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Hong Y, Yu Z, Zhou Q, Chen C, Hao Y, Wang Z, Zhu JK, Guo H, Huang AC. NAD + deficiency primes defense metabolism via 1O 2-escalated jasmonate biosynthesis in plants. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6652. [PMID: 39103368 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a redox cofactor and signal central to cell metabolisms. Disrupting NAD homeostasis in plant alters growth and stress resistance, yet the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, by combining genetics with multi-omics, we discover that NAD+ deficiency in qs-2 caused by mutation in NAD+ biosynthesis gene-Quinolinate Synthase retards growth but induces biosynthesis of defense compounds, notably aliphatic glucosinolates that confer insect resistance. The elevated defense in qs-2 is resulted from activated jasmonate biosynthesis, critically hydroperoxidation of α-linolenic acid by the 13-lipoxygenase (namely LOX2), which is escalated via the burst of chloroplastic ROS-singlet oxygen (1O2). The NAD+ deficiency-mediated JA induction and defense priming sequence in plants is recapitulated upon insect infestation, suggesting such defense mechanism operates in plant stress response. Hence, NAD homeostasis is a pivotal metabolic checkpoint that may be manipulated to navigate plant growth and defense metabolism for stress acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yechun Hong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Molecular Design, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Advanced Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zongjun Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Molecular Design, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Molecular Design, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunyu Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Molecular Design, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqiong Hao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Molecular Design, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, 041000, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Institute of Advanced Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Molecular Design, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ancheng C Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Molecular Design, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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Guo X, Yang Z, Zhang J, Hua J, Luo S. Adaptation of Ustilago maydis to phenolic and alkaloid responsive metabolites in maize B73. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1369074. [PMID: 39100087 PMCID: PMC11294074 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1369074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The adaptation of pathogenic fungi to plant-specialized metabolites is necessary for their survival and reproduction. The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis can cause maize smut and produce tumors in maize (Zea mays), resulting in reduced maize yield and significant economic losses. Qualitative analysis using UPLC-MS/MS revealed that the infection of maize variety B73 with U. maydis resulted in increased levels of phytohormones, phenolics, and alkaloids in maize seedling tissues. However, correlation analysis showed that nearly all compounds in the mechanical damage group were significantly negatively correlated with the shoot growth indexes of maize B73. The correlation coefficients of 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (HMBOA) and maize B73 shoot length and shoot weight were r = -0.56 (p < 0.01) and r = -0.75 (p < 0.001), respectively. In the inoculation group, these correlations weakened, with the correlation coefficients between HMBOA and maize B73 shoot length and shoot weight being r = 0.02 and r = -0.1, respectively. The correlation coefficients between 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) and the shoot weight were r = -0.73 (p < 0.001) and r = -0.15 in the mechanical damage group and inoculation group, respectively. These findings suggest that increased concentrations of these compounds are more positively associated with mechanical damage than with U. maydis infection. At high concentrations, most of these compounds had an inhibitory effect on U. maydis. This study investigated the ability of U. maydis to regulate various compounds, including phytohormones, phenolic acids, and alkaloids in maize B73, providing evidence that U. maydis has adapted to the specialized metabolites produced by maize B73.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juan Hua
- Engineering Research Center of Protection and Utilization of Plant Resources, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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3
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Huang Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Xiang Y, Zhang Y, Fu R. SCPL acyltransferases catalyze the metabolism of chlorogenic acid during purple coneflower seed germination. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:229-239. [PMID: 38666323 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The metabolism of massively accumulated chlorogenic acid is crucial for the successful germination of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Menoch). A serine carboxypeptidase-like (SCPL) acyltransferase (chicoric acid synthase, CAS) utilizes chlorogenic acid to produce chicoric acid during germination. However, it seems that the generation of chicoric acid lags behind the decrease in chlorogenic acid, suggesting an earlier route of chlorogenic acid metabolism. We discovered another chlorogenic acid metabolic product, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, which is produced before chicoric acid, filling the lag phase. Then, we identified two additional typical clade IA SCPL acyltransferases, named chlorogenic acid condensing enzymes (CCEs), that catalyze the biosynthesis of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid from chlorogenic acid with different kinetic characteristics. Chlorogenic acid inhibits radicle elongation in a dose-dependent manner, explaining the potential biological role of SCPL acyltransferases-mediated continuous chlorogenic acid metabolism during germination. Both CCE1 and CCE2 are highly conserved among Echinacea species, supporting the observed metabolism of chlorogenic acid to 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid in two Echinacea species without chicoric acid accumulation. The discovery of SCPL acyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid suggests convergent evolution. Our research clarifies the metabolism strategy of chlorogenic acid in Echinacea species and provides more insight into plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Hsihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Chengdu Branch, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Wild Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610015, China
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yuting Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Rao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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4
