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Xiao Y, Wu C, Liu Y, Zhou L, Wu S, Yin Q. Biocompatible Nano-Cocrystal Engineering for Targeted Herbicide Delivery: Enhancing Efficacy through Stimuli-Responsive Release and Reduced Environmental Losses. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39255044 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
In addressing the critical challenges posed by the misuse and inefficiency of traditional pesticides, we introduce a Nano-Cocrystal material composed of the herbicide clopyralid and coformer phenazine. Developed through synergistic supramolecular self-assembly and mechanochemical nanotechnology, this Nano-Cocrystal significantly enhances pesticide performance. It exhibits a marked improvement in stability, with reductions in hygroscopicity and volatility by approximately 38%. Moreover, it intelligently modulates release according to environmental factors, such as temperature, pH, and soil inorganic salts, demonstrating decreased solubility by up to four times and improved wettability and adhesion on leaf surfaces. Importantly, the herbicidal activity surpasses that of pure clopyralid, increasing suppression rates of Medicago sativa L. and Oxalis corniculata L. by up to 27% at the highest dosage. This Nano-Cocrystal also shows enhanced crop safety and reduced genotoxicity compared to conventional formulations. Offering a blend of simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and robust stability, our findings contribute a sustainable solution to agricultural practices, favoring the safety of nontarget organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhua Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Songgu Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qiuxiang Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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2
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Huang Y, Wang N, Wang M, Zi Y, Huang W. Efficient Synthesis of Cyanohydrin Esters: P(NMe 2) 3 Mediated Direct Deoxygenation of Acyl Cyanides with Carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11777-11782. [PMID: 39115151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of cyanohydrin esters via a P(NMe2)3 mediated direct deoxygenation process has been exploited, circumventing the release or transformation of the CN─ anion during the reaction. This approach possesses a broad scope and acts as a powerful supplement for the construction of diverse cyanohydrin esters. It offers advantages such as mild conditions, straightforward operations, and excellent scalability, affirming the feasibility and versatility of this approach and highlighting its potential in practical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Mengke Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - You Zi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Weichun Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
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3
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Yang J, Wang Y, El Wakil A, Moussian B. Extra-corporeal detoxification in insects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28392. [PMID: 38560219 PMCID: PMC10981100 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Upon uptake of toxins, insects launch a detoxification program. This program is deployed in multiple organs and cells to raise their tolerance against the toxin. The molecular mechanisms of this program inside the insect body have been studied and understood in detail. Here, we report on a yet unexplored extra-corporeal detoxification of insecticides in Drosophila melanogaster. Wild-type D. melanogaster incubated with DDT, a contact insecticide, in a closed environment died as expected. However, incubation of a second cohort in the same environment after removal of the dead flies was not lethal. The effect was significantly lower if the flies of the two cohorts were unrelated. Incubation assays with Chlorpyrifos, another contact insecticide, yielded identical results, while incubation assays with Chlorantraniliprole, again a contact insecticide, was toxic for the second cohort of flies. A cohort of flies incubated in a DDT environment after an initial incubation of a honeybee survived treatment. Together, our data suggest that insects including Apis mellifera and D. melanogaster have the capacity to modify their proximate environment. Consequently, in their ecological niche, following individuals might be saved from intoxication thereby facilitating colonisation of an attractive site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Abeer El Wakil
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
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4
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Erriah B, Shtukenberg AG, Aronin R, McCarthy D, Brázda P, Ward MD, Kahr B. ROY Crystallization on Poly(ethylene) Fibers, a Model for Bed Net Crystallography. