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Matsoukas MT, Panagiotopoulos V, Karageorgos V, Chrousos GP, Venihaki M, Liapakis G. Structural and Functional Insights into CRF Peptides and Their Receptors. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:120. [PMID: 38392338 PMCID: PMC10886364 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor or hormone (CRF or CRH) and the urocortins regulate a plethora of physiological functions and are involved in many pathophysiological processes. CRF and urocortins belong to the family of CRF peptides (CRF family), which includes sauvagine, urotensin, and many synthetic peptide and non-peptide CRF analogs. Several of the CRF analogs have shown considerable therapeutic potential in the treatment of various diseases. The CRF peptide family act by interacting with two types of plasma membrane proteins, type 1 (CRF1R) and type 2 (CRF2R), which belong to subfamily B1 of the family B G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This work describes the structure of CRF peptides and their receptors and the activation mechanism of the latter, which is compared with that of other GPCRs. It also discusses recent structural information that rationalizes the selective binding of various ligands to the two CRF receptor types and the activation of receptors by different agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minos-Timotheos Matsoukas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilis Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Vlasios Karageorgos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine and UNESCO, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Livadias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Venihaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Liapakis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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Characterization of CRH-Binding Protein (CRHBP) in Chickens: Molecular Cloning, Tissue Distribution and Investigation of Its Role as a Negative Feedback Regulator within the Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101680. [PMID: 36292565 PMCID: PMC9601729 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin (ACTH) is a pituitary hormone playing important roles in stress response within the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. The biosynthesis and secretion of ACTH are controlled by multiple factors, including corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). As a key hypothalamus-derived regulator, CRH binds to corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) in the anterior pituitary gland to regulate ACTH synthesis and release. Thus, CRH-binding protein (CRHBP), which binds CRH with high affinity to inhibit CRH-induced ACTH secretion from pituitary cells, draws wide attention. In contrast to the extensive investigation of CRHBP in mammals and other lower vertebrates, the gene structure, tissue expression and physiological functions of CRHBP in birds remain largely unknown. In the present study, using chicken (c-) as our animal model, we examined the gene structure, tissue expression and functionality of CRHBP. Our results showed that: (1) cCRHBP cDNA encodes a 345 amino acid precursor, which shares high sequence identity with that of mammals, reptiles, frogs and fish; (2) cCRHBP is abundantly expressed in the brain (cerebrum and hypothalamus), pituitary and ovary; (3) cCRHBP inhibits the signaling of cCRHRs induced by cCRH, thus reducing the cCRH-induced ACTH secretion from cultured chick pituitary cells; (4) stress mediators (e.g., glucocorticoids) and stress significantly upregulate CRHBP mRNA expression in chickens, supporting its role as a negative feedback regulator in the HPA axis. The present study enriches our understanding of the conserved roles of CRHBP across vertebrates. In addition, chicken is an important poultry animal with multiple economic traits which are tightly controlled by the HPA axis. The characterization of the chicken CRHBP gene helps to reveal the molecular basis of the chicken HPA axis and is thus beneficial to the poultry industry.
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Wiersielis KR, Ceretti A, Hall A, Famularo ST, Salvatore M, Ellis AS, Jang H, Wimmer ME, Bangasser DA. Sex differences in corticotropin releasing factor regulation of medial septum-mediated memory formation. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100150. [PMID: 30937355 PMCID: PMC6430617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress can disrupt memory and contribute to cognitive impairments in psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. These diseases are more common in men than in women, with men showing greater cognitive impairments. Mnemonic deficits induced by stress are mediated, in part, by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). However, where CRF is acting to regulate memory, and sex differences therein, is understudied. Here we assessed whether CRF in the medial septum (MS), which projects to the hippocampus, affected memory formation in male and female rats. CRF in the MS did not alter hippocampal-independent object recognition memory, but impaired hippocampal-dependent object location memory in both sexes. Interestingly, males were more sensitive than females to the disruptive effect of a low dose of CRF in the MS. Female resistance was not due to circulating ovarian hormones. However, compared to males, females had higher MS expression of CRF binding protein, which reduces CRF bioavailability and thus may mitigate the effect of the low dose of CRF in females. In contrast, there was no sex difference in CRF1 expression in the MS. Consistent with this finding, CRF1 antagonism blocked the memory impairment caused by the high dose of CRF in the MS in both sexes. Collectively, these results suggest that males are more vulnerable than females to the memory impairments caused by CRF in the MS. In both sexes, CRF1 antagonists prevented MS-mediated memory deficits caused by high levels of CRF, and such levels can result from very stressful events. Thus, CRF1 antagonists may be a viable option for treating cognitive deficits in stressed individuals with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Wiersielis
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Attilio Ceretti
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Arron Hall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Sydney T Famularo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Madeleine Salvatore
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Alexandra S Ellis