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Bai Y, Liu X, Baldwin IT. Using Synthetic Biology to Understand the Function of Plant Specialized Metabolites. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:629-653. [PMID: 38424065 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-060223-013842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) are variably distributed across taxa, tissues, and ecological contexts; this variability has inspired many theories about PSM function, which, to date, remain poorly tested because predictions have outpaced the available data. Advances in mass spectrometry-based metabolomics have enabled unbiased PSM profiling, and molecular biology techniques have produced PSM-free plants; the combination of these methods has accelerated our understanding of the complex ecological roles that PSMs play in plants. Synthetic biology techniques and workflows are producing high-value, structurally complex PSMs in quantities and purities sufficient for both medicinal and functional studies. These workflows enable the reengineering of PSM transport, externalization, structural diversity, and production in novel taxa, facilitating rigorous tests of long-standing theoretical predictions about why plants produce so many different PSMs in particular tissues and ecological contexts. Plants use their chemical prowess to solve ecological challenges, and synthetic biology workflows are accelerating our understanding of these evolved functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; ,
| | - Xinyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; ,
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany;
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Suissa JS, Li FW, Moreau CS. Convergent evolution of fern nectaries facilitated independent recruitment of ant-bodyguards from flowering plants. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4392. [PMID: 38789437 PMCID: PMC11126701 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions reciprocally influence species' evolutionary trajectories. These interactions have led to many physical and chemical defenses across the plant kingdom. Some plants have even evolved indirect defense strategies to outsource their protection to ant bodyguards by bribing them with a sugary reward (nectar). Identifying the evolutionary processes underpinning these indirect defenses provide insight into the evolution of plant-animal interactions. Using a cross-kingdom, phylogenetic approach, we examined the convergent evolution of ant-guarding nectaries across ferns and flowering plants. Here, we discover that nectaries originated in ferns and flowering plants concurrently during the Cretaceous, coinciding with the rise of plant associations in ants. While nectaries in flowering plants evolved steadily through time, ferns showed a pronounced lag of nearly 100 My between their origin and subsequent diversification in the Cenozoic. Importantly, we find that as ferns transitioned from the forest floor into the canopy, they secondarily recruited ant bodyguards from existing ant-angiosperm relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Suissa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Fay-Wei Li
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Corrie S Moreau
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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6
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Dixon RA, Dickinson AJ. A century of studying plant secondary metabolism-From "what?" to "where, how, and why?". PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:48-66. [PMID: 38163637 PMCID: PMC11060662 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the past century, early advances in understanding the identity of the chemicals that collectively form a living plant have led scientists to deeper investigations exploring where these molecules localize, how they are made, and why they are synthesized in the first place. Many small molecules are specific to the plant kingdom and have been termed plant secondary metabolites, despite the fact that they can play primary and essential roles in plant structure, development, and response to the environment. The past 100 yr have witnessed elucidation of the structure, function, localization, and biosynthesis of selected plant secondary metabolites. Nevertheless, many mysteries remain about the vast diversity of chemicals produced by plants and their roles in plant biology. From early work characterizing unpurified plant extracts, to modern integration of 'omics technology to discover genes in metabolite biosynthesis and perception, research in plant (bio)chemistry has produced knowledge with substantial benefits for society, including human medicine and agricultural biotechnology. Here, we review the history of this work and offer suggestions for future areas of exploration. We also highlight some of the recently developed technologies that are leading to ongoing research advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Alexandra Jazz Dickinson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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7
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Zenzen I, Cassol D, Westhoff P, Kopriva S, Ristova D. Transcriptional and metabolic profiling of sulfur starvation response in two monocots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:257. [PMID: 38594609 PMCID: PMC11003109 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfur (S) is a mineral nutrient essential for plant growth and development, which is incorporated into diverse molecules fundamental for primary and secondary metabolism, plant defense, signaling, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Although, S starvation response is well documented in the dicot model Arabidopsis thaliana, it is not clear if the same transcriptional networks control the response also in the monocots. RESULTS We performed series of physiological, expression, and metabolite analyses in two model monocot species, one representing the C3 plants, Oryza sativa cv. kitaake, and second representing the C4 plants, Setaria viridis. Our comprehensive transcriptomic analysis revealed twice as many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in S. viridis than in O. sativa under S-deficiency, consistent with a greater loss of sulfur and S-containing metabolites under these conditions. Surprisingly, most of the DEGs and enriched gene ontology terms were species-specific, with an intersect of only 58 common DEGs. The transcriptional networks were different in roots and shoots of both species, in particular no genes were down-regulated by S-deficiency in the roots of both species. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis shows that S-deficiency seems to have different physiological consequences in the two monocot species and their nutrient homeostasis might be under distinct control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zenzen
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence On Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Daniela Cassol
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Westhoff
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolomics Facility, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence On Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany.
| | - Daniela Ristova
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence On Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany.