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:2432-2440. [PMID: 38495899 PMCID: PMC10938503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Many long-lasting insecticidal bed nets for protection against disease vectors consist of poly(ethylene) fibers in which insecticide is incorporated during manufacture. Insecticide molecules diffuse from within the supersaturated polymers to surfaces where they become bioavailable to insects and often crystallize, a process known as blooming. Recent studies revealed that contact insecticides can be highly polymorphic. Moreover, insecticidal activity is polymorph-dependent, with forms having a higher crystal free energy yielding faster insect knockdown and mortality. Consequently, the crystallographic characterization of insecticide crystals that form on fibers is critical to understanding net function and improving net performance. Structural characterization of insecticide crystals on bed net fiber surfaces, let alone their polymorphs, has been elusive owing to the minute size of the crystals, however. Using the highly polymorphous compound ROY (5-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)-amino]thiophene-3-carbonitrile) as a proxy for insecticide crystallization, we investigated blooming and crystal formation on the surface of extruded poly(ethylene) fibers containing ROY. The blooming rates, tracked from the time of extrusion, were determined by UV-vis spectroscopy after successive washes. Six crystalline polymorphs (of the 13 known) were observed on poly(ethylene) fiber surfaces, and they were identified and characterized by Raman microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and 3D electron diffraction. These observations reveal that the crystallization and phase behavior of polymorphs forming on poly(ethylene) fibers is complex and dynamic. The characterization of blooming and microcrystals underscores the importance of bed net crystallography for the optimization of bed net performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Erriah
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Alexander G. Shtukenberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Reese Aronin
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Derik McCarthy
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Petr Brázda
- Department
of Structure Analysis, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2/1999, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
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5
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Ren Y, Li Y, Ju Y, Zhang W, Wang Y. Insect cuticle and insecticide development. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22057. [PMID: 37840232 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance poses a significant challenge, diminishing the effectiveness of chemical insecticides. To address this global concern, the development of novel and efficient pest management technologies based on chemical insecticides is an ongoing necessity. The insect cuticle, a highly complex and continuously renewing organ, plays a crucial role in this context. On one hand, as the most vital structure, it serves as a suitable target for insecticides. On the other hand, it acts as the outermost barrier, isolating the insect's inner organs from the environment, and thus offering resistance to contact with insecticides, preventing their entry into insect bodies. Our work focuses on key targets concerning cuticle formation and the interaction between the cuticle and contact insecticides. Deeper studying insect cuticles and understanding their structure-function relationship, formation process, and regulatory mechanisms during cuticle development, as well as investigating insecticide resistance related to the barrier properties of insect cuticles, are promising strategies not only for developing novel insecticides but also for discovering general synergists for contact insecticides. With this comprehensive review, we hope to contribute valuable insights into the development of effective pest management solutions and the mitigation of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunuo Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjie Ju
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Li S, Liu B, Chen Z, Ou X, Rong H, Lu M. Ritonavir Revisited: Melt Crystallization Can Easily Find the Late-Appearing Polymorph II and Unexpectedly Discover a New Polymorph III. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3854-3863. [PMID: 37450774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Identification of a thermodynamically stable polymorph is an important step in the early stage of drug development. Ritonavir (RIT) is a well-known case where the most stable polymorph II emerged after being marketed, leading to a loss of $250 million. Herein, we report the findings that routine melt crystallization can reveal the late-appearing polymorph II of RIT at small supercooling, but the probability of nucleation is very low. The addition of 30-50% polyethylene glycol (PEG) promotes the crystallization of Form II as the only phase at low supercooling, making it easier to detect in polymorphism screening. During the course of our research, a new polymorph, denoted Form III, was unexpectedly discovered, crystallizing as the major phase from neat RIT melts. Single crystals of Form III were grown from melt microdroplets. Benefiting from the ability of synchrotron radiation to detect weak diffraction signals that cannot be accessible by a laboratory diffractometer, a reasonable structure of Form III was solved with slight disorder relative to thiazole groups (P1 space group and Z' = 4). The thermodynamic stability ranking of the three true polymorphs is Form II > Form I > Form III, as opposed to the order of solubility. The capacity to efficiently reveal rich polymorphs, especially the kinetically hindered polymorph, and rapidly grow single crystals of a new phase for structure determination together highlights the necessity of incorporating melt crystallization into routine methods for pharmaceutical polymorphism screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziqiao Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haowei Rong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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7
