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Matsumoto S, Utsumi Y, Kozuka T, Iwamura M, Nakai T, Yamauchi D, Karahara I, Mineyuki Y, Hoshino M, Uesugi K, Kise K. CT image-based 3D inflorescence estimation of Chrysanthemum seticuspe. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1374937. [PMID: 39135648 PMCID: PMC11317900 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1374937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
To study plant organs, it is necessary to investigate the three-dimensional (3D) structures of plants. In recent years, non-destructive measurements through computed tomography (CT) have been used to understand the 3D structures of plants. In this study, we use the Chrysanthemum seticuspe capitulum inflorescence as an example and focus on contact points between the receptacles and florets within the 3D capitulum inflorescence bud structure to investigate the 3D arrangement of the florets on the receptacle. To determine the 3D order of the contact points, we constructed slice images from the CT volume data and detected the receptacles and florets in the image. However, because each CT sample comprises hundreds of slice images to be processed and each C. seticuspe capitulum inflorescence comprises several florets, manually detecting the receptacles and florets is labor-intensive. Therefore, we propose an automatic contact point detection method based on CT slice images using image recognition techniques. The proposed method improves the accuracy of contact point detection using prior knowledge that contact points exist only around the receptacle. In addition, the integration of the detection results enables the estimation of the 3D position of the contact points. According to the experimental results, we confirmed that the proposed method can detect contacts on slice images with high accuracy and estimate their 3D positions through clustering. Additionally, the sample-independent experiments showed that the proposed method achieved the same detection accuracy as sample-dependent experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soushi Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Informatics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Yuzuko Utsumi
- Graduate School of Informatics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kozuka
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masakazu Iwamura
- Graduate School of Informatics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakai
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Masato Hoshino
- Scattering and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uesugi
- Scattering and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Japan
| | - Koichi Kise
- Graduate School of Informatics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Japan
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2
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Owens A, Zhang T, Gu P, Hart J, Stobbs J, Cieslak M, Elomaa P, Prusinkiewicz P. The hidden diversity of vascular patterns in flower heads. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:423-439. [PMID: 38361330 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Vascular systems are intimately related to the shape and spatial arrangement of the plant organs they support. We investigate the largely unexplored association between spiral phyllotaxis and the vascular system in Asteraceae flower heads. We imaged heads of eight species using synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography and applied original virtual reality and haptic software to explore head vasculature in three dimensions. We then constructed a computational model to infer a plausible patterning mechanism. The vascular system in the head of the model plant Gerbera hybrida is qualitatively different from those of Bellis perennis and Helianthus annuus, characterized previously. Cirsium vulgare, Craspedia globosa, Echinacea purpurea, Echinops bannaticus, and Tanacetum vulgare represent variants of the Bellis and Helianthus systems. In each species, the layout of the main strands is stereotypical, but details vary. The observed vascular patterns can be generated by a common computational model with different parameter values. In spite of the observed differences of vascular systems in heads, they may be produced by a conserved mechanism. The diversity and irregularities of vasculature stand in contrast with the relative uniformity and regularity of phyllotactic patterns, confirming that phyllotaxis in heads is not driven by the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Owens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Philmo Gu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jeremy Hart
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jarvis Stobbs
- Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Mikolaj Cieslak
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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Burian A, Kierzkowski D. Unravelling the internal connections of plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:10-13. [PMID: 38548692 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Owens et al. (2024), 243: 423–439.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Burian
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
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Zhang T, Elomaa P. Development and evolution of the Asteraceae capitulum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:33-48. [PMID: 38361269 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Asteraceae represent one of the largest and most diverse families of plants. The evolutionary success of this family has largely been contributed to their unique inflorescences, capitula that mimic solitary flowers but are typically aggregates of multiple florets. Here, we summarize the recent molecular and genetic level studies that have promoted our understanding of the development and evolution of capitula. We focus on new results on patterning of the enlarged meristem resulting in the iconic phyllotactic arrangement of florets in Fibonacci numbers of spirals. We also summarize the current understanding of the genetic networks regulating the characteristic reproductive traits in the family such as floral dimorphism and differentiation of highly specialized floral organs. So far, developmental studies in Asteraceae are still limited to a very narrow selection of model species. Along with the recent advancements in genomics and phylogenomics, Asteraceae and its relatives provide an outstanding model clade for extended evo-devo studies to exploit the morphological diversity and the underlying molecular networks and to translate this knowledge to the breeding of the key crops in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Coen E, Prusinkiewicz P. Developmental timing in plants. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2674. [PMID: 38531864 PMCID: PMC10965974 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants exhibit reproducible timing of developmental events at multiple scales, from switches in cell identity to maturation of the whole plant. Control of developmental timing likely evolved for similar reasons that humans invented clocks: to coordinate events. However, whereas clocks are designed to run independently of conditions, plant developmental timing is strongly dependent on growth and environment. Using simplified models to convey key concepts, we review how growth-dependent and inherent timing mechanisms interact with the environment to control cyclical and progressive developmental transitions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Coen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Qiu T, Li S, Zhao K, Jia D, Chen F, Ding L. Morphological Characteristics and Expression Patterns of CmCYC2c of Different Flower Shapes in Chrysanthemum morifolium. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3728. [PMID: 37960083 PMCID: PMC10647454 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The chrysanthemum is widely used as a cut flower, potted flower, and garden flower worldwide and has high ornamental, edible, and medicinal value. The flower heads, composed of ray florets and disc florets, are the most diverse in terms of morphology among ornamental plants. Here, we compared and analyzed the developmental processes of different capitulum types as well as ray florets and disc florets. Morphological differentiation of the two florets occurred on the dorsal domain of the petals at stage Ⅳ of flower development, and differences in stamen development occurred at stage Ⅴ. The dorsal domain of the ray florets and the early stage of flower development were also an essential site and period, respectively, for the differences among capitulum types. In situ hybridization revealed that CmCYC2c, whose homologs are involved in the specification of floret identity in Asteraceae, was expressed in both the dorsal and ventral domains of the ray petals in the tubular-type chrysanthemum, whereas, it was differentially transcribed in the ray petals of flat- and spoon-type chrysanthemum cultivars and had lower or no expression in the dorsal domain and higher expression in the ventral domain at stage Ⅳ. Our study indicates that the expression pattern of CmCYC2c on the dorsal domain of the ray floret at stage Ⅳ contributes to the formation of diverse flower head types in chrysanthemums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taijia Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (T.Q.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (D.J.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Song Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (T.Q.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (D.J.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kunkun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (T.Q.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (D.J.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Diwen Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (T.Q.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (D.J.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (T.Q.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (D.J.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lian Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (T.Q.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (D.J.); (F.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Baczyński J, Claßen-Bockhoff R. Pseudanthia in angiosperms: a review. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:179-202. [PMID: 37478306 PMCID: PMC10583202 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudanthia or 'false flowers' are multiflowered units that resemble solitary flowers in form and function. Over the last century the term 'pseudanthium' has been applied to a wide array of morphologically divergent blossoms, ranging from those with easily noticeable florets to derived, reduced units in which individual flowers become almost indistinguishable. Although initially admired mostly by botanists, the diversity and widespread distribution of pseudanthia across angiosperms has already made them a fascinating topic for evolutionary and developmental comparative studies. SCOPE This review synthesizes historical and current concepts on the biology of pseudanthia. Our first aim is to establish a clear, operational definition of pseudanthium and disentangle common terminological misconceptions surrounding that term. Our second aim is to summarize knowledge of the morphological and developmental diversity of pseudanthia and embed it within a modern phylogenetic framework. Lastly, we want to provide a comprehensive overview on the evolution and ecological importance of pseudanthia and outline perspectives for future studies. CONCLUSIONS The understanding of pseudanthia has changed multiple times and reflects three different interpretations of their 'flower-like' qualities: developmental (similarity in structure), figural (similarity in form and function) and phylogenetic (homology between angiosperm flowers and monoecious reproductive shoots in gymnosperms). Here, we propose to narrow the term pseudanthium to multiflowered blossoms resembling zoophilous flowers in form, i.e. in being structurally subdivided in a showy periphery and a reproductive centre. According to this definition, pseudanthia sensu stricto evolved independently in at least 41 angiosperm families. The recurrent acquisition of pseudanthia sensu stricto in all major lineages of flowering plants indicates repeated interactions between developmental constraints (smallness of flowers, meristematic conditions) and selective pressures, such as demands of pollinators and/or environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Baczyński
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Plant Biology, Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Regine Claßen-Bockhoff