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8
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Anest A, Bouchenak-Khelladi Y, Charles-Dominique T, Forest F, Caraglio Y, Hempson GP, Maurin O, Tomlinson KW. Blocking then stinging as a case of two-step evolution of defensive cage architectures in herbivore-driven ecosystems. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:587-597. [PMID: 38438539 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Dense branching and spines are common features of plant species in ecosystems with high mammalian herbivory pressure. While dense branching and spines can inhibit herbivory independently, when combined, they form a powerful defensive cage architecture. However, how cage architecture evolved under mammalian pressure has remained unexplored. Here we show how dense branching and spines emerged during the age of mammalian radiation in the Combretaceae family and diversified in herbivore-driven ecosystems in the tropics. Phylogenetic comparative methods revealed that modern plant architectural strategies defending against large mammals evolved via a stepwise process. First, dense branching emerged under intermediate herbivory pressure, followed by the acquisition of spines that supported higher speciation rates under high herbivory pressure. Our study highlights the adaptive value of dense branching as part of a herbivore defence strategy and identifies large mammal herbivory as a major selective force shaping the whole plant architecture of woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artémis Anest
- Center for Integrative Conservation and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Conservation of Tropical Rainforests and Asian Elephants, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Yanis Bouchenak-Khelladi
- Agroécologie, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRAE, Institut Agro, Dijon, France
| | - Tristan Charles-Dominique
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | | | - Yves Caraglio
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Gareth P Hempson
- Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Kyle W Tomlinson
- Center for Integrative Conservation and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Conservation of Tropical Rainforests and Asian Elephants, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, China.
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, China.
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9
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Duan SJ, Sun GJ, Dan Y, Deng J, Yu DW, Wei Q, Chen CF, Jiang J, Wang XM, Ren TJ, Liao YM, Chen JS. Timing of systemic resistance induced by local exogenous ABA application within clonal network of stoloniferous herb Centella asiatica subjected to low water availability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1324460. [PMID: 38269136 PMCID: PMC10805822 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1324460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Resistance traits of plants can be activated both at the damaged site and undamaged parts. Systemic resistance induced by local exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application alleviated negative effect of low water availability on growth performance of clonal plant. However, timing of systemic resistance was poorly understood. Timing of systemic resistance refers to its activation and decay time within clonal network. Clonal fragment of Centella asiatica with four successive ramets (including first-oldest, second-older, third-old and fourth-young ramets) subjected to low water availability (20% soil moisture content) was used to explore effects of local exogenous ABA application on the timing of resistance activation and decay. Systemic resistance activated by local exogenous ABA application after 4 days remained at least 28 days. Compared with control, biomass accumulation of whole clonal fragment, root biomass and ratio of belowground to aboveground biomass significantly increased by local exogenous ABA application after 28 days. It is suggested that rapid activation and delay of resistance response induced by local exogenous ABA application within clonal network may improve fitness of clonal plant subjected to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Juan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gui-Jia Sun
- Shi Fang Municipal People’s Government Office, Deyang, China
| | - Yi Dan
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Deng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong-Wei Yu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chang-Fan Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Mei Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting-Ju Ren
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Mei Liao
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, China
| | - Jin-Song Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Suresh PS, Kumari S, Sahal D, Sharma U. Innate functions of natural products: A promising path for the identification of novel therapeutics. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115748. [PMID: 37666044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
In the course of evolution, living organisms have become well equipped with diverse natural products that serve important functions, including defence from biotic and abiotic stress, growth regulation, reproduction, metabolism, and epigenetic regulation. It seems to be the organism's ecological niche that influences the natural product's structural and functional diversity. Indeed, natural products constitute the nuts and bolts of molecular co-evolution and ecological relationships among different life forms. Since natural products in the form of specialized secondary metabolites exhibit biological functions via interactions with specific target proteins, they can provide a simultaneous glimpse of both new therapeutics and therapeutic targets in humans as well. In this review, we have discussed the innate role of natural products in the ecosystem and how this intrinsic role provides a futuristic opportunity to identify new drugs and therapeutic targets rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patil Shivprasad Suresh
- C-H Activation & Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Surekha Kumari
- C-H Activation & Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Drug Discovery Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- C-H Activation & Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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11
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Kliebenstein DJ. Is specialized metabolite regulation specialized? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4942-4948. [PMID: 37260397 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent technical and theoretical advances have generated an explosion in the identification of specialized metabolite pathways. In comparison, our understanding of how these pathways are regulated is relatively lagging. This and the relatively young age of specialized metabolite pathways has partly contributed to a default and common paradigm whereby specialized metabolite regulation is theorized as relatively simple with a few key transcription factors and the compounds are non-regulatory end-products. In contrast, studies into model specialized metabolites, such as glucosinolates, are beginning to identify a new understanding whereby specialized metabolites are highly integrated into the plants' core metabolic, physiological, and developmental pathways. This model includes a greatly extended compendium of transcription factors controlling the pathway, key transcription factors that co-evolve with the pathway and simultaneously control core metabolic and developmental components, and finally the compounds themselves evolve regulatory connections to integrate into the plants signaling machinery. In this review, these concepts are illustrated using studies in the glucosinolate pathway within the Brassicales. This suggests that the broader community needs to reconsider how they do or do not integrate specialized metabolism into the regulatory network of their study species.
