1
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Fábri C, Halász GJ, Cederbaum LS, Vibók Á. Impact of Cavity on Molecular Ionization Spectra. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4655-4661. [PMID: 38647546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Ionization phenomena have been widely studied for decades. With the advent of cavity technology, the question arises how quantum light affects molecular ionization. As the ionization spectrum is recorded from the neutral ground state, it is usually possible to choose cavities which exert negligible effect on the neutral ground state, but have significant impact on the ion and the ionization spectrum. Particularly interesting are cases where the ion exhibits conical intersections between close-lying electronic states, which gives rise to substantial nonadiabatic effects. Assuming single-molecule strong coupling, we demonstrate that vibrational modes irrelevant in the absence of a cavity play a decisive role when the molecule is in the cavity. Here, dynamical symmetry breaking is responsible for the ion-cavity coupling and high symmetry enables control of the coupling via molecular orientation relative to the cavity field polarization. Significant impact on the spectrum by the cavity is found and shown to even substantially increase for less symmetric molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor J Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd, Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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2
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Schäfer C, Fojt J, Lindgren E, Erhart P. Machine Learning for Polaritonic Chemistry: Accessing Chemical Kinetics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5402-5413. [PMID: 38354223 PMCID: PMC10910569 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Altering chemical reactivity and material structure in confined optical environments is on the rise, and yet, a conclusive understanding of the microscopic mechanisms remains elusive. This originates mostly from the fact that accurately predicting vibrational and reactive dynamics for soluted ensembles of realistic molecules is no small endeavor, and adding (collective) strong light-matter interaction does not simplify matters. Here, we establish a framework based on a combination of machine learning (ML) models, trained using density-functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics to accelerate such simulations. We then apply this approach to evaluate strong coupling, changes in reaction rate constant, and their influence on enthalpy and entropy for the deprotection reaction of 1-phenyl-2-trimethylsilylacetylene, which has been studied previously both experimentally and using ab initio simulations. While we find qualitative agreement with critical experimental observations, especially with regard to the changes in kinetics, we also find differences in comparison with previous theoretical predictions. The features for which the ML-accelerated and ab initio simulations agree show the experimentally estimated kinetic behavior. Conflicting features indicate that a contribution of dynamic electronic polarization to the reaction process is more relevant than currently believed. Our work demonstrates the practical use of ML for polaritonic chemistry, discusses limitations of common approximations, and paves the way for a more holistic description of polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jakub Fojt
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eric Lindgren
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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3
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Cui ZH, Mandal A, Reichman DR. Variational Lang-Firsov Approach Plus Møller-Plesset Perturbation Theory with Applications to Ab Initio Polariton Chemistry. J Chem Theory Comput 2024. [PMID: 38300885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
We apply the Lang-Firsov (LF) transformation to electron-boson coupled Hamiltonians and variationally optimize the transformation parameters and molecular orbital coefficients to determine the ground state. Møller-Plesset (MP-n, with n = 2 and 4) perturbation theory is then applied on top of the optimized LF mean-field state to improve the description of electron-electron and electron-boson correlations. The method (LF-MP) is applied to several electron-boson coupled systems, including the Hubbard-Holstein model, diatomic molecule dissociation (H2, HF), and the modification of proton transfer reactions (malonaldehyde and aminopropenal) via the formation of polaritons in an optical cavity. We show that with a correction for the electron-electron correlation, the method gives quantitatively accurate energies comparable to that by exact diagonalization or coupled-cluster theory. The effects of multiple photon modes, spin polarization, and the comparison to the coherent state MP theory are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Arkajit Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
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4
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Svendsen MK, Thygesen KS, Rubio A, Flick J. Ab Initio Calculations of Quantum Light-Matter Interactions in General Electromagnetic Environments. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:926-936. [PMID: 38189259 PMCID: PMC10809713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The emerging field of strongly coupled light-matter systems has drawn significant attention in recent years because of the prospect of altering both the physical and chemical properties of molecules and materials. Because this emerging field draws on ideas from both condensed-matter physics and quantum optics, it has attracted the attention of theoreticians from both fields. While the former often employ accurate descriptions of the electronic structure of the matter, the description of the electromagnetic environment is often oversimplified. In contrast, the latter often employs sophisticated descriptions of the electromagnetic environment while using oversimplified few-level approximations of the electronic structure. Both approaches are problematic because the oversimplified descriptions of the electronic system are incapable of describing effects such as light-induced structural changes in the electronic system, while the oversimplified descriptions of the electromagnetic environments can lead to unphysical predictions because the light-matter interactions strengths are misrepresented. In this work, we overcome these shortcomings and present the first method which can quantitatively describe both the electronic system and general electromagnetic environments from first principles. We realize this by combining macroscopic QED (MQED) with Quantum Electrodynamical Density-Functional Theory. To exemplify this approach, we consider the example of an absorbing spherical cavity and study the impact of different parameters of both the environment and the electronic system on the transition from weak-to-strong coupling for different aromatic molecules. As part of this work, we also provide an easy-to-use tool to calculate the cavity coupling strengths for simple cavity setups. Our work is a significant step toward parameter-free ab initio calculations for strongly coupled quantum light-matter systems and will help bridge the gap between theoretical methods and experiments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kamper Svendsen
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Computational
Atomic scale Materials Design (CAMD), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 10010 New York, New York, United States
| | - Kristian Sommer Thygesen
- Computational
Atomic scale Materials Design (CAMD), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 10010 New York, New York, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility
(ETSF), Universidad del País Vasco
(UPV/EHU), Av. Tolosa
72, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Johannes Flick
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 10010 New York, New York, United States
- Department
of Physics, City College of New York, 10031 New York, New York, United States
- Department
of Physics, The Graduate Center, City University
of New York, 10016 New York, New York, United States
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5
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Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A. Numerically Exact Solution for a Real Polaritonic System under Vibrational Strong Coupling in Thermodynamic Equilibrium: Loss of Light-Matter Entanglement and Enhanced Fluctuations. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:8801-8814. [PMID: 37972347 PMCID: PMC10720342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The first numerically exact simulation of a full ab initio molecular quantum system (HD+) under strong ro-vibrational coupling to a quantized optical cavity mode in thermal equilibrium is presented. Theoretical challenges in describing strongly coupled systems of mixed quantum statistics (bosons and Fermions) are discussed and circumvented by the specific choice of our molecular system. Our numerically exact simulations highlight the absence of zero temperature for the strongly coupled matter and light subsystems, due to cavity-induced noncanonical conditions. Furthermore, we explore the temperature dependency of light-matter quantum entanglement, which emerges for the ground state but is quickly lost already in the deep cryogenic regime. This is in contrast to predictions from the Jaynes-Cummings model, which is the standard starting point to model collective strong-coupling chemistry phenomenologically. Moreover, we find that the fluctuations of matter remain modified by the quantum nature of the thermal and vacuum-field fluctuations for significant temperatures, e.g., at ambient conditions. These observations (loss of entanglement and coupling to quantum fluctuations) have implications for the understanding and control of polaritonic chemistry and materials science, since a semiclassical theoretical description of light-matter interaction becomes reasonable, but the typical (classical) canonical equilibrium assumption for the nuclear subsystem remains violated. This opens the door for quantum fluctuation-induced stochastic resonance phenomena under vibrational strong coupling, which have been suggested as a plausible theoretical mechanism to explain the experimentally observed resonance phenomena in the absence of periodic driving that has not yet been fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián 20018, Spain
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6
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Weight BM, Li X, Zhang Y. Theory and modeling of light-matter interactions in chemistry: current and future. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31554-31577. [PMID: 37842818 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01415k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Light-matter interaction not only plays an instrumental role in characterizing materials' properties via various spectroscopic techniques but also provides a general strategy to manipulate material properties via the design of novel nanostructures. This perspective summarizes recent theoretical advances in modeling light-matter interactions in chemistry, mainly focusing on plasmon and polariton chemistry. The former utilizes the highly localized photon, plasmonic hot electrons, and local heat to drive chemical reactions. In contrast, polariton chemistry modifies the potential energy curvatures of bare electronic systems, and hence their chemistry, via forming light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons. The perspective starts with the basic background of light-matter interactions, molecular quantum electrodynamics theory, and the challenges of modeling light-matter interactions in chemistry. Then, the recent advances in modeling plasmon and polariton chemistry are described, and future directions toward multiscale simulations of light-matter interaction-mediated chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M Weight