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Holloway DM, Saunders R, Wenzel CL. Size regulation of the lateral organ initiation zone and its role in determining cotyledon number in conifers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1166226. [PMID: 37265639 PMCID: PMC10230826 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1166226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Unlike monocots and dicots, many conifers, particularly Pinaceae, form three or more cotyledons. These are arranged in a whorl, or ring, at a particular distance from the embryo tip, with cotyledons evenly spaced within the ring. The number of cotyledons, nc, varies substantially within species, both in clonal cultures and in seed embryos. nc variability reflects embryo size variability, with larger diameter embryos having higher nc. Correcting for growth during embryo development, we extract values for the whorl radius at each nc. This radius, corresponding to the spatial pattern of cotyledon differentiation factors, varies over three-fold for the naturally observed range of nc. The current work focuses on factors in the patterning mechanism that could produce such a broad variability in whorl radius. Molecularly, work in Arabidopsis has shown that the initiation zone for leaf primordia occurs at a minimum between inhibitor zones of HD-ZIP III at the shoot apical meristem (SAM) tip and KANADI (KAN) encircling this farther from the tip. PIN1-auxin dynamics within this uninhibited ring form auxin maxima, specifying primordia initiation sites. A similar mechanism is indicated in conifer embryos by effects on cotyledon formation with overexpression of HD-ZIP III inhibitors and by interference with PIN1-auxin patterning. Methods We develop a mathematical model for HD-ZIP III/KAN spatial localization and use this to characterize the molecular regulation that could generate (a) the three-fold whorl radius variation (and associated nc variability) observed in conifer cotyledon development, and (b) the HD-ZIP III and KAN shifts induced experimentally in conifer embryos and in Arabidopsis. Results This quantitative framework indicates the sensitivity of mechanism components for positioning lateral organs closer to or farther from the tip. Positional shifting is most readily driven by changes to the extent of upstream (meristematic) patterning and changes in HD-ZIP III/KAN mutual inhibition, and less efficiently driven by changes in upstream dosage or the activation of HD-ZIP III. Sharper expression boundaries can also be more resistant to shifting than shallower expression boundaries. Discussion The strong variability seen in conifer nc (commonly from 2 to 10) may reflect a freer variation in regulatory interactions, whereas monocot (nc = 1) and dicot (nc = 2) development may require tighter control of such variation. These results provide direction for future quantitative experiments on the positional control of lateral organ initiation, and consequently on plant phyllotaxy and architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Holloway
- Mathematics Department, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Saunders
- Biotechnology Department, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Carol L. Wenzel
- Biotechnology Department, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Castricum A, Bakker EH, de Vetten NCMH, Weemen M, Angenent GC, Immink RGH, Bemer M. HD-ZIP Transcription Factors and Brassinosteroid Signaling Play a Role in Capitulum Patterning in Chrysanthemum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087655. [PMID: 37108818 PMCID: PMC10141471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum is a genus in the Asteraceae family containing numerous cut flower varieties with high ornamental value. It owes its beauty to the composite flower head, which resembles a compact inflorescence. This structure is also known as a capitulum, in which many ray and disc florets are densely packed. The ray florets are localized at the rim, are male sterile, and have large colorful petals. The centrally localized disc florets develop only a small petal tube but produce fertile stamens and a functional pistil. Nowadays, varieties with more ray florets are bred because of their high ornamental value, but, unfortunately, this is at the expense of their seed setting. In this study, we confirmed that the disc:ray floret ratio is highly correlated to seed set efficiency, and therefore, we further investigated the mechanisms that underlie the regulation of the disc:ray floret ratio. To this end, a comprehensive transcriptomics analysis was performed in two acquired mutants with a higher disc:ray floret ratio. Among the differentially regulated genes, various potential brassinosteroid (BR) signaling genes and HD-ZIP class IV homeodomain transcription factors stood out. Detailed follow-up functional studies confirmed that reduced BR levels and downregulation of HD-ZIP IV gene Chrysanthemum morifolium PROTODERMAL FACTOR 2 (CmPDF2) result in an increased disc:ray floret ratio, thereby providing ways to improve seed set in decorative chrysanthemum varieties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Castricum
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Dekker Chrysanten, 1711 RP Hensbroek, The Netherlands
| | - Erin H Bakker
- Dekker Chrysanten, 1711 RP Hensbroek, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mieke Weemen
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Bemer
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Pu Y, Liao M, Li J, Tian Y, Wang Z, Song X, Dai S. Floral Development Stage-Specific Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Formation Mechanism of Different Shapes of Ray Florets in Chrysanthemum. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030766. [PMID: 36981036 PMCID: PMC10048392 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation mechanism of different ray floret shapes of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium) remains elusive due to its complex genetic background. C. vestitum, with the basic ray floret shapes of the flat, spoon, and tubular types, is considered a model material for studying ray floret morphogenesis. In this study, the flat and tubular type lines of C. vestitum at specific stages were used to investigate the key genes that regulate morphological differences in ray florets. We found that the expression levels of genes related to auxin synthesis, transport, and response were generally higher in the tubular type than in the flat type. CvARF3 was highly expressed in the flat type, while CvARF5 and CvARF6 were highly expressed in the tubular type. Additionally, the transcription levels of Class B and E genes closely related to petal development, including CvPI, CvAP3, Cvdefh21, CvSEP3, and CvCDM77, were expressed at higher levels in the tubular type than the flat type. Based on the results, it is proposed that auxin plays a key role in the development of ray florets, and auxin-related genes, especially CvARFs, may be key genes to control the morphological difference of ray florets. Simultaneously, MADS-box genes are involved in the co-regulation of ray floret morphogenesis. The results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism of different petal type formation and lay a theoretical foundation for the directional breeding of petal type in chrysanthemums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Pu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Minling Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junzhuo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuankai Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhongman Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiang Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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11
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Light Microscopy Technologies and the Plant Cytoskeleton. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2604:337-352. [PMID: 36773248 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic and diverse subcellular filament network, and as such microscopy is an essential technology to enable researchers to study and characterize these systems. Microscopy has a long history of observing the plant world not least as the subject where Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" in his publication Micrographia. From early observations of plant morphology to today's advanced super-resolution technologies, light microscopy is the indispensable tool for the plant cell biologist. In this mini review, we will discuss some of the major modalities used to examine the plant cytoskeleton and the theory behind them.
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12
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Organ Patterning at the Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM): The Potential Role of the Vascular System. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin, which is transported in the outermost cell layer, is one of the major players involved in plant organ initiation and positioning at the shoot apical meristem (SAM). However, recent studies have recognized the role of putative internal signals as an important factor collaborating with the well-described superficial pathway of organogenesis regulation. Different internal signals have been proposed; however, their nature and transport route have not been precisely determined. Therefore, in this mini-review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the auxin-dependent regulation of organ positioning at the SAM and to discuss the vascular system as a potential route for internal signals. In addition, as regular organ patterning is a universal phenomenon, we focus on the role of the vasculature in this process in the major lineages of land plants, i.e., bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
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13
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Marshall CM, Thompson VL, Creux NM, Harmer SL. The circadian clock controls temporal and spatial patterns of floral development in sunflower. eLife 2023; 12:80984. [PMID: 36637156 PMCID: PMC9977281 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological rhythms are ubiquitous. They can be generated by circadian oscillators, which produce daily rhythms in physiology and behavior, as well as by developmental oscillators such as the segmentation clock, which periodically produces modular developmental units. Here, we show that the circadian clock controls the timing of late-stage floret development, or anthesis, in domesticated sunflowers. In these plants, up to thousands of individual florets are tightly packed onto a capitulum disk. While early floret development occurs continuously across capitula to generate iconic spiral phyllotaxy, during anthesis floret development occurs in discrete ring-like pseudowhorls with up to hundreds of florets undergoing simultaneous maturation. We demonstrate circadian regulation of floral organ growth and show that the effects of light on this process are time-of-day dependent. Delays in the phase of floral anthesis delay morning visits by pollinators, while disruption of circadian rhythms in floral organ development causes loss of pseudowhorl formation and large reductions in pollinator visits. We therefore show that the sunflower circadian clock acts in concert with environmental response pathways to tightly synchronize the anthesis of hundreds of florets each day, generating spatial patterns on the developing capitulum disk. This coordinated mass release of floral rewards at predictable times of day likely promotes pollinator visits and plant reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine M Marshall
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Veronica L Thompson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Nicky M Creux
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, FABI, Innovation Africa, University of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Stacey L Harmer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
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14