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12
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Wu J. Plant biology: Young maize leaves 'smell' a volatile danger signal. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R914-R916. [PMID: 37699351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect-attacked maize releases volatile compounds named green leaf volatiles. A new study shows that young maize leaves respond to a green leaf volatile compound with emission of indole and terpenes, while these responses are almost completely absent in mature leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Prominent Crops, Beijing 100093, China.
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13
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Púčiková V, Rohn S, Hanschen FS. Glucosinolate Accumulation and Hydrolysis in Leafy Brassica Vegetables Are Influenced by Leaf Age. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:11466-11475. [PMID: 37462686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The health-beneficial effects of Brassica vegetables are mainly attributed to their high contents of glucosinolates and the products of their hydrolysis, especially isothiocyanates. Distribution of glucosinolates across plant organs can strongly vary. Here, we investigated the effect of leaf age on glucosinolate accumulation and hydrolysis in two leafy Brassica vegetables, pak choi and giant red mustard. We also evaluated the activity of the hydrolyzing enzyme myrosinase across the leaves. Finally, we assessed whether glucosinolates are transported from older leaves to younger leaves. Young leaves of both species contained more than 3-fold more glucosinolates than older ones. Accordingly, more isothiocyanates were released in the young leaves. Myrosinases fully hydrolyzed all of the amounts of glucosinolates regardless of the leaf age. Moreover, older leaves were observed to supply younger leaves with glucosinolates. Thus, this study suggests that consumers can improve the nutritional value of food by incorporating young leaves of leafy Brassicas in their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Púčiková
- Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska S Hanschen
- Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
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14
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Wen F, Chen S, Wang Y, Wu Q, Yan J, Pei J, Zhou T. The synthesis of Paris saponin VII mainly occurs in leaves and is promoted by light intensity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1199215. [PMID: 37575916 PMCID: PMC10420111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1199215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the specific organs and tissues involved in saponin synthesis, as well as the light regulatory mechanisms, is crucial for improving the quality of artificially cultivated medicinal materials of Paris plants. Paris saponin VII (PS VII), a high-value active ingredient, is found in almost all organs of Paris plant species. In this study, we focused on Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand. - Mzt. (PPY) and found that PS VII synthesis predominantly occurs in leaves and is increased by high light intensity. This intriguing discovery has unveiled the potential for manipulating non-traditional medicinal organ leaves to improve the quality of medicinal organ rhizomes. The analysis of the impact of organ differences on saponin concentration in P. polyphylla var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara (PPC), P. fargesii Franch. (PF), and PPY revealed consistency among the three Paris species and was mainly dominated by PS VII. Notably, the leaves and stems exhibited much higher proportions of PS VII than other organs, accounting for 80-90% of the four main saponins. Among the three Paris species, PPY had the highest concentration of PS VII and was selected for subsequent experiments. Further investigations on saponin subcellular localization, temporal variation, and stem wound fluid composition demonstrated that PS VII is synthesized in mesophyll cells, released into the intercellular space through exocytosis, and then transported to the rhizome via vascular tissue. These findings confirm the significant role of leaves in PS VII synthesis. Additionally, a 13C-glucose feeding to trace PS VII biosynthesis revealed that only PS VII in the leaves exhibited incorporation of the labeled carbon, despite conducting 13C-glucose feeding in leaves, stems, rhizomes, and roots. Thus, the leaves are indeed the primary organ for PS VII synthesis in PPY. Furthermore, compared with plants under 100 μmol m-2 s-1, plants under 400 μmol m-2 s-1 exhibited a higher PS VII concentration, particularly in the upper epidermal cells of the leaves. We propose that high light intensity promotes PS VII synthesis in leaves through three mechanisms: (1) increased availability of substrates for saponin synthesis; (2) protection of leaves from high light damage through enhanced saponin synthesis; and (3) enhanced compartmentalization of saponins within the leaves, which in turn feedback regulates saponin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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15
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Bellec L, Cortesero AM, Marnet N, Faure S, Hervé MR. Age-specific allocation of glucosinolates within plant reproductive tissues. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 331:111690. [PMID: 36965631 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Optimal Defense Theory (ODT) predicts that the distribution of defenses within a plant should mirror the value and vulnerability of each tissue. Although the ODT has received much experimental support, very few studies have examined defense allocation among reproductive tissues and none assessed simultaneously how these defenses evolve with age. We quantified glucosinolates in perianths, anthers and pistils at different bud maturity stages (i.e., intermediate flower buds, old flower buds and flowers) of undamaged and mechanically damaged plants of an annual brassicaceous species. The youngest leaf was used as a reference for vegetative organs, since it is predicted to be one of the most defended. In line with ODT predictions, reproductive tissues were more defended than vegetative tissues constitutively, and within the former, pistils and anthers more defended than perianths. No change in the overall defense level was found between bud maturity stages, but a significant temporal shift was observed between pistils and anthers. Contrary to ODT predictions, mechanical damage did not induce systemic defenses in leaves but only in pistils. Our results show that defense allocation in plant reproductive tissues occurs at fine spatial and temporal scales, extending the application framework of the ODT. They also demonstrate interactions between space and time in fine-scale defense allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bellec
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France; Innolea, 6 Chemin de Panedautes, 31700 Mondonville, France.
