1
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Mito D, Eda H, Okihara SI, Kurita M, Hatayama N, Yoshino Y, Watanabe Y, Ishii K. Optimizing Excitation Light for Accurate Rapid Bacterial Species Identification with Autofluorescence. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:1737-1745. [PMID: 37597134 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Rapid identification of bacterial species in patient samples is essential for the treatment of infectious diseases and the economics of health care. In this study, we investigated an algorithm to improve the accuracy of bacterial species identification with fluorescence spectroscopy based on autofluorescence from bacteria, and excitation wavelengths suitable for identification. The diagnostic accuracy of each algorithm for ten bacterial species was verified in a machine learning classifier algorithm. The three machine learning algorithms with the highest diagnostic accuracy, extra tree (ET), logistic regression (LR), and multilayer perceptron (MLP), were used to determine the number and wavelength of excitation wavelengths suitable for the diagnosis of bacterial species. The key excitation wavelengths for the diagnosis of bacterial species were 280 nm, 300 nm, 380 nm, and 480 nm, with 280 nm being the most important. The median diagnostic accuracy was equivalent to that of 200 excitation wavelengths when two excitation wavelengths were used for ET and LR, and three excitation wavelengths for MLP. These results demonstrate that there is an optimum wavelength range of excitation wavelengths required for spectroscopic measurement of bacterial autofluorescence for bacterial species identification, and that measurement of only a few wavelengths in this range is sufficient to achieve sufficient accuracy for diagnosis of bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Mito
- The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, Shizuoka, 431-1202, Japan.
- Trauma and Reconstruction Center, Teikyo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hideo Eda
- The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, Shizuoka, 431-1202, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Okihara
- The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, Shizuoka, 431-1202, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kurita
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nami Hatayama
- School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshino
- School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Watanabe
- Trauma and Reconstruction Center, Teikyo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Ishii
- The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, Shizuoka, 431-1202, Japan
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2
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Wang J, Zheng Q, Wang X, Chen X, Yao Y, Li S, Li Q. Deep ultraviolet laser at 223.8 nm with adjustable repetition rate and narrow pulse width. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3701-3704. [PMID: 38950246 DOI: 10.1364/ol.523452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
We presented the first, to our knowledge, demonstration of an ultraviolet (UV) laser at 223.8 nm by six-harmonic generation of an electro-optic Q-switched cavity dumping 1342 nm Nd:YVO4 laser. It offers high power, constant short pulse duration, and adjustable pulse repetition rate. The pulse duration is independent of the pump power and repetition rate compared to classical Q-switched oscillators. The output efficiency of the UV laser is optimized by adjusting the focusing lens. With the incident pump power of 30 W, an maximum average output power of 249 mW was obtained at 13 kHz. The pulse width maintained 3.4-3.5 ns from 5 to 20 kHz. The maximum pulse energy of 28.1 µJ was obtained at 5 kHz, and the corresponding peak power was up to 8.1 kW.