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Zhu X, Valbon W, Qiu M, Hu CT, Yang J, Erriah B, Jankowska M, Dong K, Ward MD, Kahr B. Insecticidal and Repellent Properties of Rapid-Acting Fluorine-Containing Compounds against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1396-1407. [PMID: 37311068 PMCID: PMC10353007 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of safe and potent insecticides remains an integral part of a multifaceted strategy to effectively control human-disease-transmitting insect vectors. Incorporating fluorine can dramatically alter the physiochemical properties and bioavailability of insecticides. For example, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)ethane (DFDT)─a difluoro congener of trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT)─was demonstrated previously to be 10-fold less toxic to mosquitoes than DDT in terms of LD50 values, but it exhibited a 4-fold faster knockdown. Described herein is the discovery of fluorine-containing 1-aryl-2,2,2-trichloro-ethan-1-ols (FTEs, for fluorophenyl-trichloromethyl-ethanols). FTEs, particularly per-fluorophenyl-trichloromethyl-ethanol (PFTE), exhibited rapid knockdown not only against Drosophila melanogaster but also against susceptible and resistant Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, major vectors of Dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and Chikungunya viruses. The R enantiomer of any chiral FTE, synthesized enantioselectively, exhibited faster knockdown than its corresponding S enantiomer. PFTE does not prolong the opening of mosquito sodium channels that are characteristic of the action of DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. In addition, pyrethroid/DDT-resistant Ae. aegypti strains having enhanced P450-mediated detoxification and/or carrying sodium channel mutations that confer knockdown resistance were not cross-resistant to PFTE. These results indicate a mechanism of PFTE insecticidal action distinct from that of pyrethroids or DDT. Furthermore, PFTE elicited spatial repellency at concentrations as low as 10 ppm in a hand-in-cage assay. PFTE and MFTE were found to possess low mammalian toxicity. These results suggest the substantial potential of FTEs as a new class of compounds for controlling insect vectors, including pyrethroid/DDT-resistant mosquitoes. Further investigations of FTE insecticidal and repellency mechanisms could provide important insights into how incorporation of fluorine influences the rapid lethality and mosquito sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Wilson Valbon
- Department
of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Mengdi Qiu
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Chunhua T. Hu
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Jingxiang Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Bryan Erriah
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Milena Jankowska
- Department
of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
- Department
of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Nicolaus
Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Ke Dong
- Department
of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
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8
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Carson J, Erriah B, Herodotou S, Shtukenberg AG, Smith L, Ryazanskaya S, Ward MD, Kahr B, Lees RS. Overcoming insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes by using faster-acting solid forms of deltamethrin. Malar J 2023; 22:129. [PMID: 37081532 PMCID: PMC10120210 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlling malaria-transmitting Anopheles mosquitoes with pyrethroid insecticides is becoming increasingly challenging because of widespread resistance amongst vector populations. The development of new insecticides and insecticidal formulations is time consuming and costly, however. A more active crystalline form of deltamethrin, prepared by heating the commercial crystalline form, previously was reported to be 12-times faster acting against susceptible North American Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes. Herein the potential for heat-activated deltamethrin dispersed on chalk to overcome various resistance mechanisms amongst five West African Anopheles strains is investigated, and its long-term sustained lethality evaluated. METHODS The more active deltamethrin form was generated in a commercial dust containing deltamethrin by heating the material as purchased. Tarsal contact bioassays were conducted to investigate its efficacy, potency, and speed of action against resistant Anopheles populations compared to the commercially available form of deltamethrin dust. RESULTS In all cases, D-Fense Dust heated to generate the more active form of deltamethrin was substantially more effective than the commercially available formulation. 100% of both Banfora M and Kisumu populations were knocked down 10 min post-exposure with no recovery afterwards. Gaoua-ara and Tiefora strains exhibited 100% knockdown within 15 min, and the VK7 2014 strain exhibited 100% knockdown within 20 min. In all cases, 100% mortality was observed 24 h post-exposure. Conversely, the commercial formulation (unheated) resulted in less than 4% mortality amongst VK7 2014, Banfora, and Gaoua-ara populations by 24 h, and Tiefora and Kisumu mosquitoes experienced 14 and 47% mortality by 24 h, respectively. The heat-activated dust maintained comparable efficacy 13 months after heating. CONCLUSIONS The heat-activated form of commercial deltamethrin D-Fense Dust outperformed the material as purchased, dramatically increasing efficacy against all tested pyrethroid-resistant strains. This increase in lethality was retained for 13 months of storage under ambient conditions in the laboratory. Higher energy forms of commonly used insecticides may be employed to overcome various resistance mechanisms seen in African Anopheles mosquitoes through more rapid uptake of insecticide molecules from their respective solid surfaces. That is, resistant mosquitoes can be killed with an insecticide to which they are resistant without altering the molecular composition of the insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Carson