| | | | | | | | - Maxime R Hervé
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
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16
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Luo M, Li B, Jander G, Zhou S. Non-volatile metabolites mediate plant interactions with insect herbivores. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1164-1177. [PMID: 36891808 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-volatile metabolites constitute the bulk of plant biomass. From the perspective of plant-insect interactions, these structurally diverse compounds include nutritious core metabolites and defensive specialized metabolites. In this review, we synthesize the current literature on multiple scales of plant-insect interactions mediated by non-volatile metabolites. At the molecular level, functional genetics studies have revealed a large collection of receptors targeting plant non-volatile metabolites in model insect species and agricultural pests. By contrast, examples of plant receptors of insect-derived molecules remain sparse. For insect herbivores, plant non-volatile metabolites function beyond the dichotomy of core metabolites, classed as nutrients, and specialized metabolites, classed as defensive compounds. Insect feeding tends to elicit evolutionarily conserved changes in plant specialized metabolism, whereas its effect on plant core metabolism varies widely based the interacting species. Finally, several recent studies have demonstrated that non-volatile metabolites can mediate tripartite communication on the community scale, facilitated by physical connections established through direct root-to-root communication, parasitic plants, arbuscular mycorrhizae and the rhizosphere microbiome. Recent advances in both plant and insect molecular biology will facilitate further research on the role of non-volatile metabolites in mediating plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Luo
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Shaoqun Zhou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
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17
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Mezzomo P, Weinhold A, Aurová K, Jorge LR, Kozel P, Michálek J, Nováková N, Seifert CL, Volfová T, Engström M, Salminen J, Sedio BE, Volf M. Leaf volatile and nonvolatile metabolites show different levels of specificity in response to herbivory. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10123. [PMID: 37255847 PMCID: PMC10225982 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce diverse chemical defenses with contrasting effects on different insect herbivores. Deploying herbivore-specific responses can help plants increase their defensive efficiency. Here, we explore how variation in induced plant responses correlates with herbivore species, order, feeding guild, and level of specialization. In a greenhouse experiment, we exposed 149 plants of Salix fragilis (Linnaeus, 1753) to 22 herbivore species naturally associated with this host. The insects belonged to four orders (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera), three feeding guilds (external leaf-chewers, leaf-tying chewers, and sap-sucking), and included both dietary specialists and generalists. Following herbivory, we quantified induced changes in volatiles and nonvolatile leaf metabolites. We performed multivariate analyses to assess the correlation between herbivore order, feeding guild, dietary specialization, chewing damage by herbivores, and induced responses. The volatile composition was best explained by chewing damage and insect order, with Coleoptera and Lepidoptera eliciting significantly different responses. Furthermore, we recorded significant differences in elicited volatiles among some species within the two orders. Variation in nonvolatile leaf metabolites was mainly explained by the presence of insects, as plants exposed to herbivores showed significantly different metabolites from controls. Herbivore order also played a role to some extent, with beetles eliciting different responses than other herbivores. The induction of volatile and nonvolatile leaf metabolites shows different levels of specificity. The specificity in volatiles could potentially serve as an important cue to specialized predators or parasitoids, increasing the efficacy of volatiles as indirect defenses. By contrast, the induction of nonvolatile leaf metabolites was largely unaffected by herbivore identity. Most nonvolatile metabolites were downregulated, possibly indicating that plants redirected their resources from leaves in response to herbivory. Our results demonstrate how diverse responses to herbivores can contribute to the diversity of plant defensive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Mezzomo
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiodiversityUniversity of JenaJenaGermany
| | - Klára Aurová
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Leonardo R. Jorge
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Petr Kozel
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Jan Michálek
- Centre Algatech CASInstitute of MicrobiologyTřeboňCzech Republic
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of ParasitologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Nela Nováková
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Carlo L. Seifert
- Department of Forest Nature Conservation, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest EcologyGeorg‐August‐University GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Tereza Volfová
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | | | | | - Brian E. Sedio
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa, AncónRepublic of Panama
| | - Martin Volf
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
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18