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3
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Huang B, Kang L, Tsang VTC, Lo CTK, Wong TTW. Deep learning-assisted smartphone-based quantitative microscopy for label-free peripheral blood smear analysis. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:2636-2651. [PMID: 38633093 PMCID: PMC11019683 DOI: 10.1364/boe.511384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Hematologists evaluate alterations in blood cell enumeration and morphology to confirm peripheral blood smear findings through manual microscopic examination. However, routine peripheral blood smear analysis is both time-consuming and labor-intensive. Here, we propose using smartphone-based autofluorescence microscopy (Smart-AM) for imaging label-free blood smears at subcellular resolution with automatic hematological analysis. Smart-AM enables rapid and label-free visualization of morphological features of normal and abnormal blood cells (including leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes). Moreover, assisted with deep-learning algorithms, this technique can automatically detect and classify different leukocytes with high accuracy, and transform the autofluorescence images into virtual Giemsa-stained images which show clear cellular features. The proposed technique is portable, cost-effective, and user-friendly, making it significant for broad point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Huang
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Kang
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Victor T. C. Tsang
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Claudia T. K. Lo
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Terence T. W. Wong
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Eleni Karakatsani M, Estrada H, Chen Z, Shoham S, Deán-Ben XL, Razansky D. Shedding light on ultrasound in action: Optical and optoacoustic monitoring of ultrasound brain interventions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 205:115177. [PMID: 38184194 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring brain responses to ultrasonic interventions is becoming an important pillar of a growing number of applications employing acoustic waves to actuate and cure the brain. Optical interrogation of living tissues provides a unique means for retrieving functional and molecular information related to brain activity and disease-specific biomarkers. The hybrid optoacoustic imaging methods have further enabled deep-tissue imaging with optical contrast at high spatial and temporal resolution. The marriage between light and sound thus brings together the highly complementary advantages of both modalities toward high precision interrogation, stimulation, and therapy of the brain with strong impact in the fields of ultrasound neuromodulation, gene and drug delivery, or noninvasive treatments of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we elaborate on current advances in optical and optoacoustic monitoring of ultrasound interventions. We describe the main principles and mechanisms underlying each method before diving into the corresponding biomedical applications. We identify areas of improvement as well as promising approaches with clinical translation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Karakatsani
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Héctor Estrada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhenyue Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shy Shoham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Tech4Health and Neuroscience Institutes, NYU Langone Health, NY, USA
| | - Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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5
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Ryu D, Bak T, Ahn D, Kang H, Oh S, Min HS, Lee S, Lee J. Deep learning-based label-free hematology analysis framework using optical diffraction tomography. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18297. [PMID: 37576294 PMCID: PMC10412892 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematology analysis, a common clinical test for screening various diseases, has conventionally required a chemical staining process that is time-consuming and labor-intensive. To reduce the costs of chemical staining, label-free imaging can be utilized in hematology analysis. In this work, we exploit optical diffraction tomography and the fully convolutional one-stage object detector or FCOS, a deep learning architecture for object detection, to develop a label-free hematology analysis framework. Detected cells are classified into four groups: red blood cell, abnormal red blood cell, platelet, and white blood cell. In the results, the trained object detection model showed superior detection performance for blood cells in refractive index tomograms (0.977 mAP) and also showed high accuracy in the four-class classification of blood cells (0.9708 weighted F1 score, 0.9712 total accuracy). For further verification, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were compared with values obtained from reference hematology equipment, with our results showing reasonable correlation in both MCV (0.905) and MCH (0.889). This study provides a successful demonstration of the proposed framework in detecting and classifying blood cells using optical diffraction tomography for label-free hematology analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Ryu
- Tomocube Inc., Daejeon, 34109, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Bak
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewoong Ahn
- Tomocube Inc., Daejeon, 34109, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Kang
- Tomocube Inc., Daejeon, 34109, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanggeun Oh
- Tomocube Inc., Daejeon, 34109, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sumin Lee
- Tomocube Inc., Daejeon, 34109, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Lee
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence (AIGS), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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6
