated by ANI-1 linear structures and membrane-bound NMY-2, that promotes furrowing when unbranched F-actin polymerization is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Lebedev
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Biologie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Anna Lochner
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Biologie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bellessem
- Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel S Osório
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabeth Rackles
- Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tamara Mikeladze-Dvali
- Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Esther Zanin
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Biologie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Bigge BM, Rosenthal NE, Avasthi P. Initial ciliary assembly in Chlamydomonas requires Arp2/3 complex-dependent endocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar24. [PMID: 36753382 PMCID: PMC10092647 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-09-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliary assembly, trafficking, and regulation are dependent on microtubules, but the mechanisms of ciliary assembly also require the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we dissect subcellular roles of actin in ciliogenesis by focusing on actin networks nucleated by the Arp2/3 complex in the powerful ciliary model, Chlamydomonas. We find that the Arp2/3 complex is required for the initial stages of ciliary assembly when protein and membrane are in high demand but cannot yet be supplied from the Golgi complex. We provide evidence for Arp2/3 complex-dependent endocytosis of ciliary proteins, an increase in endocytic activity upon induction of ciliary growth, and relocalization of plasma membrane proteins to newly formed cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brae M Bigge
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103
| | - Nicholas E Rosenthal
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103
| | - Prachee Avasthi
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103
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Life cycle and functional genomics of the unicellular red alga Galdieria for elucidating algal and plant evolution and industrial use. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2210665119. [PMID: 36194630 PMCID: PMC9565259 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210665119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction has not been observed in unicellular red algae and Glaucophyceae, early branching groups in Archaeplastida, in which red algae and Viridiplantae independently evolved multicellular sexual life cycles. The finding of sexual reproduction in the unicellular red alga Galdieria provides information on the missing link of life cycle evolution in Archaeplastida. In addition, the metabolic plasticity, the polyextremophilic features, a relatively small genome, transcriptome data for the diploid and haploid, and the genetic modification tools developed here provide a useful platform for understanding the evolution of Archaeplastida, photosynthesis, metabolism, and environmental adaptation. For biotechnological use of the information and tools of Galdieria, the newly found cell wall–less haploid makes cell disruption less energy/cost intensive than the cell-walled diploid. Sexual reproduction is widespread in eukaryotes; however, only asexual reproduction has been observed in unicellular red algae, including Galdieria, which branched early in Archaeplastida. Galdieria possesses a small genome; it is polyextremophile, grows either photoautotrophically, mixotrophically, or heterotrophically, and is being developed as an industrial source of vitamins and pigments because of its high biomass productivity. Here, we show that Galdieria exhibits a sexual life cycle, alternating between cell-walled diploid and cell wall–less haploid, and that both phases can proliferate asexually. The haploid can move over surfaces and undergo self-diploidization or generate heterozygous diploids through mating. Further, we prepared the whole genome and a comparative transcriptome dataset between the diploid and haploid and developed genetic tools for the stable gene expression, gene disruption, and selectable marker recycling system using the cell wall–less haploid. The BELL/KNOX and MADS-box transcription factors, which function in haploid-to-diploid transition and development in plants, are specifically expressed in the haploid and diploid, respectively, and are involved in the haploid-to-diploid transition in Galdieria, providing information on the missing link of the sexual life cycle evolution in Archaeplastida. Four actin genes are differently involved in motility of the haploid and cytokinesis in the diploid, both of which are myosin independent and likely reflect ancestral roles of actin. We have also generated photosynthesis-deficient mutants, such as blue-colored cells, which were depleted in chlorophyll and carotenoids, for industrial pigment production. These features of Galdieria facilitate the understanding of the evolution of algae and plants and the industrial use of microalgae.