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Xu D, Sanden NCH, Hansen LL, Belew ZM, Madsen SR, Meyer L, Jørgensen ME, Hunziker P, Veres D, Crocoll C, Schulz A, Nour-Eldin HH, Halkier BA. Export of defensive glucosinolates is key for their accumulation in seeds. Nature 2023; 617:132-138. [PMID: 37076627 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant membrane transporters controlling metabolite distribution contribute key agronomic traits1-6. To eliminate anti-nutritional factors in edible parts of crops, the mutation of importers can block the accumulation of these factors in sink tissues7. However, this often results in a substantially altered distribution pattern within the plant8-12, whereas engineering of exporters may prevent such changes in distribution. In brassicaceous oilseed crops, anti-nutritional glucosinolate defence compounds are translocated to the seeds. However, the molecular targets for export engineering of glucosinolates remain unclear. Here we identify and characterize members of the USUALLY MULTIPLE AMINO ACIDS MOVE IN AND OUT TRANSPORTER (UMAMIT) family-UMAMIT29, UMAMIT30 and UMAMIT31-in Arabidopsis thaliana as glucosinolate exporters with a uniport mechanism. Loss-of-function umamit29 umamit30 umamit31 triple mutants have a very low level of seed glucosinolates, demonstrating a key role for these transporters in translocating glucosinolates into seeds. We propose a model in which the UMAMIT uniporters facilitate glucosinolate efflux from biosynthetic cells along the electrochemical gradient into the apoplast, where the high-affinity H+-coupled glucosinolate importers GLUCOSINOLATE TRANSPORTERS (GTRs) load them into the phloem for translocation to the seeds. Our findings validate the theory that two differently energized transporter types are required for cellular nutrient homeostasis13. The UMAMIT exporters are new molecular targets to improve nutritional value of seeds of brassicaceous oilseed crops without altering the distribution of the defence compounds in the whole plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyang Xu
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Niels Christian Holm Sanden
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Line Lykke Hansen
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Zeinu Mussa Belew
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Svend Roesen Madsen
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Section for Chemistry and Food Quality, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lasse Meyer
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Pascal Hunziker
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorottya Veres
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Alexander Schulz
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hussam Hassan Nour-Eldin
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Barbara Ann Halkier
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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19
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Haas J, Beck E, Troczka BJ, Hayward A, Hertlein G, Zaworra M, Lueke B, Buer B, Maiwald F, Beck ME, Nebelsiek B, Glaubitz J, Bass C, Nauen R. A conserved hymenopteran-specific family of cytochrome P450s protects bee pollinators from toxic nectar alkaloids. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg0885. [PMID: 37043574 PMCID: PMC10096648 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg0885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Many plants produce chemical defense compounds as protection against antagonistic herbivores. However, how beneficial insects such as pollinators deal with the presence of these potentially toxic chemicals in nectar and pollen is poorly understood. Here, we characterize a conserved mechanism of plant secondary metabolite detoxification in the Hymenoptera, an order that contains numerous highly beneficial insects. Using phylogenetic and functional approaches, we show that the CYP336 family of cytochrome P450 enzymes detoxifies alkaloids, a group of potent natural insecticides, in honeybees and other hymenopteran species that diverged over 281 million years. We linked this function to an aspartic acid residue within the main access channel of CYP336 enzymes that is highly conserved within this P450 family. Together, these results provide detailed insights into the evolution of P450s as a key component of detoxification systems in hymenopteran species and reveal the molecular basis of adaptations arising from interactions between plants and beneficial insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Haas
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, Monheim, Germany
| | - Elena Beck
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, Monheim, Germany
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bartlomiej J. Troczka
- College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Angela Hayward
- College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Gillian Hertlein
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, Monheim, Germany
| | - Marion Zaworra
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, Monheim, Germany
| | - Bettina Lueke
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, Monheim, Germany
| | - Benjamin Buer
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, Monheim, Germany
| | - Frank Maiwald
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, Monheim, Germany
| | - Michael E. Beck
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, Monheim, Germany
| | - Birgit Nebelsiek
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, Monheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Glaubitz
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, Monheim, Germany
| | - Chris Bass
- College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, Monheim, Germany
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20
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Gao YQ, Jimenez-Sandoval P, Tiwari S, Stolz S, Wang J, Glauser G, Santiago J, Farmer EE. Ricca's factors as mobile proteinaceous effectors of electrical signaling. Cell 2023; 186:1337-1351.e20. [PMID: 36870332 PMCID: PMC10098372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-feeding insects trigger high-amplitude, defense-inducing electrical signals called slow wave potentials (SWPs). These signals are thought to be triggered by the long-distance transport of low molecular mass elicitors termed Ricca's factors. We sought mediators of leaf-to-leaf electrical signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana and identified them as β-THIOGLUCOSIDE GLUCOHYDROLASE 1 and 2 (TGG1 and TGG2). SWP propagation from insect feeding sites was strongly attenuated in tgg1 tgg2 mutants and wound-response cytosolic Ca2+ increases were reduced in these plants. Recombinant TGG1 fed into the xylem elicited wild-type-like membrane depolarization and Ca2+ transients. Moreover, TGGs catalyze the deglucosidation of glucosinolates. Metabolite profiling revealed rapid wound-induced breakdown of aliphatic glucosinolates in primary veins. Using in vivo chemical trapping, we found evidence for roles of short-lived aglycone intermediates generated by glucosinolate hydrolysis in SWP membrane depolarization. Our findings reveal a mechanism whereby organ-to-organ protein transport plays a major role in electrical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Gao
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Jimenez-Sandoval
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Satyam Tiwari
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Stolz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Santiago
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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21
