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Zhou C, Qiao W, Hua J, Chen L. Automotive Augmented Reality Head-Up Displays. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:442. [PMID: 38675254 PMCID: PMC11052328 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
As the next generation of in-vehicle intelligent platforms, the augmented reality heads-up display (AR-HUD) has a huge information interaction capacity, can provide drivers with auxiliary driving information, avoid the distractions caused by the lower head during the driving process, and greatly improve driving safety. However, AR-HUD systems still face great challenges in the realization of multi-plane full-color display, and they cannot truly achieve the integration of virtual information and real road conditions. To overcome these problems, many new devices and materials have been applied to AR-HUDs, and many novel systems have been developed. This study first reviews some key metrics of HUDs, investigates the structures of various picture generation units (PGUs), and finally focuses on the development status of AR-HUDs, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of existing technologies, and points out the future research directions for AR-HUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhou
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (C.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.)
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Wen Qiao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (C.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.)
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jianyu Hua
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (C.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.)
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Linsen Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (C.Z.); (J.H.); (L.C.)
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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Qi L, Li P, Zhang X, Wong KM, Lau KM. Monolithic full-color active-matrix micro-LED micro-display using InGaN/AlGaInP heterogeneous integration. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:258. [PMID: 37899364 PMCID: PMC10613616 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01298-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
A prototype of full-color active-matrix micro-light-emitting diode (micro-LED) micro-display with a pixel density of 391 pixel per inch (ppi) using InGaN/AlGaInP heterogeneous integration is demonstrated. InGaN blue/green dual-color micro-LED arrays realized on a single metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)-grown GaN-on-Si epiwafer and AlGaInP red micro-LED arrays are both monolithically fabricated, followed by the integration with a common complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) backplane via flip-chip bonding technology to form a double-layer thin-film display structure. Full-color images with decent color gamut and brightness are successfully displayed through the fine adjustment of driving current densities of RGB subpixels. This full-color display combines the advantages of high quantum efficiency of InGaN material on blue/green light and AlGaInP material on red light through heterogeneous integration and high pixel density through monolithic fabrication approach, demonstrating the feasibility and prospects of high brightness, good color performance, and high-resolution micro-LED micro-displays in future metaverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longheng Qi
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peian Li
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Ming Wong
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kei May Lau
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Vertical full-colour micro-LEDs via 2D materials-based layer transfer. Nature 2023; 614:81-87. [PMID: 36725999 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Micro-LEDs (µLEDs) have been explored for augmented and virtual reality display applications that require extremely high pixels per inch and luminance1,2. However, conventional manufacturing processes based on the lateral assembly of red, green and blue (RGB) µLEDs have limitations in enhancing pixel density3-6. Recent demonstrations of vertical µLED displays have attempted to address this issue by stacking freestanding RGB LED membranes and fabricating top-down7-14, but minimization of the lateral dimensions of stacked µLEDs has been difficult. Here we report full-colour, vertically stacked µLEDs that achieve, to our knowledge, the highest array density (5,100 pixels per inch) and the smallest size (4 µm) reported to date. This is enabled by a two-dimensional materials-based layer transfer technique15-18 that allows the growth of RGB LEDs of near-submicron thickness on two-dimensional material-coated substrates via remote or van der Waals epitaxy, mechanical release and stacking of LEDs, followed by top-down fabrication. The smallest-ever stack height of around 9 µm is the key enabler for record high µLED array density. We also demonstrate vertical integration of blue µLEDs with silicon membrane transistors for active matrix operation. These results establish routes to creating full-colour µLED displays for augmented and virtual reality, while also offering a generalizable platform for broader classes of three-dimensional integrated devices.
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Li Z, Chu S, Zhang Y, Chen W, Chen J, Yuan Y, Yang S, Zhou H, Chen T, Xiao Z. Mass Transfer Printing of Metal-Halide Perovskite Films and Nanostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203529. [PMID: 35908154 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most methods of depositing perovskite films cannot meet the diverse requirements of real applications such as depositing films on various types of substrates, making patterns with different bandgaps for full-color display. Here, a robust mass transfer method of perovskite films and nanostructures is reported, meeting those requirements, by using an ultrathin branched polyethylenimine as interfacial chemical bonding layers. The transfer-printed perovskite films exhibit comparable morphology, composition, optoelectronic properties, and device performances with the counterparts made by optimized spin-coating methods. The perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) using the transfer-printed films show decent external quantum efficiencies of 10.5% and 6.7% for red (680 nm) and sky-blue (493 nm) emissions, which are similar to the devices made by spin-coating. This robust transfer printing method also enables the the preparation of perovskite micropatterns with a high resolution up to 1270 pixels per inch. Horizontally aligned red and sky-blue perovskite microstripes are further obtained through multiple printing processes for white PeLEDs. This work demonstrates a feasible strategy for making perovskite films or micropatterns on various substrates for real applications in full-color display, white LEDs, lasing, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shenglong Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yongbo Yuan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hongmin Zhou