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Bryan Erriah
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 29 Washington Place, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Stephania Herodotou
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Alexander G Shtukenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 29 Washington Place, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Leilani Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 29 Washington Place, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Svetlana Ryazanskaya
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 29 Washington Place, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 29 Washington Place, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Rosemary Susan Lees
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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Li S, Lightowler M, Ou X, Huang S, Jiang Y, Li X, Zou X, Xu H, Lu M. Direct structure determination of vemurafenib polymorphism from compact spherulites using 3D electron diffraction. Commun Chem 2023; 6:18. [PMID: 36697943 PMCID: PMC9871043 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The spherulitic morphology is considered to be the most common morphology of crystalline materials and is particularly apparent in melt-crystallized products. Yet, historically, the polycrystalline nature of spherulites has hindered successful crystal structure determination. Here, we report the direct structure determination of a clinical drug, vemurafenib (VMN), in compact spherulite form using 3D electron diffraction (3D ED). VMN has four known polymorphs. We first solved the crystal structures of α-, β-, and γ-VMN from compact spherulites using 3D ED, and the resulting structures were highly consistent with those obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. We then determined the crystal structure of δ-VMN-the least stable polymorph which cannot be cultivated as a single crystal-directly from the compact spherulite sample. We unexpectedly discovered a new polymorph during our studies, denoted as ε-VMN. Single crystals of ε-VMN are extremely thin and not suitable for study by X-ray diffraction. Again, we determined the structure of ε-VMN in a compact spherulite form. This successful structure elucidation of all five VMN polymorphs demonstrates the possibility of directly determining structures from melt-grown compact spherulite samples. Thereby, this discovery will improve the efficiency and broaden the scope of polymorphism research, especially within the field of melt crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Molly Lightowler
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiao Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyong Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xizhen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hongyi Xu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Li J, Huang Y, An Q, Li W, Li J, Liu H, Yang D, Lu Y, Zhou Z. Discovered two polymorphs and two solvates of lamotrigine-tolfenamic acid salt: Thermal behavior and crystal morphological differences. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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11
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Erriah B, Zhu X, Hu CT, Kahr BE, Shtukenberg A, Ward MD. Crystallography of Contemporary Contact Insecticides. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030292. [PMID: 35323590 PMCID: PMC8949367 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The active forms of contact insecticides used for combatting mosquito-borne infectious diseases are typically crystalline solids. Numerous molecular crystals are polymorphic, crystallizing in several solid forms characterized by different physicochemical properties, including bioavailability. Our laboratory recently found that the activity of crystalline contact insecticides is inversely dependent on the thermodynamic stability of their polymorphs, suggesting that efficacy can be enhanced by the manipulation of the solid-state structure. This paper argues that crystallography should be central to the development of contact insecticides, particularly because their efficacy continues to be compromised by insecticide resistance, especially among Anopheles mosquito populations that spread malaria. Although insecticidal compounds with new modes of action have been introduced to overcome resistance, new insecticides are expensive to develop and implement. The repurposing of existing chemical agents in metastable, more active crystalline forms provides an inexpensive and efficient method for ‘evergreening’ compounds whose risks are already well-established. We report herein seven new single-crystal structures of insecticides used for controlling infectious disease vectors. The structures reported herein include pyrethroid insecticides recommended by the WHO for indoor residual spraying (IRS)-bifenthrin, β-cyfluthrin, etofenprox, α-cypermethrin, and λ-cyhalothrin as well as the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bart E. Kahr
- Correspondence: (B.E.K.); (M.D.W.); Tel.: +1-212-992-9579 (B.E.K.)
| | | | - Michael D. Ward
- Correspondence: (B.E.K.); (M.D.W.); Tel.: +1-212-992-9579 (B.E.K.)