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Qin H, King GJ, Borpatragohain P, Zou J. Developing multifunctional crops by engineering Brassicaceae glucosinolate pathways. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023:100565. [PMID: 36823985 PMCID: PMC10363516 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs), found mainly in species of the Brassicaceae family, are one of the most well-studied classes of secondary metabolites. Produced by the action of myrosinase on GSLs, GSL-derived hydrolysis products (GHPs) primarily defend against biotic stress in planta. They also significantly affect the quality of crop products, with a subset of GHPs contributing unique food flavors and multiple therapeutic benefits or causing disagreeable food odors and health risks. Here, we explore the potential of these bioactive functions, which could be exploited for future sustainable agriculture. We first summarize our accumulated understanding of GSL diversity and distribution across representative Brassicaceae species. We then systematically discuss and evaluate the potential of exploited and unutilized genes involved in GSL biosynthesis, transport, and hydrolysis as candidate GSL engineering targets. Benefiting from available information on GSL and GHP functions, we explore options for multifunctional Brassicaceae crop ideotypes to meet future demand for food diversification and sustainable crop production. An integrated roadmap is subsequently proposed to guide ideotype development, in which maximization of beneficial effects and minimization of detrimental effects of GHPs could be combined and associated with various end uses. Based on several use-case examples, we discuss advantages and limitations of available biotechnological approaches that may contribute to effective deployment and could provide novel insights for optimization of future GSL engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Graham J King
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jun Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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22
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Raza S, Miller M, Hamberger B, Vermaas JV. Plant Terpenoid Permeability through Biological Membranes Explored via Molecular Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1144-1157. [PMID: 36717085 PMCID: PMC9923751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize small molecule diterpenes composed of 20 carbons from precursor isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl disphosphate, manufacturing diverse compounds used for defense, signaling, and other functions. Industrially, diterpenes are used as natural aromas and flavoring, as pharmaceuticals, and as natural insecticides or repellents. Despite diterpene ubiquity in plant systems, it remains unknown how plants control diterpene localization and transport. For many other small molecules, plant cells maintain transport proteins that control compound compartmentalization. However, for most diterpene compounds, specific transport proteins have not been identified, and so it has been hypothesized that diterpenes may cross biological membranes passively. Through molecular simulation, we study membrane transport for three complex diterpenes from among the many made by members of the Lamiaceae family to determine their permeability coefficient across plasma membrane models. To facilitate accurate simulation, the intermolecular interactions for leubethanol, abietic acid, and sclareol were parametrized through the standard CHARMM methodology for incorporation into molecular simulations. To evaluate the effect of membrane composition on permeability, we simulate the three diterpenes in two membrane models derived from sorghum and yeast lipidomics data. We track permeation events within our unbiased simulations, and compare implied permeation coefficients with those calculated from Replica Exchange Umbrella Sampling calculations using the inhomogeneous solubility diffusion model. The diterpenes are observed to permeate freely through these membranes, indicating that a transport protein may not be needed to export these small molecules from plant cells. Moreover, the permeability is observed to be greater for plant-like membrane compositions when compared against animal-like membrane models. Increased permeability for diterpene molecules in plant membranes suggest that plants have tailored their membranes to facilitate low-energy transport processes for signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Raza
- Plant
Research Laboratory, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East LansingMichigan48824, United States
| | - Mykayla Miller
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California92831, United States
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Department
Of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East LansingMichigan48824, United States
| | - Josh V. Vermaas
- Plant
Research Laboratory, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East LansingMichigan48824, United States,Department
Of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East LansingMichigan48824, United States,E-mail: . Phone: +1 (517) 884-6937
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23
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Gaytán Á, Gotthard K, Tack AJM. Spring phenology and pathogen infection affect multigenerational plant attackers throughout the growing season. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:2235-2247. [PMID: 36047365 PMCID: PMC9826206 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has been shown to advance spring phenology, increase the number of insect generations per year (multivoltinism) and increase pathogen infection levels. However, we lack insights into the effects of plant spring phenology and the biotic environment on the preference and performance of multivoltine herbivores and whether such effects extend into the later part of the growing season. To this aim, we used a multifactorial growth chamber experiment to examine the influence of spring phenology on plant pathogen infection, and how the independent and interactive effects of spring phenology and plant pathogen infection affect the preference and performance of multigenerational attackers (the leaf miner Tischeria ekebladella and the aphid Tuberculatus annulatus) on the pedunculate oak in the early, mid and late parts of the plant growing season. Pathogen infection was highest on late phenology plants, irrespective of whether inoculations were conducted in the early, mid or late season. The leaf miner consistently preferred to oviposit on middle and late phenology plants, as well as healthy plants, during all parts of the growing season, whereas we detected an interactive effect between spring phenology and pathogen infection on the performance of the leaf miner. Aphids preferred healthy, late phenology plants during the early season, healthy plants during the mid season, and middle phenology plants during the late season, whereas aphid performance was consistently higher on healthy plants during all parts of the growing season. Our findings highlight that the impact of spring phenology on pathogen infection and the preference and performance of insect herbivores is not restricted to the early season, but that its imprint is still present - and sometimes equally strong - during the peak and end of the growing season. Plant pathogens generally negatively affected herbivore preference and performance, and modulated the effects of spring phenology. We conclude that spring phenology and pathogen infection are two important factors shaping the preference and performance of multigenerational plant attackers, which is particularly relevant given the current advance in spring phenology, pathogen outbreaks and increase in voltinism with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Gaytán