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Grandi E, Navedo MF, Saucerman JJ, Bers DM, Chiamvimonvat N, Dixon RE, Dobrev D, Gomez AM, Harraz OF, Hegyi B, Jones DK, Krogh-Madsen T, Murfee WL, Nystoriak MA, Posnack NG, Ripplinger CM, Veeraraghavan R, Weinberg S. Diversity of cells and signals in the cardiovascular system. J Physiol 2023; 601:2547-2592. [PMID: 36744541 PMCID: PMC10313794 DOI: 10.1113/jp284011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This white paper is the outcome of the seventh UC Davis Cardiovascular Research Symposium on Systems Approach to Understanding Cardiovascular Disease and Arrhythmia. This biannual meeting aims to bring together leading experts in subfields of cardiovascular biomedicine to focus on topics of importance to the field. The theme of the 2022 Symposium was 'Cell Diversity in the Cardiovascular System, cell-autonomous and cell-cell signalling'. Experts in the field contributed their experimental and mathematical modelling perspectives and discussed emerging questions, controversies, and challenges in examining cell and signal diversity, co-ordination and interrelationships involved in cardiovascular function. This paper originates from the topics of formal presentations and informal discussions from the Symposium, which aimed to develop a holistic view of how the multiple cell types in the cardiovascular system integrate to influence cardiovascular function, disease progression and therapeutic strategies. The first section describes the major cell types (e.g. cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, fibroblasts, neurons, immune cells, etc.) and the signals involved in cardiovascular function. The second section emphasizes the complexity at the subcellular, cellular and system levels in the context of cardiovascular development, ageing and disease. Finally, the third section surveys the technological innovations that allow the interrogation of this diversity and advancing our understanding of the integrated cardiovascular function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Grandi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Manuel F. Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Donald M. Bers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rose E. Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ana M. Gomez
- Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology-UMR-S 1180, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Osama F. Harraz
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, and Vermont Center for Cardiovascular and Brain Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bence Hegyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David K. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Trine Krogh-Madsen
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Walter Lee Murfee
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthew A. Nystoriak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Nikki G. Posnack
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric and Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Rengasayee Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University – Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Seth Weinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University – Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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7
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Ma Y, Dai T, Yu L, Ma L, An S, Wang Y, Liu M, Zheng J, Kong L, Zuo C, Gao P. Reflectional quantitative differential phase microscopy using polarized wavefront phase modulation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200325. [PMID: 36752421 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative phase microscopy (QPM), as a label-free and nondestructive technique, has been playing an indispensable tool in biomedical imaging and industrial inspection. Herein, we introduce a reflectional quantitative differential phase microscopy (termed RQDPM) based on polarized wavefront phase modulation and partially coherent full-aperture illumination, which has high spatial resolution and spatio-temporal phase sensitivity and is applicable to opaque surfaces and turbid biological specimens. RQDPM does not require additional polarized devices and can be easily switched from reflectional mode to transmission mode. In addition, RQDPM inherits the characteristic of high axial resolution of differential interference contrast microscope, thereby providing topography for opaque surfaces. We experimentally demonstrate the reflectional phase imaging ability of RQDPM with several samples: semiconductor wafer, thick biological tissues, red blood cells, and Hela cells. Furthermore, we dynamically monitor the flow state of microspheres in a self-built microfluidic channel by using RQDPM converted into the transmission mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Taiqiang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lan Yu
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sha An
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Liang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Zuo
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Gao
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
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8
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Ströhl F, Wolfson DL, Opstad IS, Hansen DH, Mao H, Ahluwalia BS. Label-free superior contrast with c-band ultra-violet extinction microscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:56. [PMID: 36864022 PMCID: PMC9981877 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In 1934, Frits Zernike demonstrated that it is possible to exploit the sample's refractive index to obtain superior contrast images of biological cells. The refractive index contrast of a cell surrounded by media yields a change in the phase and intensity of the transmitted light wave. This change can be due to either scattering or absorption caused by the sample. Most cells are transparent at visible wavelengths, which means the imaginary component of their complex refractive index, also known as extinction coefficient k, is close to zero. Here, we explore the use of c-band ultra-violet (UVC) light for high-contrast high-resolution label-free microscopy, as k is naturally substantially higher in the UVC than at visible wavelengths. Using differential phase contrast illumination and associated processing, we achieve a 7- to 300-fold improvement in contrast compared to visible-wavelength and UVA differential interference contrast microscopy or holotomography, and quantify the extinction coefficient distribution within liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. With a resolution down to 215 nm, we are, for the first time in a far-field label-free method, able to image individual fenestrations within their sieve plates which normally requires electron or fluorescence superresolution microscopy. UVC illumination also matches the excitation peak of intrinsically fluorescent proteins and amino acids and thus allows us to utilize autofluorescence as an independent imaging modality on the same setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ströhl