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xinyang Li
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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7
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Ruggenthaler M, Sidler D, Rubio A. Understanding Polaritonic Chemistry from Ab Initio Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11191-11229. [PMID: 37729114 PMCID: PMC10571044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present the theoretical foundations and first-principles frameworks to describe quantum matter within quantum electrodynamics (QED) in the low-energy regime, with a focus on polaritonic chemistry. By starting from fundamental physical and mathematical principles, we first review in great detail ab initio nonrelativistic QED. The resulting Pauli-Fierz quantum field theory serves as a cornerstone for the development of (in principle exact but in practice) approximate computational methods such as quantum-electrodynamical density functional theory, QED coupled cluster, or cavity Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics. These methods treat light and matter on equal footing and, at the same time, have the same level of accuracy and reliability as established methods of computational chemistry and electronic structure theory. After an overview of the key ideas behind those ab initio QED methods, we highlight their benefits for understanding photon-induced changes of chemical properties and reactions. Based on results obtained by ab initio QED methods, we identify open theoretical questions and how a so far missing detailed understanding of polaritonic chemistry can be established. We finally give an outlook on future directions within polaritonic chemistry and first-principles QED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Sidler
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
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8
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Mandal A, Taylor MA, Weight BM, Koessler ER, Li X, Huo P. Theoretical Advances in Polariton Chemistry and Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9786-9879. [PMID: 37552606 PMCID: PMC10450711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
When molecules are coupled to an optical cavity, new light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons, are formed due to quantum light-matter interactions. With the experimental demonstrations of modifying chemical reactivities by forming polaritons under strong light-matter interactions, theorists have been encouraged to develop new methods to simulate these systems and discover new strategies to tune and control reactions. This review summarizes some of these exciting theoretical advances in polariton chemistry, in methods ranging from the fundamental framework to computational techniques and applications spanning from photochemistry to vibrational strong coupling. Even though the theory of quantum light-matter interactions goes back to the midtwentieth century, the gaps in the knowledge of molecular quantum electrodynamics (QED) have only recently been filled. We review recent advances made in resolving gauge ambiguities, the correct form of different QED Hamiltonians under different gauges, and their connections to various quantum optics models. Then, we review recently developed ab initio QED approaches which can accurately describe polariton states in a realistic molecule-cavity hybrid system. We then discuss applications using these method advancements. We review advancements in polariton photochemistry where the cavity is made resonant to electronic transitions to control molecular nonadiabatic excited state dynamics and enable new photochemical reactivities. When the cavity resonance is tuned to the molecular vibrations instead, ground-state chemical reaction modifications have been demonstrated experimentally, though its mechanistic principle remains unclear. We present some recent theoretical progress in resolving this mystery. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the collective coupling regime between light and matter, where many molecules can collectively couple to a single cavity mode or many cavity modes. We also lay out the current challenges in theory to explain the observed experimental results. We hope that this review will serve as a useful document for anyone who wants to become familiar with the context of polariton chemistry and molecular cavity QED and thus significantly benefit the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael A.D. Taylor
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Braden M. Weight
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Eric R. Koessler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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9
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Schäfer C, Baranov DG. Chiral Polaritonics: Analytical Solutions, Intuition, and Use. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3777-3784. [PMID: 37052302 PMCID: PMC10123817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Preferential selection of a given enantiomer over its chiral counterpart has become increasingly relevant in the advent of the next era of medical drug design. In parallel, cavity quantum electrodynamics has grown into a solid framework to control energy transfer and chemical reactivity, the latter requiring strong coupling. In this work, we derive an analytical solution to a system of many chiral emitters interacting with a chiral cavity similar to the widely used Tavis-Cummings and Hopfield models of quantum optics. We are able to estimate the discriminating strength of chiral polaritonics, discuss possible future development directions and exciting applications such as elucidating homochirality, and deliver much needed intuition to foster the newly flourishing field of chiral polaritonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- MC2