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Harah Jang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Mathieu E Wimmer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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Haass-Koffler CL. The corticotropin releasing factor binding protein: A strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in the stress system? Alcohol 2018; 72:3-8. [PMID: 29510883 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) exerts its effects by acting on its receptors and on the binding protein (CRFBP). Extensive literature suggests a role of CRF in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Less is known about the specific role, if any, of CRFBP in AUD. In this review, we summarize recent interdisciplinary efforts toward identifying the contribution of CRFBP in mediating CRF activation. The role of CRFBP in alcohol-related behaviors has been evaluated with the ultimate goal of designing effective novel therapeutic strategies for AUD. A series of in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and genetic studies presented here provides initial evidence that CRFBP may possess both inhibitory and excitatory roles, and supports the original hypothesis that it represents a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of AUD. This report summarizes the proceedings of one of the talks at the Young Investigator Award symposium at the Alcoholism and Stress: A Framework for Future Treatment Strategies Conference, Volterra, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L Haass-Koffler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, 121 South Main Street, Brown University, Providence, RI 02919, USA; Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, NIAAA and NIDA, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Winter J, Jurek B. The interplay between oxytocin and the CRF system: regulation of the stress response. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:85-91. [PMID: 29911261 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) has drawn the attention of researchers since 1930. Since then, many aspects of oxytocin have been uncovered, such as reproductive functions, dampening anxiety, enhancing socioemotional behavior, or regulating genomic effects on a cellular level. Here, we want to focus on the interaction between the OT system and the stress/corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-system of the brain. Depending on the nature of the stressor, OT is released simultaneously or directly after the stress from the neurohypophysis into the periphery and/or via somato-dendritic release in stress-sensitive brain areas. This stress-induced OT release might serve to modulate or dampen the stress response; however, the functional relevance is not yet fully understood. In this review, we will describe the effects of OT and discuss the interplay between OT and CRF on a cellular, physiological, and behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Winter
- Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Ben Jurek
- Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Karasev DA, Veselovsky AV, Lagunin AA, Filimonov DA, Sobolev BN. Determination of Amino Acid Residues Responsible for Specific Interaction of Protein Kinases with Small Molecule Inhibitors. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689331802005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vasconcelos M, Stein DJ, Albrechet-Souza L, Miczek KA, de Almeida RMM. Recovery of stress-impaired social behavior by an antagonist of the CRF binding protein, CRF 6-33, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of male rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 357-358:104-110. [PMID: 29330004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Social stress is recognized to promote the development of neuropsychiatric and mood disorders. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is an important neuropeptide activated by social stress, and it contributes to neural and behavioral adaptations, as indicated by impaired social interactions and anhedonic effects. Few studies have focused on the role of the CRF binding protein (CRFBP), a component of the CRF system, and its activity in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST), a limbic structure connecting amygdala and hypothalamus. In this study, animals' preference for sweet solutions was examined as an index of stress-induced anhedonic responses in Wistar rats subjected to four brief intermittent episodes of social defeat. Next, social approach was assessed after local infusions of the CRFBP antagonist, CRF fragment 6-33 (CRF6-33) into the BNST. The experience of brief episodes of social defeat impaired social approach behaviors in male rats. However, intra-BNST CRF6-33 infusions restored social approach in stressed animals to the levels of non-stressed rats. CRF6-33 acted selectively on social interaction and did not alter general exploration in nether stressed nor non-stressed rats. These findings suggest that BNST CRFBP is involved in the modulation of anxiety-like responses induced by social stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailton Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dirson J Stein
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Albrechet-Souza
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Klaus A Miczek
- Department of Psychology and Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosa Maria M de Almeida
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Ketchesin KD, Stinnett GS, Seasholtz AF. Corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein and stress: from invertebrates to humans. Stress 2017; 20:449-464. [PMID: 28436309 PMCID: PMC7885796 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1322575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a key regulator of the stress response. This peptide controls the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as well as a variety of behavioral and autonomic stress responses via the two CRH receptors, CRH-R1 and CRH-R2. The CRH system also includes an evolutionarily conserved CRH-binding protein (CRH-BP), a secreted glycoprotein that binds CRH with subnanomolar affinity to modulate CRH receptor activity. In this review, we discuss the current literature on CRH-BP and stress across multiple species, from insects to humans. We describe the regulation of CRH-BP in response to stress, as well as genetic mouse models that have been utilized to elucidate the in vivo role(s) of CRH-BP in modulating the stress response. Finally, the role of CRH-BP in the human stress response is examined, including single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human CRHBP gene that are associated with stress-related affective disorders and addiction. Lay summary The stress response is controlled by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), acting via CRH receptors. However, the CRH system also includes a unique CRH-binding protein (CRH-BP) that binds CRH with an affinity greater than the CRH receptors. In this review, we discuss the role of this highly conserved CRH-BP in regulation of the CRH-mediated stress response from invertebrates to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Ketchesin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Gwen S. Stinnett