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Deanna L Wolfson
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ida S Opstad
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Daniel H Hansen
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hong Mao
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Balpreet S Ahluwalia
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Gorti V, Kaza N, Williams EK, Lam WA, Robles FE. Compact and low-cost deep-ultraviolet microscope system for label-free molecular imaging and point-of-care hematological analysis. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1245-1255. [PMID: 36950241 PMCID: PMC10026585 DOI: 10.1364/boe.482294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deep-ultraviolet (UV) microscopy enables label-free, high-resolution, quantitative molecular imaging and enables unique applications in biomedicine, including the potential for fast hematological analysis at the point-of-care. UV microscopy has been shown to quantify hemoglobin content and white blood cells (five-part differential), providing a simple alternative to the current gold standard, the hematological analyzer. Previously, however, the UV system comprised a bulky broadband laser-driven plasma light source along with a large and expensive camera and 3D translation stage. Here, we present a modified deep-UV microscope system with a compact footprint and low-cost components. We detail the novel design with simple, inexpensive optics and hardware to enable fast and accurate automated imaging. We characterize the system, including a modified low-cost web-camera and custom automated 3D translation stage, and demonstrate its ability to scan and capture large area images. We further demonstrate the capability of the system by imaging and analyzing blood smears, using previously trained networks for automatic segmentation, classification (including 5-part white blood cell differential), and colorization. The developed system is approximately 10 times less expensive than previous configurations and can serve as a point-of-care hematology analyzer, as well as be applied broadly in biomedicine as a simple compact, low-cost, quantitative molecular imaging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath Gorti
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nischita Kaza
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Evelyn Kendall Williams
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Francisco E. Robles
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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10
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Rapid and label-free histological imaging of unprocessed surgical tissues via dark-field reflectance ultraviolet microscopy. iScience 2022; 26:105849. [PMID: 36647380 PMCID: PMC9839964 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine examination for intraoperative histopathologic assessment is lengthy and laborious. Here, we present the dark-field reflectance ultraviolet microscopy (DRUM) that enables label-free imaging of unprocessed and thick tissues with subcellular resolution and a high signal-to-background ratio. To the best of our knowledge, DRUM provides image results for pathological assessment with the shortest turnaround time (2-3 min in total from sample preparation to tissue imaging). We also proposed a virtual staining process to convert DRUM images into pseudo-colorized images and enhance the image familiarity of pathologists. By imaging various tissues, we found DRUM can resolve cell nuclei and some extranuclear features, which are comparable to standard H&E images. Furthermore, the essential diagnostic features of intraoperatively excised tumor tissues also can be revealed by DRUM, demonstrating its potential as an additional aid for intraoperative histopathology.
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11
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Ojaghi A, Kendall Williams E, Kaza N, Gorti V, Choi H, Torey J, Wiley T, Turner B, Jackson S, Park S, Lam WA, Robles FE. Label-free deep-UV microscopy detection and grading of neutropenia using a passive microfluidic device. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:6005-6008. [PMID: 37219158 DOI: 10.1364/ol.472691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Neutropenia is a condition comprising an abnormally low number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, which puts patients at an increased risk of severe infections. Neutropenia is especially common among cancer patients and can disrupt their treatment or even be life-threatening in severe cases. Therefore, routine monitoring of neutrophil counts is crucial. However, the current standard of care to assess neutropenia, the complete blood count (CBC), is resource-intensive, time-consuming, and expensive, thereby limiting easy or timely access to critical hematological information such as neutrophil counts. Here, we present a simple technique for fast, label-free neutropenia detection and grading via deep-ultraviolet (deep-UV) microscopy of blood cells in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based passive microfluidic devices. The devices can potentially be manufactured in large quantities at a low cost, requiring only 1 μL of whole blood for operation. We show that the absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) obtained from our proposed microfluidic device-enabled deep-UV microscopy system are highly correlated with those from CBCs using commercial hematology analyzers in patients with moderate and severe neutropenia, as well as healthy donors. This work lays the foundation for the development of a compact, easy-to-use UV microscope system to track neutrophil counts that is suitable for low-resource, at-home, or point-of-care settings.