Department, Chalmers University of Technology, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Denis G. Baranov
- Center
for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute
of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
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10
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Schäfer C, Flick J, Ronca E, Narang P, Rubio A. Shining light on the microscopic resonant mechanism responsible for cavity-mediated chemical reactivity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7817. [PMID: 36535939 PMCID: PMC9763331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong light-matter interaction in cavity environments is emerging as a promising approach to control chemical reactions in a non-intrusive and efficient manner. The underlying mechanism that distinguishes between steering, accelerating, or decelerating a chemical reaction has, however, remained unclear, hampering progress in this frontier area of research. We leverage quantum-electrodynamical density-functional theory to unveil the microscopic mechanism behind the experimentally observed reduced reaction rate under cavity induced resonant vibrational strong light-matter coupling. We observe multiple resonances and obtain the thus far theoretically elusive but experimentally critical resonant feature for a single strongly coupled molecule undergoing the reaction. While we describe only a single mode and do not explicitly account for collective coupling or intermolecular interactions, the qualitative agreement with experimental measurements suggests that our conclusions can be largely abstracted towards the experimental realization. Specifically, we find that the cavity mode acts as mediator between different vibrational modes. In effect, vibrational energy localized in single bonds that are critical for the reaction is redistributed differently which ultimately inhibits the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- grid.469852.40000 0004 1796 3508Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Hamburg, Germany ,The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden ,grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Johannes Flick
- grid.430264.70000 0004 4648 6763Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.254250.40000 0001 2264 7145Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY USA ,grid.212340.60000000122985718Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici del CNR (IPCF-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Prineha Narang
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Physical Sciences, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Angel Rubio
- grid.469852.40000 0004 1796 3508Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Hamburg, Germany ,The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.430264.70000 0004 4648 6763Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY USA
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11
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Vu N, McLeod GM, Hanson K, DePrince AE. Enhanced Diastereocontrol via Strong Light-Matter Interactions in an Optical Cavity. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9303-9312. [PMID: 36472381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enantiopurification of racemic mixtures of chiral molecules is important for a range of applications. Recent work has shown that chiral group-directed photoisomerization is a promising approach to enantioenrich racemic mixtures of BINOL, but increased control of the diasteriomeric excess (de) is necessary for its broad utility. Here we develop a cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) generalization of time-dependent density functional theory and demonstrate computationally that strong light-matter coupling can alter the de of the chiral group-directed photoisomerization of BINOL. The relative orientation of the cavity mode polarization and the molecules in the cavity dictates the nature of the cavity interactions, which either enhance the de of the (R)-BINOL diasteriomer (from 17% to ≈40%) or invert the favorability to the (S)-BINOL derivative (to ≈34% de). The latter outcome is particularly remarkable because it indicates that the preference in diasteriomer can be influenced via orientational control, without changing the chirality of the directing group. We demonstrate that the observed effect stems from cavity-induced changes to the Kohn-Sham orbitals of the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Vu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Grace M McLeod
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - A Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
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12
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Schäfer C. Polaritonic Chemistry from First Principles via Embedding Radiation Reaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6905-6911. [PMID: 35866694 PMCID: PMC9358701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coherent interaction of a large collection of molecules with a common photonic mode results in strong light-matter coupling, a feature that has proven highly beneficial for chemistry and has introduced the research topics polaritonic and QED chemistry. Here, we demonstrate an embedding approach to capture the collective nature while retaining the full ab initio representation of single molecules─an approach ideal for polaritonic chemistry. The accuracy of the embedding radiation-reaction ansatz is demonstrated for time-dependent density-functional theory. Then, by virtue of a simple proton-tunneling model, we illustrate that the influence of collective strong coupling on chemical reactions features a nontrivial dependence on the number of emitters and can alternate between strong catalyzing and an inhibiting effect. Bridging classical electrodynamics, quantum optical descriptions, and the ab initio description of realistic molecules, this work can serve as a guiding light for future developments and investigations in the quickly growing fields of QED chemistry and QED material design.
