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Halsey LG, Careau V, Pontzer H, Ainslie PN, Andersen LF, Anderson LJ, Arab L, Baddou I, Bedu-Addo K, Blaak EE, Blanc S, Bonomi AG, Bouten CVC, Bovet P, Buchowski MS, Butte NF, Camps SGJA, Close GL, Cooper JA, Das SK, Cooper R, Dugas LR, Ekelund U, Entringer S, Forrester T, Fudge BW, Goris AH, Gurven M, Hambly C, Hamdouchi AE, Hoos MB, Hu S, Joonas N, Joosen AM, Katzmarzyk P, Kempen KP, Kimura M, Kraus WE, Kushner RF, Lambert EV, Leonard WR, Lessan N, Martin CK, Medin AC, Meijer EP, Morehen JC, Morton JP, Neuhouser ML, Nicklas TA, Ojiambo RM, Pietiläinen KH, Pitsiladis YP, Plange-Rhule J, Plasqui G, Prentice RL, Rabinovich RA, Racette SB, Raichlen DA, Ravussin E, Reynolds RM, Roberts SB, Schuit AJ, Sjödin AM, Stice E, Urlacher SS, Valenti G, Van Etten LM, Van Mil EA, Wilson G, Wood BM, Yanovski J, Yoshida T, Zhang X, Murphy-Alford AJ, Loechl CU, Luke AH, Rood J, Sagayama H, Schoeller DA, Westerterp KR, Wong WW, Yamada Y, Speakman JR. Variability in energy expenditure is much greater in males than females. J Hum Evol 2022; 171:103229. [PMID: 36115145 PMCID: PMC9791915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, trait variation is often reported to be greater among males than females. However, to date, mainly only morphological traits have been studied. Energy expenditure represents the metabolic costs of multiple physical, physiological, and behavioral traits. Energy expenditure could exhibit particularly high greater male variation through a cumulative effect if those traits mostly exhibit greater male variation, or a lack of greater male variation if many of them do not. Sex differences in energy expenditure variation have been little explored. We analyzed a large database on energy expenditure in adult humans (1494 males and 3108 females) to investigate whether humans have evolved sex differences in the degree of interindividual variation in energy expenditure. We found that, even when statistically comparing males and females of the same age, height, and body composition, there is much more variation in total, activity, and basal energy expenditure among males. However, with aging, variation in total energy expenditure decreases, and because this happens more rapidly in males, the magnitude of greater male variation, though still large, is attenuated in older age groups. Considerably greater male variation in both total and activity energy expenditure could be explained by greater male variation in levels of daily activity. The considerably greater male variation in basal energy expenditure is remarkable and may be explained, at least in part, by greater male variation in the size of energy-demanding organs. If energy expenditure is a trait that is of indirect interest to females when choosing a sexual partner, this would suggest that energy expenditure is under sexual selection. However, we present a novel energetics model demonstrating that it is also possible that females have been under stabilizing selection pressure for an intermediate basal energy expenditure to maximize energy available for reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis G Halsey
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, UK.
| | - Vincent Careau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lene F Andersen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Liam J Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lenore Arab
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Issad Baddou
- Unité Mixte de Recherche en Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN-Université Ibn Tofail URAC39, Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kweku Bedu-Addo
- Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephane Blanc
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS Université de Strasbourg, UMR7178, France
| | | | - Carlijn V C Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven Unversity of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Bovet
- Pascal Bovet, University Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland & Ministry of Health, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Maciej S Buchowski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutritiion, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nancy F Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stefan G J A Camps
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sai Krupa Das
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington St., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Cooper
- Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Lara R Dugas
- Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Solutions for Developing Countries, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | | | - Annelies H Goris
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Asmaa El Hamdouchi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche en Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN-Université Ibn Tofail URAC39, Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Marije B Hoos
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sumei Hu
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Noorjehan Joonas
- Central Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Mauritius
| | - Annemiek M Joosen
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Katzmarzyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kitty P Kempen
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Misaka Kimura
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - William E Kraus
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert F Kushner
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Estelle V Lambert
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Nader Lessan
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Imperial College London Diabetes Centre, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anine C Medin
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Erwin P Meijer
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - James C Morehen
- The FA Group, Burton-Upon-Trent, Staffordshire, UK; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and School of Public Health, University of WA, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theresa A Nicklas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert M Ojiambo
- Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; University of Global Health Equity, Rwanda
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, and Obesity Center, Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jacob Plange-Rhule
- Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ross L Prentice
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and School of Public Health, University of WA, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Susan B Racette
- Program in Physical Therapy and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David A Raichlen
- Biological Sciences and Anthropology, University of Southern California, California, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susan B Roberts
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington St., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Anders M Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Stice
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samuel S Urlacher
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Child and Brain Development, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada
| | - Giulio Valenti
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Phillips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ludo M Van Etten
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edgar A Van Mil
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Campus Greenport Venlo and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - George Wilson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brian M Wood
- Department of Anthropology University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture
| | - Jack Yanovski
- Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tsukasa Yoshida
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xueying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Alexia J Murphy-Alford
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia U Loechl
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amy H Luke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - Jennifer Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Dale A Schoeller
- Biotech Center and Nutritional Sciences University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Klaas R Westerterp
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - William W Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan, and Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; State Key Laboratory of Molecular developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, China.
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