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12
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Chen D, Li N, Liu X, Zeng S, Lv X, Chen L, Xiao Y, Hu Q. Label-free hematology analysis method based on defocusing phase-contrast imaging under illumination of 415 nm light. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:4752-4772. [PMID: 36187242 PMCID: PMC9484434 DOI: 10.1364/boe.466162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Label-free imaging technology is a trending way to simplify and improve conventional hematology analysis by bypassing lengthy and laborious staining procedures. However, the existing methods do not well balance system complexity, data acquisition efficiency, and data analysis accuracy, which severely impedes their clinical translation. Here, we propose defocusing phase-contrast imaging under the illumination of 415 nm light to realize label-free hematology analysis. We have verified that the subcellular morphology of blood components can be visualized without complex staining due to the factor that defocusing can convert the second-order derivative distribution of samples' optical phase into intensity and the illumination of 415 nm light can significantly enhance the contrast. It is demonstrated that the defocusing phase-contrast images for the five leucocyte subtypes can be automatically discriminated by a trained deep-learning program with high accuracy (the mean F1 score: 0.986 and mean average precision: 0.980). Since this technique is based on a regular microscope, it simultaneously realizes low system complexity and high data acquisition efficiency with remarkable quantitative analysis ability. It supplies a label-free, reliable, easy-to-use, fast approach to simplifying and reforming the conventional way of hematology analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ning Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shaoqun Zeng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaohua Lv
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuwei Xiao
- Wuhan Hannan People’s Hospital, Wuhan 430090, China
| | - Qinglei Hu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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13
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Lin C, Peñaranda JSD, Dendooven J, Detavernier C, Schaubroeck D, Boon N, Baets R, Le Thomas N. UV photonic integrated circuits for far-field structured illumination autofluorescence microscopy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4360. [PMID: 35896536 PMCID: PMC9329385 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-violet (UV) light has still a limited scope in optical microscopy despite its potential advantages over visible light in terms of optical resolution and of interaction with a wide variety of biological molecules. The main challenge is to control in a robust, compact and cost-effective way UV light beams at the level of a single optical spatial mode and concomitantly to minimize the light propagation loss. To tackle this challenge, we present here photonic integrated circuits made of aluminum oxide thin layers that are compatible with both UV light and high-volume manufacturing. These photonic circuits designed at a wavelength of 360 nm enable super-resolved structured illumination microscopy with conventional wide-field microscopes and without modifying the usual protocol for handling the object to be imaged. As a biological application, we show that our UV photonic chips enable to image the autofluorescence of yeast cells and reveal features unresolved with standard wide-field microscopy. Here, the authors develop a UV-compatible photonic integrated circuit for structured illumination microscopy on a conventional wide-field microscope. Operating at a wavelength of 360 nm, they generate switchable far-field fringe patterns, and demonstrate autofluorescence imaging of yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chupao Lin
- Photonics Research Group, INTEC Department, Ghent University-imec, 9052, Ghent, Belgium. .,Center for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - David Schaubroeck
- Centre of Microsystems Technology (CMST), imec and Ghent University, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Roel Baets
- Photonics Research Group, INTEC Department, Ghent University-imec, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Le Thomas
- Photonics Research Group, INTEC Department, Ghent University-imec, 9052, Ghent, Belgium. .,Center for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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14
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Kaza N, Ojaghi A, Robles FE. Virtual Staining, Segmentation, and Classification of Blood Smears for Label-Free Hematology Analysis. BME FRONTIERS 2022; 2022:9853606. [PMID: 37850166 PMCID: PMC10521747 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9853606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective and Impact Statement. We present a fully automated hematological analysis framework based on single-channel (single-wavelength), label-free deep-ultraviolet (UV) microscopy that serves as a fast, cost-effective alternative to conventional hematology analyzers. Introduction. Hematological analysis is essential for the diagnosis and monitoring of several diseases but requires complex systems operated by trained personnel, costly chemical reagents, and lengthy protocols. Label-free techniques eliminate the need for staining or additional preprocessing and can lead to faster analysis and a simpler workflow. In this work, we leverage the unique capabilities of deep-UV microscopy as a label-free, molecular imaging technique to develop a deep learning-based pipeline that enables virtual staining, segmentation, classification, and counting of white blood cells (WBCs) in single-channel images of peripheral blood smears. Methods. We train independent deep networks to virtually stain and segment grayscale images of smears. The segmented images are then used to train a classifier to yield a quantitative five-part WBC differential. Results. Our virtual staining scheme accurately recapitulates the appearance of cells under conventional Giemsa staining, the gold standard in hematology. The trained cellular and nuclear segmentation networks achieve high accuracy, and the classifier can achieve a quantitative five-part differential on unseen test data. Conclusion. This proposed automated hematology analysis framework could greatly simplify and improve current complete blood count and blood smear analysis and lead to the development of a simple, fast, and low-cost, point-of-care hematology analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischita Kaza