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13
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Pavosevic F, Rubio A. Wavefunction embedding for molecular polaritons. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:094101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0095552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polaritonic chemistry relies on the strong light-matter interaction phenomena for altering the chemical reaction rates inside optical cavities. To explain and to understand these processes, the development of reliable theoretical models is essential. While computationally efficient quantum electrodynamics self-consistent field (QED-SCF) methods, such as quantum electrodynamics density functional theory (QEDFT) needs accurate functionals, quantum electrodynamics coupled cluster (QED-CC) methods provide a systematic increase in accuracy but at much greater cost. To overcome this computational bottleneck, herein we introduce and develop the QED-CC-in-QED-SCF projection-based embedding method that inherits all the favorable properties from the two worlds, computational efficiency and accuracy. The performance of the embedding method is assessed by studying some prototypical but relevant reactions, such as methyl transfer reaction, proton transfer reaction, as well as protonation reaction in a complex environment. The results obtained with the new embedding method are in excellent agreement with more expensive QED-CC results. The analysis performed on these reactions indicate that the electron-photon correlation effects are local in nature and that only a small region should be treated at the QED-CC level for capturing important effects due to cavity. This work sets the stage for future developments of polaritonic quantum chemistry methods and it will serve as a guideline for development of other polaritonic embedding models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Germany
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14
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Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Schäfer C, Ronca E, Rubio A. A perspective on ab initio modeling of polaritonic chemistry: The role of non-equilibrium effects and quantum collectivity. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:230901. [PMID: 35732522 DOI: 10.1063/5.0094956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This Perspective provides a brief introduction into the theoretical complexity of polaritonic chemistry, which emerges from the hybrid nature of strongly coupled light-matter states. To tackle this complexity, the importance of ab initio methods is highlighted. Based on those, novel ideas and research avenues are developed with respect to quantum collectivity, as well as for resonance phenomena immanent in reaction rates under vibrational strong coupling. Indeed, fundamental theoretical questions arise about the mesoscopic scale of quantum-collectively coupled molecules when considering the depolarization shift in the interpretation of experimental data. Furthermore, to rationalize recent findings based on quantum electrodynamical density-functional theory (QEDFT), a simple, but computationally efficient, Langevin framework is proposed based on well-established methods from molecular dynamics. It suggests the emergence of cavity-induced non-equilibrium nuclear dynamics, where thermal (stochastic) resonance phenomena could emerge in the absence of external periodic driving. Overall, we believe that the latest ab initio results indeed suggest a paradigmatic shift for ground-state chemical reactions under vibrational strong coupling from the collective quantum interpretation toward a more local, (semi)-classically and non-equilibrium dominated perspective. Finally, various extensions toward a refined description of cavity-modified chemistry are introduced in the context of QEDFT, and future directions of the field are sketched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici del CNR (IPCF-CNR), Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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Riso RR, Haugland TS, Ronca E, Koch H. On the characteristic features of ionization in QED environments. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:234103. [PMID: 35732519 DOI: 10.1063/5.0091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionization of molecular systems is important in many chemical processes, such as electron transfer and hot electron injection. Strong coupling between molecules and quantized fields (e.g., inside optical cavities) represents a new promising way to modify molecular properties in a non-invasive way. Recently, strong light-matter coupling has shown the potential to significantly improve the rates of hot electron driven processes, for instance, in water splitting. In this paper, we demonstrate that inside an optical cavity, the residual interaction between an outgoing free electron and the vacuum field is significant. We further show that since the quantized field is also interacting with the ionized molecule, the free electron and the molecular system are correlated. We develop a theoretical framework to account for the field induced correlation and show that the interaction between the free electron and the field, free electron-field interaction, has sizable effects on the ionization potential of typical organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario R Riso
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tor S Haugland
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici del CNR (IPCF-CNR), Via G.Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Henrik Koch
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Hussien MAM, Ukpong AM. Quantum Phase Transition in the Spin Transport Properties of Ferromagnetic Metal-Insulator-Metal Hybrid Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111836. [PMID: 35683692 PMCID: PMC9182424 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions provide a technologically important design platform for studying metal-insulator-metal heterostructure materials. Accurate characterization of the sensitivity of their electronic structure to proximity coupling effects based on first-principles calculations is key in the fundamental understanding of their emergent collective properties at macroscopic scales. Here, we use an effective field theory that combines ab initio calculations of the electronic structure within density functional theory with the plane waves calculation of the spin polarised conductance to gain insights into the proximity effect induced magnetoelectric couplings that arise in the transport of spin angular momentum when a monolayer tunnel barrier material is integrated into the magnetic tunnel junction. We find that the spin density of states exhibits a discontinuous change from half-metallic to the metallic character in the presence of monolayer hexagonal boron nitride when the applied electric field reaches a critical amplitude, and this signals a first order transition in the transport phase. This unravels an electric-field induced quantum phase transition in the presence of a monolayer hexagonal boron nitride tunnel barrier quite unlike molybdenum disulphide. The role of the applied electric field in the observed phase transition is understood in terms of the induced spin-flip transition and the charge transfer at the constituent interfaces. The results of this study show that the choice of the tunnel barrier layer material plays a nontrivial role in determining the magnetoelectric couplings during spin tunnelling under external field bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa A. M. Hussien