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Flower-like meristem conditions and spatial constraints shape architecture of floral pseudanthia in Apioideae. EvoDevo 2022; 13:19. [PMID: 36536450 PMCID: PMC9764545 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-022-00204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudanthia are multiflowered units that resemble single flowers, frequently by association with pseudocorollas formed by enlarged peripheral florets (ray flowers). Such resemblance is not only superficial, because numerous pseudanthia originate from peculiar reproductive meristems with flower-like characteristics, i.e. floral unit meristems (FUMs). Complex FUM-derived pseudanthia with ray flowers are especially common in Apiaceae, but our knowledge about their patterning is limited. In this paper, we aimed to investigate both the genetic and morphological basis of their development. RESULTS We analysed umbel morphogenesis with SEM in six species representing four clades of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae with independently acquired floral pseudanthia. Additionally, using in situ hybridization, we investigated expression patterns of LEAFY (LFY), UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO), and CYCLOIDEA (CYC) during umbel development in carrot (Daucus carota subsp. carota). Here, we show that initial differences in size and shape of umbel meristems influence the position of ray flower formation, whereas an interplay between peripheral promotion and spatial constraints in umbellet meristems take part in the establishment of specific patterns of zygomorphy in ray flowers of Apiaceae. This space-dependent patterning results from flower-like morphogenetic traits of the umbel which are also visible at the molecular level. Transcripts of DcLFY are uniformly distributed in the incipient umbel, umbellet and flower meristems, while DcCYC shows divergent expression in central and peripheral florets. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that umbels develop from determinate reproductive meristems with flower-like characteristics, which supports their recognition as floral units. The great architectural diversity and complexity of pseudanthia in Apiaceae can be explained by the unique conditions of FUMs-an interplay between expression of regulatory genes, specific spatio-temporal ontogenetic constraints and morphogenetic gradients arising during expansion and repetitive fractionation. Alongside Asteraceae, umbellifers constitute an interesting model for investigation of patterning in complex pseudanthia.
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15
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Melzer R. Flowering Newsletter 2022. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4605-4607. [PMID: 35950461 PMCID: PMC9366318 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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16
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Prusinkiewicz P, Zhang T, Owens A, Cieslak M, Elomaa P. Phyllotaxis without symmetry: what can we learn from flower heads? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3319-3329. [PMID: 35275600 PMCID: PMC9162182 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phyllotaxis is commonly considered in the context of circular meristems or receptacles, yet non-circular (fasciated) structures also give rise to new primordia and organs. Here we investigate phyllotactic patterns in fasciated flower heads in the Asteraceae plant family. We begin by surveying the phenomenon of fasciation. We then show that phyllotactic patterns in fasciated heads can be generated by removing the inessential assumption of circularity from the previously published model of gerbera heads. To characterize these patterns, we revisit the conceptual framework in which phyllotactic patterns are commonly described. We note that some notions, in particular parastichies and parastichy numbers, maintain their significance in non-circular phyllotaxis, whereas others, in particular the divergence angle, need to be extended or lose their role. These observations highlight a number of open problems related to phyllotaxis in general, which may be elucidated by studies of fasciated heads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew Owens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mikolaj Cieslak
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Cieslak M, Owens A, Prusinkiewicz P. Computational Models of Auxin-Driven Patterning in Shoots. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040097. [PMID: 34001531 PMCID: PMC8886983 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Auxin regulates many aspects of plant development and behavior, including the initiation of new outgrowth, patterning of vascular systems, control of branching, and responses to the environment. Computational models have complemented experimental studies of these processes. We review these models from two perspectives. First, we consider cellular and tissue-level models of interaction between auxin and its transporters in shoots. These models form a coherent body of results exploring different hypotheses pertinent to the patterning of new outgrowth and vascular strands. Second, we consider models operating at the level of plant organs and entire plants. We highlight techniques used to reduce the complexity of these models, which provide a path to capturing the essence of studied phenomena while running simulations efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Cieslak
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andrew Owens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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18
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Min Y, Conway SJ, Kramer EM. Quantitative live imaging of floral organ initiation and floral meristem termination in Aquilegia. Development 2022; 149:274399. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
In-depth investigation of any developmental process in plants requires knowledge of both the underpinning molecular networks and how they directly determine patterns of cell division and expansion over time. Floral meristems (FMs) produce floral organs, after which they undergo floral meristem termination (FMT); precise control of organ initiation and FMT is crucial to the reproductive success of any flowering plant. Using live confocal imaging, we characterized developmental dynamics during floral organ primordia initiation and FMT in Aquilegia coerulea (Ranunculaceae). Our results uncover distinct patterns of primordium initiation between stamens and staminodes compared with carpels, and provide insight into the process of FMT, which is discernable based on cell division dynamics that precede carpel initiation. To our knowledge, this is the first quantitative live imaging of meristem development in a system with numerous whorls of floral organs, as well as an apocarpous gynoecium. This study provides crucial information for our understanding of how the spatial-temporal regulation of floral meristem behavior is achieved in both evolutionary and developmental contexts.