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden,Bolin Center for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Bolin Center for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden,Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Ayco J. M. Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden,Bolin Center for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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Kanstrup C, Nour-Eldin HH. The emerging role of the nitrate and peptide transporter family: NPF in plant specialized metabolism. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102243. [PMID: 35709542 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The nitrate and peptide transporter family (NPF) is one of the largest transporter families in the plant kingdom. The name of the family reflects the substrates (nitrate and peptides) identified for the two founding members CHL1 and PTR2 from Arabidopsis thaliana almost 30 years ago. However, since then, the NPF has emerged as a hotspot for transporters with a wide range of crucial roles in plant specialized metabolism. Recent prominent examples include 1) controlling accumulation of antinutritional glucosinolates in Brassica seeds, 2) deposition of heat-stress tolerance flavonol diglucosides to pollen coats 3) production of anti-cancerous monoterpene indole alkaloid precursors in Catharanthus roseus and 4) detoxification of steroid glycoalkaloids in ripening tomatoes. In this review, we turn the spotlight on the emerging role of the NPF in plant specialized metabolism and its potential for improving crop traits through transport engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Kanstrup
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hussam Hassan Nour-Eldin
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Bellec L, Seimandi‐Corda G, Menacer K, Trabalon M, Ollivier J, Lunel C, Faure S, Cortesero A, Hervé M. Factors driving the within‐plant patterns of resource exploitation in a herbivore. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bellec
- IGEPP‐UMR 1349, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes France
- Innolea, 6 Chemin de Panedautes, 31700 Mondonville France
| | - Gaëtan Seimandi‐Corda
- IGEPP‐UMR 1349, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes France
- Biointeractions and Crop protections, Rothamsted Research Harpenden
| | - Kathleen Menacer
- IGEPP‐UMR 1349, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes France
| | - Marie Trabalon
- EthoS‐UMR 6552, CNRS, Univ Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes France
| | - Jérôme Ollivier
- IGEPP‐UMR 1349, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes France
- ISCR, CNRS, 35000 Rennes France
| | - Christophe Lunel
- IGEPP‐UMR 1349, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes France
| | | | | | - Maxime Hervé
- IGEPP‐UMR 1349, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes France
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López-Goldar X, Hastings A, Züst T, Agrawal A. Evidence for tissue-specific defense-offense interactions between milkweed and its community of specialized herbivores. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3254-3265. [PMID: 35363921 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution between plants and herbivores often involves escalation of defense-offense strategies, but attack by multiple herbivores may obscure the match of plant defense to any one attacker. As herbivores often specialize on distinct plant parts, we hypothesized that defense-offense interactions in coevolved systems may become physiologically and evolutionarily compartmentalized between plant tissues. We report that roots, leaves, flower buds and seeds of the tropical milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) show increasing concentrations of cardenolide toxins acropetally, with latex showing the highest concentration. In vitro assays of the physiological target of cardenolides, the Na+ /K+ -ATPase (hereafter 'sodium pump'), of three specialized milkweed herbivores (root-feeding Tetraopes tetrophthalmus, leaf-feeding Danaus plexippus, and seed-feeding Oncopeltus fasciatus) show that they are proportionally tolerant to the cardenolide concentrations of the tissues they eat. Indeed, molecular substitutions in the insects' sodium pumps predicted their tolerance to toxins from their target tissues. Nonetheless, the relative inhibition of the sodium pumps of these specialists by the concentration vs. composition (inhibition controlled for concentration, what we term 'potency') of cardenolides from their target vs. non-target plant tissues revealed different degrees of insect adaptation to tissue-specific toxins. In addition, a trade-off between toxin concentration and potency emerged across plant tissues, potentially reflecting coevolutionary history or plant physiological constraints. Our findings suggest that tissue-specific coevolutionary dynamics may be proceeding between the plant and its specialized community of herbivores. This novel finding may be common in nature, contributing to ways in which coevolution proceeds in multi-species communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé López-Goldar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Amy Hastings
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Tobias Züst
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anurag Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Plants protect themselves from herbivores by optimizing the distribution of chemical defenses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2120277119. [PMID: 35084361 PMCID: PMC8794845 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120277119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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