- Theoretical and Computational Condensed Matter and Materials Physics Group (TCCMMP), School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa;
| | - Aniekan Magnus Ukpong
- Theoretical and Computational Condensed Matter and Materials Physics Group (TCCMMP), School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa;
- National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences (NITheCS), Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-33-260-5875; Fax: +27-031-260-3091
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Schäfer C, Johansson G. Shortcut to Self-Consistent Light-Matter Interaction and Realistic Spectra from First Principles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:156402. [PMID: 35499896 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.156402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a simple approach to how an electromagnetic environment can be efficiently embedded into state-of-the-art electronic structure methods, taking the form of radiation-reaction forces. We demonstrate that this self-consistently provides access to radiative emission, natural linewidth, Lamb shifts, strong coupling, electromagnetically induced transparency, Purcell-enhanced and superradiant emission. As an example, we illustrate its seamless integration into time-dependent density-functional theory with virtually no additional cost, presenting a convenient shortcut to light-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Göran Johansson
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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18
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Abstract
Coupling between molecules and vacuum photon fields inside an optical cavity has proven to be an effective way to engineer molecular properties, in particular reactivity. To ease the rationalization of cavity induced effects we introduce an ab initio method leading to the first fully consistent molecular orbital theory for quantum electrodynamics environments. Our framework is non-perturbative and explains modifications of the electronic structure due to the interaction with the photon field. In this work, we show that the newly developed orbital theory can be used to predict cavity induced modifications of molecular reactivity and pinpoint classes of systems with significant cavity effects. We also investigate electronic cavity-induced modifications of reaction mechanisms in vibrational strong coupling regimes. Theoretical description of light-matter coupling in the strong-coupling regime is challenging. Here the authors introduce a fully consistent ab-initio method of molecular orbital theory applicable to material systems in quantum electrodynamics environments.
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Pavošević F, Hammes-Schiffer S, Rubio A, Flick J. Cavity-Modulated Proton Transfer Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4995-5002. [PMID: 35271261 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Proton transfer is ubiquitous in many fundamental chemical and biological processes, and the ability to modulate and control the proton transfer rate would have a major impact on numerous quantum technological advances. One possibility to modulate the reaction rate of proton transfer processes is given by exploiting the strong light-matter coupling of chemical systems inside optical or nanoplasmonic cavities. In this work, we investigate the proton transfer reactions in the prototype malonaldehyde and Z-3-amino-propenal (aminopropenal) molecules using different quantum electrodynamics methods, in particular, quantum electrodynamics coupled cluster theory and quantum electrodynamical density functional theory. Depending on the cavity mode polarization direction, we show that the optical cavity can increase the reaction energy barrier by 10-20% or decrease the reaction barrier by ∼5%. By using first-principles methods, this work establishes strong light-matter coupling as a viable and practical route to alter and catalyze proton transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabijan Pavošević
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, 10010 New York, New York, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, 06520 New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Angel Rubio
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, 10010 New York, New York, United States.,Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility, Universidad del País Vasco, Av. Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Johannes Flick
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, 10010 New York, New York, United States
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Abstract
In this paper, we consider some second-order effective Hamiltonians describing the interaction of the quantum electromagnetic field with atoms or molecules in the nonrelativistic limit. Our procedure is valid only for off-energy-shell processes, specifically virtual processes such as those relevant for ground-state energy shifts and dispersion van der Waals and Casimir-Polder interactions, while on-energy-shell processes are excluded. These effective Hamiltonians allow for a considerable simplification of the calculation of radiative energy shifts, dispersion, and Casimir-Polder interactions, including in the presence of boundary conditions. They can also provide clear physical insights into the processes involved. We clarify that the form of the effective Hamiltonian depends on the field states considered, and consequently different expressions can be obtained, each of them with a well-defined range of validity and possible applications. We also apply our results to some specific cases, mainly the Lamb shift, the Casimir-Polder atom-surface interaction, and the dispersion interactions between atoms, molecules, or, in general, polarizable bodies.
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