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12
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Bubun N, Freeman TW, Laman M, Karl S. Effect of Short-Term Heating on Bioefficacy of Deltamethrin-Coated Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:828-830. [PMID: 34929669 PMCID: PMC8922514 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors recently reported that long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) distributed in Papua New Guinea (PNG) between 2013 and 2019, exhibited severely diminished efficacy to knock down and kill susceptible Anopheles mosquitoes. This coincided with a rise in malaria observed in PNG since 2015. Here, the authors show that LLIN bioefficacy is increased by heating LLINs prior to WHO cone bioassays. Unused LLINs with low bioefficacy, delivered to PNG in 2019, were heated to 120°C for 5 minutes. Cone bioassays were performed before and at 1 hour, 7 days, and 30 days after heating. This led to a significant increase in 24-hour mortality from 17% to 61% and 60-minute knock down from 31% to 72%. The effect was sustained over 30 days. Bioassays are crucial in quality assurance of LLIN products. Our findings indicate that bioefficacy of LLINs can be increased by heating. This may have implications for quality assurance procedures used to assess LLINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakei Bubun
- Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Timothy W. Freeman
- Rotarians Against Malaria Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, National Capitol District, Papua New Guinea
| | - Moses Laman
- Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Stephan Karl
- Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea;,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland, Australia,Address correspondence to Stephan Karl, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, Smithfield, Queensland 4870, Australia. E-mail:
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13
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Basdouri Z, Falvello LR, Graia M, Tomás M. A cross-phase reaction coordinate in the formation of a simple copper (II) orotate complex: Lability of crystals of a Jahn-Teller active intermediate. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Shang Z, Liu M, Hu W, Deng T, Su X, Hou B, Wang J, Gong J. Construction and application of the qualitative and quantitative analysis system of three boscalid polymorphs based on solid-state analytical methods and chemometric tools. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00152g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In view of the important influence of solid form on the production and use of agrochemical, it is crucial to develop the accurate and useful qualitative and quantitative analysis system...
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15
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Carpenter JE, Grünwald M. Pre-Nucleation Clusters Predict Crystal Structures in Models of Chiral Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21580-21593. [PMID: 34918909 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kinetics can play an important role in the crystallization of molecules and can give rise to polymorphism, the tendency of molecules to form more than one crystal structure. Current computational methods of crystal structure prediction, however, focus almost exclusively on identifying the thermodynamically stable polymorph. Kinetic factors of nucleation and growth are often neglected because the underlying microscopic processes can be complex and accurate rate calculations are numerically cumbersome. In this work, we use molecular dynamics computer simulations to study simple molecular models that reproduce the crystallization behavior of real chiral molecules, including the formation of enantiopure and racemic crystals, as well as polymorphism. A significant fraction of these molecules forms crystals that do not have the lowest free energy. We demonstrate that at high supersaturation crystal formation can be accurately predicted by considering the similarities between oligomeric species in solution and molecular motifs in the crystal structure. For the case of racemic mixtures, we even find that knowledge of crystal free energies is not necessary and kinetic considerations are sufficient to determine if the system will undergo spontaneous chiral separation. Our results suggest conceptually simple ways of improving current crystal structure prediction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Michael Grünwald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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16
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Zhu X, Hu CT, Erriah B, Vogt-Maranto L, Yang J, Yang Y, Qiu M, Fellah N, Tuckerman ME, Ward MD, Kahr B. Imidacloprid Crystal Polymorphs for Disease Vector Control and Pollinator Protection. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17144-17152. [PMID: 34634905 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Imidacloprid, the world's leading insecticide, has been approved recently for controlling infectious disease vectors; yet, in agricultural settings, it has been implicated in the frightening decline of pollinators. This argues for strategies that sharply reduce the environmental impact of imidacloprid. When used as a contact insecticide, the effectiveness of imidacloprid relies on physical contact between its crystal surfaces and insect tarsi. Herein, seven new imidacloprid crystal polymorphs are reported, adding to two known forms. Anticipating that insect uptake of imidacloprid molecules would depend on the respective free energies of crystal polymorph surfaces, measurements of insect knockdown times for the metastable crystal forms were as much as nine times faster acting than the commercial form against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes as well as Drosophila (fruit flies). These results suggest that replacement of commercially available imidacloprid crystals (a.k.a. Form I) in space-spraying with any one of three new polymorphs, Forms IV, VI, IX, would suppress vector-borne disease transmission while reducing environmental exposure and harm to nontarget organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Chunhua T Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Bryan Erriah