- Instruments Center for Physical Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Tao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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Zhang H, Peng Y, Zhang N, Yang J, Wang Y, Ding H. Emerging Optoelectronic Devices Based on Microscale LEDs and Their Use as Implantable Biomedical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071069. [PMID: 35888886 PMCID: PMC9323269 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film microscale light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are efficient light sources and their integrated applications offer robust capabilities and potential strategies in biomedical science. By leveraging innovations in the design of optoelectronic semiconductor structures, advanced fabrication techniques, biocompatible encapsulation, remote control circuits, wireless power supply strategies, etc., these emerging applications provide implantable probes that differ from conventional tethering techniques such as optical fibers. This review introduces the recent advancements of thin-film microscale LEDs for biomedical applications, covering the device lift-off and transfer printing fabrication processes and the representative biomedical applications for light stimulation, therapy, and photometric biosensing. Wireless power delivery systems have been outlined and discussed to facilitate the operation of implantable probes. With such wireless, battery-free, and minimally invasive implantable light-source probes, these biomedical applications offer excellent opportunities and instruments for both biomedical sciences research and clinical diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yanxiu Peng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Nuohan Zhang
- GMA Optoelectronic Technology Limited, Xinyang 464000, China;
| | - Jian Yang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yongtian Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - He Ding
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Oh J, Kim D, Yang D, Hwang K, Hwang J, Kim J, Lee S, Ryu J, Park S, Shin JK, Kim Y, Park Y, Yoon E, Jang HW. Self-Assembled Size-Tunable Microlight-Emitting Diodes Using Multiple Sapphire Nanomembranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:25781-25791. [PMID: 35623063 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microlight-emitting diode (Micro-LED) is the only display production technology capable of meeting the high-performance requirements of future screens. However, it has significant obstacles in commercialization due to etching loss and efficiency reduction caused by the singulation process, in addition to expensive costs and a significant amount of time spent on transfer. Herein, multiple-sapphire nanomembrane (MSNM) technology has been developed that enables the rapid transfer of arrays while producing micro-LEDs without the need for any singulation procedure. Individual micro-LEDs of tens of μm size were formed by the pendeo-epitaxy and coalescence of GaN grown on 2 μm width SNMs spaced with regular intervals. We have successfully fabricated micro-LEDs of different sizes including 20 × 20 μm2, 40 × 40 μm2, and 100 × 100 μm2, utilizing the membrane design. It was confirmed that the 100 × 100 μm2 micro-LED manufactured with MSNM technology not only relieved stress by 80.6% but also reduced threading dislocation density by 58.7% compared to the reference sample. It was proven that micro-LED arrays of varied chip sizes using MSNM were all transferred to the backplane. A vertical structure LED device could be fabricated using a 100 × 100 μm2 micro-LED chip, and it was confirmed to have a low operation voltage. Our work suggests that the development of the MSNM technology is promising for the commercialization of micro-LED technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehong Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Duyoung Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungwook Hwang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsik Hwang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmyeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungel Ryu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jai-Kwang Shin
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsung Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjo Park
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229 Republic of Korea
| | - Euijoon Yoon
- Korea Institute of Energy Technology, Naju 58330, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229 Republic of Korea
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Colocalized, bidirectional optogenetic modulations in freely behaving mice with a wireless dual-color optoelectronic probe. Nat Commun 2022; 13:839. [PMID: 35149715 PMCID: PMC8837785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic methods provide efficient cell-specific modulations, and the ability of simultaneous neural activation and inhibition in the same brain region of freely moving animals is highly desirable. Here we report bidirectional neuronal activity manipulation accomplished by a wireless, dual-color optogenetic probe in synergy with the co-expression of two spectrally distinct opsins (ChrimsonR and stGtACR2) in a rodent model. The flexible probe comprises vertically assembled, thin-film microscale light-emitting diodes with a lateral dimension of 125 × 180 µm2, showing colocalized red and blue emissions and enabling chronic in vivo operations with desirable biocompatibilities. Red or blue irradiations deterministically evoke or silence neurons co-expressing the two opsins. The probe interferes with dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of mice, increasing or decreasing dopamine levels. Such bidirectional regulations further generate rewarding and aversive behaviors and interrogate social interactions among multiple mice. These technologies create numerous opportunities and implications for brain research.
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Xiong J, Hsiang EL, He Z, Zhan T, Wu ST. Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: emerging technologies and future perspectives. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:216. [PMID: 34697292 PMCID: PMC8546092 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With rapid advances in high-speed communication and computation, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are emerging as next-generation display platforms for deeper human-digital interactions. Nonetheless, to simultaneously match the exceptional performance of human vision and keep the near-eye display module compact and lightweight imposes unprecedented challenges on optical engineering. Fortunately, recent progress in holographic optical elements (HOEs) and lithography-enabled devices provide innovative ways to tackle these obstacles in AR and VR that are otherwise difficult with traditional optics. In this review, we begin with introducing the basic structures of AR and VR headsets, and then describing the operation principles of various HOEs and lithography-enabled devices. Their properties are analyzed in detail, including strong selectivity on wavelength and incident angle, and multiplexing ability of volume HOEs, polarization dependency and active switching of liquid crystal HOEs, device fabrication, and properties of micro-LEDs (light-emitting diodes), and large design freedoms of metasurfaces. Afterwards, we discuss how these devices help enhance the AR and VR performance, with detailed description and analysis of some state-of-the-art architectures. Finally, we cast a perspective on potential developments and research directions of these photonic devices for future AR and VR displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Xiong
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - En-Lin Hsiang
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Ziqian He
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Tao Zhan
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Shin-Tson Wu
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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