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashkan Ojaghi
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Francisco E. Robles
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Szittner Z, Péter B, Kurunczi S, Székács I, Horváth R. Functional blood cell analysis by label-free biosensors and single-cell technologies. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 308:102727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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16
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Prostate cancer histopathology using label-free multispectral deep-UV microscopy quantifies phenotypes of tumor aggressiveness and enables multiple diagnostic virtual stains. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9329. [PMID: 35665770 PMCID: PMC9167293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying prostate cancer patients that are harboring aggressive forms of prostate cancer remains a significant clinical challenge. Here we develop an approach based on multispectral deep-ultraviolet (UV) microscopy that provides novel quantitative insight into the aggressiveness and grade of this disease, thus providing a new tool to help address this important challenge. We find that UV spectral signatures from endogenous molecules give rise to a phenotypical continuum that provides unique structural insight (i.e., molecular maps or “optical stains") of thin tissue sections with subcellular (nanoscale) resolution. We show that this phenotypical continuum can also be applied as a surrogate biomarker of prostate cancer malignancy, where patients with the most aggressive tumors show a ubiquitous glandular phenotypical shift. In addition to providing several novel “optical stains” with contrast for disease, we also adapt a two-part Cycle-consistent Generative Adversarial Network to translate the label-free deep-UV images into virtual hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained images, thus providing multiple stains (including the gold-standard H&E) from the same unlabeled specimen. Agreement between the virtual H&E images and the H&E-stained tissue sections is evaluated by a panel of pathologists who find that the two modalities are in excellent agreement. This work has significant implications towards improving our ability to objectively quantify prostate cancer grade and aggressiveness, thus improving the management and clinical outcomes of prostate cancer patients. This same approach can also be applied broadly in other tumor types to achieve low-cost, stain-free, quantitative histopathological analysis.
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17
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McFarlane M, Hall NJ, McConnell G. Enhanced fluorescence from semiconductor quantum dot-labelled cells excited at 280 nm. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 35203075 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac5878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have significant advantages over more traditional fluorophores used in fluorescence microscopy including reduced photobleaching, long-term photostability and high quantum yields, but due to limitations in light sources and optics, are often excited far from their optimum excitation wavelengths in the deep-UV. Here, we present a quantitative comparison of the excitation of semiconductor QDs at a wavelength of 280 nm, compared to the longer wavelength of 365 nm, within a cellular environment. We report increased fluorescence intensity and enhanced image quality when using 280 nm excitation compared to 365 nm excitation for cell imaging across multiple datasets, with a highest average fluorescence intensity increase of 3.59-fold. We also find no significant photobleaching of QDs associated with 280 nm excitation and find that on average, ~80% of cells can tolerate exposure to high-intensity 280 nm irradiation over a 6-hour period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie McFarlane
- Department of Physics , University of Strathclyde, John Anderson Building, 107 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Nicholas James Hall
- Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, John Anderson Building, 107 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Gail McConnell
- Department of Physics & Applied Physics, Strathclyde University, John Anderson Building, 107 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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18
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Label-free imaging and evaluation of characteristic properties of asthma-derived eosinophils using optical diffraction tomography. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 587:42-48. [PMID: 34864394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optical diffraction tomography (ODT), an emerging imaging technique that does not require fluorescent staining, can measure the three-dimensional distribution of the refractive index (RI) of organelles. In this study, we used ODT to characterize the pathological characteristics of human eosinophils derived from asthma patients presenting with eosinophilia. In addition to morphological information about organelles appearing in eosinophils, including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and vacuole, we succeeded in imaging specific granules and quantifying the RI values of the granules. Interestingly, ODT analysis showed that the RI (i.e., molecular density) of granules was significantly different between eosinophils from asthma patients and healthy individuals without eosinophilia, and that vacuoles were frequently found in the cells of asthma patients. Our results suggest that the physicochemical properties of eosinophils derived from patients with asthma can be quantitatively distinguished from those of healthy individuals. The method will provide insight into efficient evaluation of the characteristics of eosinophils at the organelle level for various diseases with eosinophilia.