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Leslie Vogt-Maranto
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Jingxiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Yongfan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Mengdi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Noalle Fellah
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Mark E Tuckerman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York 10012, United States
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
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17
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Abd Elfattah Noaishi M, Abd Elfattah NK, Allah El-Tayeb TA. Comparative Toxicity Study of Novel Light-Activated Insecticide and Deltamethrin in Albino Rats. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:424-433. [PMID: 34486328 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.424.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Tri-sodium Copper of chlorophyllins (Agri-Safe) is a novel biocide using recently to control the mosquitoes as a larvicide. Because, the lack of adequate data on the toxicity of this compound, more toxicological studies on this new compound are necessary. Therefore the study aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of this new insecticide and in comparison with the traditional insecticide Deltamethrin (DM). <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Twenty-five adult male rats were randomly divided into five groups. The first group was kept in control. The second and third groups were administered at doses of 0.59 and 0.24 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt., of DM. The fourth and 5th groups were administrated at doses of 250 and 100 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt. of Agri-Safe respectively. The administrations were orally by gavage for 90 consecutive days. The rats were humanly sacrificed and whole blood was collected for hematological parameters and bone marrow was collected for mutagenicity assays. <b>Results:</b> The estimated LD<sub>50</sub> of DM and Agri-Safe were 11.76 and more than 5000 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt., respectively. Both insecticides induced slight hepatotoxicity but not nephrotoxicity. The high and low doses of DM induced prominent oxidative stress while Agri-Safe did not induce oxidative stress. The results of genotoxicity revealed that DM caused greater mutagenic effect at high and low doses, while Agri-Safe induced slight significant genotoxicity at high-dose only. <b>Conclusion:</b> It can be concluded that Deltamethrin (DM) can induce oxidative stress and prominent genotoxicity while tri-sodium copper of chlorophyllins has a low side effect and its effect is due to copper elements.
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Skovmand O, Dang DM, Tran TQ, Bossellman R, Moore SJ. From the factory to the field: considerations of product characteristics for insecticide-treated net (ITN) bioefficacy testing. Malar J 2021; 20:363. [PMID: 34488778 PMCID: PMC8422710 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) undergo a series of tests to obtain listing by World Health Organization (WHO) Prequalification. These tests characterize the bioefficacy, physical and chemical properties of the ITN. ITN procurers assume that product specifications relate to product performance. Here, ITN test methods and their underlying assumptions are discussed from the perspective of the ITN manufacturing process and product characteristics. METHODS Data were extracted from WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) meeting reports from 2003 to 2017, supplemented with additional chemical analysis to critically evaluate ITNs bioassays with a focus on sampling, washing and wash resistance, and bioefficacy testing. Production methods for ITNs and their impact on testing outcomes are described. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ITNs are not homogenous products. They vary within panels and between the sides and the roof. Running tests of wash resistance using a before/after tests on the same sample or band within a net reduces test variability. As mosquitoes frequently interact with ITN roofs, additional sampling of the roof when evaluating ITNs is advisable because in nets where roof and sides are of the same material, the contribution of roof sample (20-25%) to the average is less than the tolerance for the specification (25%). Mosquito mortality data cannot be reliably used to evaluate net surface concentration to determine regeneration time (RT) and resistance to washing as nets may regenerate beyond the insecticide concentrations needed to kill 100% of susceptible mosquitoes. Chemical assays to quantify surface concentration are needed. The Wash Resistance Index (WRI) averaged over the first four washes is only informative if the product has a log linear loss rate of insecticide. Using a WRI that excludes the first wash off gives more reliable results. Storage conditions used for product specifications are lower than those encountered under product shipping and storage that may exceed 50 °C, and should be reconsidered. Operational monitoring of new ITNs and linking observed product performance, such as bioefficacy after 2 or 3 years of use, with product characteristics, such as WRI, will aid the development of more robust test methods and product specifications for new products coming to market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Skovmand
- Intelligent Insect Control, Castelnau le Lez, France.
| | | | | | | | - Sarah J Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Vector Biology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The second and third crystalline forms of lactic acid are described, yet along with the known structure, they together fail to reproduce any of the supramolecular aggregates that have long been observed in isotropic media.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunhua T. Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- New York University
- New York
- USA
| | - Ethan Reiter
- Department of Chemistry
- New York University
- New York
- USA
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry
- New York University
- New York
- USA
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