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von der Heyde EL, Hallmann A. Molecular and cellular dynamics of early embryonic cell divisions in Volvox carteri. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1326-1353. [PMID: 35018470 PMCID: PMC9026201 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell division is fundamental to all organisms and the green alga used here exhibits both key animal and plant functions. Specifically, we analyzed the molecular and cellular dynamics of early embryonic divisions of the multicellular green alga Volvox carteri (Chlamydomonadales). Relevant proteins related to mitosis and cytokinesis were identified in silico, the corresponding genes were cloned, fused to yfp, and stably expressed in Volvox, and the tagged proteins were studied by live-cell imaging. We reveal rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton during centrosome separation, spindle formation, establishment of the phycoplast, and generation of previously unknown structures. The centrosomes participate in initiation of spindle formation and determination of spindle orientation. Although the nuclear envelope does not break down during early mitosis, intermixing of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm results in loss of nuclear identity. Finally, we present a model for mitosis in Volvox. Our study reveals enormous dynamics, clarifies spatio-temporal relationships of subcellular structures, and provides insight into the evolution of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Laura von der Heyde
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Armin Hallmann
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Choi HI, Hwang SW, Kim J, Park B, Jin E, Choi IG, Sim SJ. Augmented CO 2 tolerance by expressing a single H +-pump enables microalgal valorization of industrial flue gas. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6049. [PMID: 34663809 PMCID: PMC8523702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae can accumulate various carbon-neutral products, but their real-world applications are hindered by their CO2 susceptibility. Herein, the transcriptomic changes in a model microalga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, in a high-CO2 milieu (20%) are evaluated. The primary toxicity mechanism consists of aberrantly low expression of plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PMAs) accompanied by intracellular acidification. Our results demonstrate that the expression of a universally expressible PMA in wild-type strains makes them capable of not only thriving in acidity levels that they usually cannot survive but also exhibiting 3.2-fold increased photoautotrophic production against high CO2 via maintenance of a higher cytoplasmic pH. A proof-of-concept experiment involving cultivation with toxic flue gas (13 vol% CO2, 20 ppm NOX, and 32 ppm SOX) shows that the production of CO2-based bioproducts by the strain is doubled compared with that by the wild-type, implying that this strategy potentially enables the microalgal valorization of CO2 in industrial exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Il Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Won Hwang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongrae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, 206, Wangsimni-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghyeok Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, 206, Wangsimni-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Geol Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Barrett J, Girr P, Mackinder LCM. Pyrenoids: CO 2-fixing phase separated liquid organelles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118949. [PMID: 33421532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrenoids are non-membrane bound organelles found in chloroplasts of algae and hornwort plants that can be seen by light-microscopy. Pyrenoids are formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of Rubisco, the primary CO2 fixing enzyme, with an intrinsically disordered multivalent Rubisco-binding protein. Pyrenoids are the heart of algal and hornwort biophysical CO2 concentrating mechanisms, which accelerate photosynthesis and mediate about 30% of global carbon fixation. Even though LLPS may underlie the apparent convergent evolution of pyrenoids, our current molecular understanding of pyrenoid formation comes from a single example, the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In this review, we summarise current knowledge about pyrenoid assembly, regulation and structural organization in Chlamydomonas and highlight evidence that LLPS is the general principle underlying pyrenoid formation across algal lineages and hornworts. Detailed understanding of the principles behind pyrenoid assembly, regulation and structural organization within diverse lineages will provide a fundamental understanding of this biogeochemically important organelle and help guide ongoing efforts to engineer pyrenoids into crops to increase photosynthetic performance and yields.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Barrett
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Philipp Girr
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Goodson HV, Kelley JB, Brawley SH. Cytoskeletal diversification across 1 billion years: What red algae can teach us about the cytoskeleton, and vice versa. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000278. [PMID: 33797088 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton has a central role in eukaryotic biology, enabling cells to organize internally, polarize, and translocate. Studying cytoskeletal machinery across the tree of life can identify common elements, illuminate fundamental mechanisms, and provide insight into processes specific to less-characterized organisms. Red algae represent an ancient lineage that is diverse, ecologically significant, and biomedically relevant. Recent genomic analysis shows that red algae have a surprising paucity of cytoskeletal elements, particularly molecular motors. Here, we review the genomic and cell biological evidence and propose testable models of how red algal cells might perform processes including cell motility, cytokinesis, intracellular transport, and secretion, given their reduced cytoskeletons. In addition to enhancing understanding of red algae and lineages that evolved from red algal endosymbioses (e.g., apicomplexan parasites), these ideas may also provide insight into cytoskeletal processes in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly V Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Joshua B Kelley
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Susan H Brawley
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
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Avasthi P. Finding your unique path in science. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2749-2751. [PMID: 33253076 PMCID: PMC7851859 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-08-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
I always found it curious that in science, we value unique, creative thinkers, but we teach scientists to progress in a formulaic manner that rarely takes each person's individual strengths into account. Surprisingly, when we break the mold, we are often rewarded for it. This cycle of learning to survive using conventional wisdom but being rewarded for a unique path outside of it seems to be an unspoken key to success. I am honored to be awarded the 2020 Women in Cell Biology Junior Award for Excellence in Research and am thrilled to share some of the unconventional guiding principles that brought me to where I am in this rich scientific landscape. The game changers in the early phase of my career were informal mentors, open scientific communication, and persistence in pursuing difficult scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachee Avasthi
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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