This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Min
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Conway
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Elena M. Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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19
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Ovečka M, Sojka J, Tichá M, Komis G, Basheer J, Marchetti C, Šamajová O, Kuběnová L, Šamaj J. Imaging plant cells and organs with light-sheet and super-resolution microscopy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:683-702. [PMID: 35235660 PMCID: PMC8825356 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The documentation of plant growth and development requires integrative and scalable approaches to investigate and spatiotemporally resolve various dynamic processes at different levels of plant body organization. The present update deals with vigorous developments in mesoscopy, microscopy and nanoscopy methods that have been translated to imaging of plant subcellular compartments, cells, tissues and organs over the past 3 years with the aim to report recent applications and reasonable expectations from current light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) and super-resolution microscopy (SRM) modalities. Moreover, the shortcomings and limitations of existing LSFM and SRM are discussed, particularly for their ability to accommodate plant samples and regarding their documentation potential considering spherical aberrations or temporal restrictions prohibiting the dynamic recording of fast cellular processes at the three dimensions. For a more comprehensive description, advances in living or fixed sample preparation methods are also included, supported by an overview of developments in labeling strategies successfully applied in plants. These strategies are practically documented by current applications employing model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., but also robust crop species such as Medicago sativa L. and Hordeum vulgare L. Over the past few years, the trend towards designing of integrative microscopic modalities has become apparent and it is expected that in the near future LSFM and SRM will be bridged to achieve broader multiscale plant imaging with a single platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Sojka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Tichá
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jasim Basheer
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Cintia Marchetti
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kuběnová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Author for communication:
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20
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The Search for Geometrical Parameters That Represent the Dynamic Nature of Phyllotaxis in Plants. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is the main growth centre that produces lateral organs such as leaves in specific and precise symmetrical patterns. The main goal of this commentary is to explore the link between phyllotactic parameters such as the plastochrone ratio (R) as well as Γ (relationship between the size of the SAM and the size of primordia) and growth processes involved in the expression of symmetrical patterns at the level of the SAM. It is also possible to deduce the values of these parameters from measures of the apical area and the radius of the SAM. A comparative analysis of phyllotactic parameters for three species (Begonia scabrida, Euterpe oleracea, and Anagallis arvensis) for which ‘dynamic’ data are available reveals that empirical and theoretical values of R and Γ can differ, indicating that characters defining these parameters are subject to developmental constraints that in turn determine the boundary conditions for the dynamic manifestation of phyllotactic patterns. One of the main challenges that remains is the ability to consistently and effectively observe the dynamic changes taking place at the SAM (in real time) over an extended period.
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21
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Yin X, Tsukaya H. Fibonacci spirals may not need the Golden Angle. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e13. [PMID: 37077968 PMCID: PMC10095852 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phyllotaxis, the regular arrangement of plant lateral organs, is an important aspect of quantitative plant biology. Some models relying on the geometric relationship of the shoot apex and organ primordia focus mainly on spiral phyllotaxis, a common phyllotaxis mode. While these models often predict the dependency of Fibonacci spirals on the Golden Angle, other models do not emphasise such a relation. Phyllotactic patterning in Asteraceae is one such example. Recently, it was revealed that auxin dynamics and the expansion and contraction of the active ring of the capitulum (head) are the key processes to guide Fibonacci spirals in gerbera (Gerbera hybrida). In this Insights paper, we discuss the importance of auxin dynamics, distinct phases of phyllotactic patterning, and the transition of phyllotaxis modes. These findings signify the local interaction among primordia in phyllotactic patterning and the notion that Fibonacci spirals may not need the Golden Angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Author for correspondence: X. Yin, E-mail:
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Marconi M, Wabnik K. Shaping the Organ: A Biologist Guide to Quantitative Models of Plant Morphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:746183. [PMID: 34675952 PMCID: PMC8523991 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.746183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organ morphogenesis is the process of shape acquisition initiated with a small reservoir of undifferentiated cells. In plants, morphogenesis is a complex endeavor that comprises a large number of interacting elements, including mechanical stimuli, biochemical signaling, and genetic prerequisites. Because of the large body of data being produced by modern laboratories, solving this complexity requires the application of computational techniques and analyses. In the last two decades, computational models combined with wet-lab experiments have advanced our understanding of plant organ morphogenesis. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the most important achievements in the field of computational plant morphodynamics. We present a brief history from the earliest attempts to describe plant forms using algorithmic pattern generation to the evolution of quantitative cell-based models fueled by increasing computational power. We then provide an overview of the most common types of "digital plant" paradigms, and demonstrate how models benefit from diverse techniques used to describe cell growth mechanics. Finally, we highlight the development of computational frameworks designed to resolve organ shape complexity through integration of mechanical, biochemical, and genetic cues into a quantitative standardized and user-friendly environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
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23
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Vijverberg K, Welten M, Kraaij M, van Heuven BJ, Smets E, Gravendeel B. Sepal Identity of the Pappus and Floral Organ Development in the Common Dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale; Asteraceae). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081682. [PMID: 34451727 PMCID: PMC8398263 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dry one-seeded fruits (cypselae) of the Asteraceae are often crowned with a pappus, an appendage of hairs or scales that assists in dispersal. It is generally assumed, but little investigated, that the pappus represents the outer floral whorl where the sepals are usually located. We analysed pappus–sepal homology in dandelions using micromorphological and floral gene expression analyses. We show that the pappus initiates from a ring primordium at the base of the corolla, heterochronic to the petals. Pappus parts form from this ring, with those in the alternipetalaous position usually being ahead in growth, referring to sepal identity. Tof-APETALLA1 expression increased during floret development and was highest in mature pappus. Tof-PISTILLATA expression was high and confined to the floral tissues containing the petals and stamens, consistent with expectations for sepals. Apart from the pappus, the dispersal structure of dandelion consists of the upper part of the fruit, the beak, which originates from the inner floral whorl. Thus, our results support the homology of the pappus with the sepals, but show that it is highly derived. Together with our floral stage definitions and verified qPCR reference genes, they provide a basis for evolution and development studies in dandelions and possibly other Asteraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Vijverberg
- Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (B.J.v.H.); (E.S.); (B.G.)
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)715271910
| | - Monique Welten
- Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (B.J.v.H.); (E.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Marjan Kraaij
- Evolutionary Genetics, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Bertie Joan van Heuven
- Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (B.J.v.H.); (E.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Erik Smets
- Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (B.J.v.H.); (E.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (B.J.v.H.); (E.S.); (B.G.)
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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24
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Yin X, Kitazawa MS. Beyond Fibonacci patterns and the golden angle: phyllotactic variations and their cellular origin. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:369-371. [PMID: 33909170 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Miho S Kitazawa
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, 1-16 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
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25
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Lin X, Huang S, Huang G, Chen Y, Wang X, Wang Y. 14-3-3 Proteins Are Involved in BR-Induced Ray Petal Elongation in Gerbera hybrida. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:718091. [PMID: 34421972 PMCID: PMC8371339 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.718091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins play a major role in the regulation of primary metabolism, protein transport, ion channel activity, signal transduction and biotic/abiotic stress responses. However, their involvement in petal growth and development is largely unknown. Here, we identified and characterized the expression patterns of seven genes of the 14-3-3 family in gerbera. While none of the genes showed any tissue or developmental specificity of spatiotemporal expression, all seven predicted proteins have the nine α-helices typical of 14-3-3 proteins. Following treatment with brassinolide, an endogenous brassinosteroid, the Gh14-3-3 genes displayed various response patterns; for example, Gh14-3-3b and Gh14-3-3f reached their highest expression level at early (2 h) and late (24 h) timepoints, respectively. Further study revealed that overexpression of Gh14-3-3b or Gh14-3-3f promoted cell elongation, leading to an increase in ray petal length. By contrast, silencing of Gh14-3-3b or Gh14-3-3f inhibited petal elongation, which was eliminated partly by brassinolide. Correspondingly, the expression of petal elongation-related and brassinosteroid signaling-related genes was modified in transgenic petals. Taken together, our research suggests that Gh14-3-3b and Gh14-3-3f are positive regulators of brassinosteroid-induced ray petal elongation and thus provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism of petal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shina Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yaqin Wang,
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