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19
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Ojaghi A, Casteleiro Costa P, Caruso C, Lam WA, Robles FE. Label-free automated neutropenia detection and grading using deep-ultraviolet microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6115-6128. [PMID: 34745725 PMCID: PMC8547990 DOI: 10.1364/boe.434465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Neutropenia is a condition identified by an abnormally low number of neutrophils in the bloodstream and signifies an increased risk of severe infection. Cancer patients are particularly susceptible to this condition, which can be disruptive to their treatment and even life-threatening in severe cases. Thus, it is critical to routinely monitor neutrophil counts in cancer patients. However, the standard of care to assess neutropenia, the complete blood count (CBC), requires expensive and complex equipment, as well as cumbersome procedures, which precludes easy or timely access to critical hematological information, namely neutrophil counts. Here we present a simple, low-cost, fast, and robust technique to detect and grade neutropenia based on label-free multi-spectral deep-UV microscopy. Results show that the developed framework for automated segmentation and classification of live, unstained blood cells in a smear accurately differentiates patients with moderate and severe neutropenia from healthy samples in minutes. This work has significant implications towards the development of a low-cost and easy-to-use point-of-care device for tracking neutrophil counts, which can not only improve the quality of life and treatment-outcomes of many patients but can also be lifesaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Ojaghi
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory
University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Paloma Casteleiro Costa
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Christina Caruso
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics,
Emory University School of Medicine,
Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory
University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics,
Emory University School of Medicine,
Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Francisco E. Robles
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory
University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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20
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Shrirao AB, Schloss RS, Fritz Z, Shrirao MV, Rosen R, Yarmush ML. Autofluorescence of blood and its application in biomedical and clinical research. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4550-4576. [PMID: 34487351 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Autofluorescence of blood has been explored as a label free approach for detection of cell types, as well as for diagnosis and detection of infection, cancer, and other diseases. Although blood autofluorescence is used to indicate the presence of several physiological abnormalities with high sensitivity, it often lacks disease specificity due to use of a limited number of fluorophores in the detection of several abnormal conditions. In addition, the measurement of autofluorescence is sensitive to the type of sample, sample preparation, and spectroscopy method used for the measurement. Therefore, while current blood autofluorescence detection approaches may not be suitable for primary clinical diagnosis, it certainly has tremendous potential in developing methods for large scale screening that can identify high risk groups for further diagnosis using highly specific diagnostic tests. This review discusses the source of blood autofluorescence, the role of spectroscopy methods, and various applications that have used autofluorescence of blood, to explore the potential of blood autofluorescence in biomedical research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B Shrirao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rene S Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zachary Fritz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mayur V Shrirao
- Department of pathology, Government Medical College, Nagpur, India
| | - Robert Rosen
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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21
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Kaza N, Ojaghi A, Robles FE. Hemoglobin quantification in red blood cells via dry mass mapping based on UV absorption. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210112LR. [PMID: 34378368 PMCID: PMC8353376 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.8.086501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The morphological properties and hemoglobin (Hb) content of red blood cells (RBCs) are essential biomarkers to diagnose or monitor various types of hematological disorders. Label-free mass mapping approaches enable accurate Hb quantification from individual cells, serving as promising alternatives to conventional hematology analyzers. Deep ultraviolet (UV) microscopy is one such technique that allows high-resolution, molecular imaging, and absorption-based mass mapping. AIM To compare UV absorption-based mass mapping at four UV wavelengths and understand variations across wavelengths and any assumptions necessary for accurate Hb quantification. APPROACH Whole blood smears are imaged with a multispectral UV microscopy system, and the RBCs' dry masses are computed. This approach is compared to quantitative phase imaging-based mass mapping using data from an interferometric UV imaging system. RESULTS Consistent Hb mass and mean corpuscular Hb values are obtained at all wavelengths, with the precision of the single-cell mass measurements being nearly identical at 220, 260, and 280 nm but slightly lower at 300 nm. CONCLUSIONS A full hematological analysis (including white blood cell identification and characterization, and Hb quantification) may be achieved using a single UV illumination wavelength, thereby improving the speed and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischita Kaza
