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Gelfand MJ, Gavrilets S, Nunn N. Norm Dynamics: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Social Norm Emergence, Persistence, and Change. Annu Rev Psychol 2024; 75:341-378. [PMID: 37906949 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-033020-013319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Social norms are the glue that holds society together, yet our knowledge of them remains heavily intellectually siloed. This article provides an interdisciplinary review of the emerging field of norm dynamics by integrating research across the social sciences through a cultural-evolutionary lens. After reviewing key distinctions in theory and method, we discuss research on norm psychology-the neural and cognitive underpinnings of social norm learning and acquisition. We then overview how norms emerge and spread through intergenerational transmission, social networks, and group-level ecological and historical factors. Next, we discuss multilevel factors that lead norms to persist, change, or erode over time. We also consider cultural mismatches that can arise when a changing environment leads once-beneficial norms to become maladaptive. Finally, we discuss potential future research directions and the implications of norm dynamics for theory and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele J Gelfand
- Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA;
| | - Sergey Gavrilets
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nathan Nunn
- Vancouver School of Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bunn M, Christopher E, Polutnik-Smith C, McCoy J, Hanneke R, King M, Ellis BH, Cardeli E, Weine S. Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Women and Children Returning from Violent Extremist Contexts: A Rapid Review to Inform Program and Policy Development. TERRORISM AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE 2023; 36:455-487. [PMID: 38784065 PMCID: PMC11114743 DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2023.2169143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This rapid review used a systematic approach to examine the available literature on rehabilitation and reintegration (R&R) programs for women and children returning from contexts of violent extremism, examining common assumptions, inputs, activities and outcomes across diverse settings. Fifty-one documents including peer reviewed articles and grey literature were included in the analysis. The most common program activities identified included mental health services, community level social programs, promoting school and vocational enrollment, regular health services, and parenting training & education, though there was a lack of consensus around core program components. The analysis points to the need for a robust set of inputs and resources to implement R&R programs including government officials, child welfare, mental health professionals, teachers, law enforcement, healthcare, community leaders, and extended family. The review also uncovered a number of gaps. This includes the need to create clear and analytically distinct definitions of rehabilitation and reintegration that are applicable and relevant to key stakeholders, delineating age-appropriate activities and outcomes for young children, youth, and adults, defining frameworks for service delivery and coordination of stakeholders, and placing R&R programs within existing domains of public safety and restorative justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Bunn
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Global Health, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Enryka Christopher
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Global Health, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Trauma and Community Resilience Center, Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chloe Polutnik-Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Global Health, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John McCoy
- Organization for the Prevention of Violence, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rosie Hanneke
- Information Services & Research Department, Library of the Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael King
- Organization for the Prevention of Violence, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - B. Heidi Ellis
- Trauma and Community Resilience Center, Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emma Cardeli
- Trauma and Community Resilience Center, Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stevan Weine
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Global Health, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Religious leaders can motivate men to cede power and reduce intimate partner violence: Experimental evidence from Uganda. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200262119. [PMID: 35905318 PMCID: PMC9351535 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200262119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Violence committed by men against women in intimate relationships is a pervasive problem around the world. Patriarchal norms that place men as the head of household are often to blame. Previous research suggests that trusted authorities can shift perceptions of norms and create behavior change. In many settings, a compelling authority on behavior in relationships is religious leaders, who are influential sources of information about proper conduct in relationships and gatekeepers of marriage, but may also uphold traditional gender roles. One way leaders exert their influence is through premarital or couples counseling courses. In this study, we test whether, if given an opportunity to offer a more progressive religious interpretation of gender roles during these courses, religious leaders could motivate men to share power and thereby reduce violence. Building on existing faith networks of Christian religious leaders in western Uganda, we conducted a large pair-matched, randomized controlled trial among 1,680 heterosexual couples in which participants were randomized to attend a 12-session group counseling course or wait-listed. We find that the program shifted power from men to women and reduced intimate partner violence by five percentage points, comparable with more intensive secular programs. These improvements were largest among couples counseled by religious leaders who held the most progressive views at baseline and who critically engaged with the material. Our findings suggest that religious leaders can be effective agents of change for reducing violence.
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