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Ashkan Ojaghi
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Francisco E. Robles
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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22
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Ryu D, Kim J, Lim D, Min HS, Yoo IY, Cho D, Park Y. Label-Free White Blood Cell Classification Using Refractive Index Tomography and Deep Learning. BME FRONTIERS 2021; 2021:9893804. [PMID: 37849908 PMCID: PMC10521749 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9893804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective and Impact Statement. We propose a rapid and accurate blood cell identification method exploiting deep learning and label-free refractive index (RI) tomography. Our computational approach that fully utilizes tomographic information of bone marrow (BM) white blood cell (WBC) enables us to not only classify the blood cells with deep learning but also quantitatively study their morphological and biochemical properties for hematology research. Introduction. Conventional methods for examining blood cells, such as blood smear analysis by medical professionals and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, require significant time, costs, and domain knowledge that could affect test results. While label-free imaging techniques that use a specimen's intrinsic contrast (e.g., multiphoton and Raman microscopy) have been used to characterize blood cells, their imaging procedures and instrumentations are relatively time-consuming and complex. Methods. The RI tomograms of the BM WBCs are acquired via Mach-Zehnder interferometer-based tomographic microscope and classified by a 3D convolutional neural network. We test our deep learning classifier for the four types of bone marrow WBC collected from healthy donors (n = 10 ): monocyte, myelocyte, B lymphocyte, and T lymphocyte. The quantitative parameters of WBC are directly obtained from the tomograms. Results. Our results show >99% accuracy for the binary classification of myeloids and lymphoids and >96% accuracy for the four-type classification of B and T lymphocytes, monocyte, and myelocytes. The feature learning capability of our approach is visualized via an unsupervised dimension reduction technique. Conclusion. We envision that the proposed cell classification framework can be easily integrated into existing blood cell investigation workflows, providing cost-effective and rapid diagnosis for hematologic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongHun Ryu
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute For Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea
| | - Daejin Lim
- Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | | | - In Young Yoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute For Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06531, Republic of Korea
| | - YongKeun Park
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute For Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea
- Tomocube, Inc., Daejeon 34051Republic of Korea
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23
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Abstract
Hematological analysis, via a complete blood count (CBC) and microscopy, is critical for screening, diagnosing, and monitoring blood conditions and diseases but requires complex equipment, multiple chemical reagents, laborious system calibration and procedures, and highly trained personnel for operation. Here we introduce a hematological assay based on label-free molecular imaging with deep-ultraviolet microscopy that can provide fast quantitative information of key hematological parameters to facilitate and improve hematological analysis. We demonstrate that this label-free approach yields 1) a quantitative five-part white blood cell differential, 2) quantitative red blood cell and hemoglobin characterization, 3) clear identification of platelets, and 4) detailed subcellular morphology. Analysis of tens of thousands of live cells is achieved in minutes without any sample preparation. Finally, we introduce a pseudocolorization scheme that accurately recapitulates the appearance of cells under conventional staining protocols for microscopic analysis of blood smears and bone marrow aspirates. Diagnostic efficacy is evaluated by a panel of hematologists performing a blind analysis of blood smears from healthy donors and thrombocytopenic and sickle cell disease patients. This work has significant implications toward simplifying and improving CBC and blood smear analysis, which is currently performed manually via bright-field microscopy, and toward the development of a low-cost, easy-to-use, and fast hematological analyzer as a point-of-care device and for low-resource settings.
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