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Audrey F. Seasholtz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Karasev DA, Veselovsky AV, Oparina NY, Filimonov DA, Sobolev BN. Prediction of amino acid positions specific for functional groups in a protein family based on local sequence similarity. J Mol Recognit 2015; 29:159-69. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Karasev
- Russian National Research Medical University; Moscow Russia
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Based Drug Design; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC); Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander V. Veselovsky
- Laboratory of Structure Bioinformatics; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC); Moscow Russia
| | - Nina Yu. Oparina
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Filimonov
- Laboratory of Structure Bioinformatics; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC); Moscow Russia
| | - Boris N. Sobolev
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Based Drug Design; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC); Moscow Russia
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Miguel TT, Gomes KS, Nunes-de-Souza RL. Tonic modulation of anxiety-like behavior by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) type 1 receptor (CRF1) within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in male mice: role of protein kinase A (PKA). Horm Behav 2014; 66:247-56. [PMID: 24848364 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) have recently been receiving more attention from those interested in the neurobiology of anxiety. Here, we investigated the CRF pathway in the modulation of anxiety-like behaviors in male mice exposed to the elevated plus-maze (EPM), through intra-mPFC injections of CRF, CP376395 [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,6-dimethyl-2-(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)-4-pyridinamine hydrochloride, a CRF type 1 receptor antagonist (CR F1)] or H-89 [N-[2-[[3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-propenyl]amino]ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride, a protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor]. We also investigated the effects of intra-mPFC injections of H-89 on the behavioral effects induced by CRF. Mice received bilateral intra-mPFC injections of CRF (0, 37.5, 75 or 150pmol), CP376395 (0, 0.75, 1.5 or 3nmol) or H-89 (0, 1.25, 2.5 or 5nmol) and were exposed to the EPM, to record conventional and complementary measures of anxiety for 5min. Results showed that while CRF (75 and 150pmol) produced an anxiogenic-like effect, CP376395 (all doses) and H-89 (5nmol) attenuated anxiety-like behavior. When injected before CRF (150pmol), intra-mPFC H-89 (2.5nmol, a dose devoid of intrinsic effects on anxiety) completely blocked the anxiogenic-like effects of CRF. These results suggest that (i) CRF plays a tonic anxiogenic-like role at CRF1 receptors within the mPFC, since their blockade per se attenuated anxiety indices and (ii) the anxiogenic-like effects following CRF1 receptor activation depend on cAMP/PKA cascade activation in this limbic forebrain area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarciso Tadeu Miguel
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP, Araraquara, SP 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Karina Santos Gomes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - UNESP, Araraquara, SP 14801-902, Brazil
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Manuel R, Metz JR, Flik G, Vale WW, Huising MO. Corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein (CRF-BP) inhibits CRF- and urotensin-I-mediated activation of CRF receptor-1 and -2 in common carp. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 202:69-75. [PMID: 24769042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein (CRF-BP) is considered a key determinant for CRF receptor (CRF-R) activation by CRF and several related peptides. Earlier studies have shown that the CRF system is highly conserved in gene structures throughout evolution, yet little is known about the evolutionary conservation of its biological functions. Therefore, we address the functional properties of CRF-BP and CRF-Rs in a teleost fish (common carp; Cyprinus carpio L.). We report the finding of two similar, yet distinct, genes for both CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 in this species. The four receptors are differentially responsive to CRF, urotensin-I (UI), sauvagine, and urocortin-2 (Ucn-2) and -3 (Ucn-3) as shown by luciferase assays. In vitro, carp CRF-BP inhibits CRF- and UI-mediated activation of the newfound CRF-Rs, but its potency to do so varies between receptor and peptide ligand. This is the first paper to establish the functionality and physiological interplay between CRF-BP, CRF-Rs and CRF-family peptides in a teleostean species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Manuel
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Juriaan R Metz
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Flik
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wylie W Vale
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Pentkowski NS, Tovote P, Zavala AR, Litvin Y, Blanchard DC, Spiess J, Blanchard RJ. Cortagine infused into the medial prefrontal cortex attenuates predator-induced defensive behaviors and Fos protein production in selective nuclei of the amygdala in male CD1 mice. Horm Behav 2013; 64:519-26. [PMID: 23845323 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays an essential role in coordinating the autonomic, endocrine and behavioral responses to stressors. In this study, we investigated the role of CRF within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in modulating unconditioned defensive behaviors, by examining the effects of microinfusing cortagine a selective type-1 CRF receptor (CRF1) agonist, or acidic-astressin a preferential CRF1 antagonist, into the mPFC in male CD-1 mice exposed to a live predator (rat exposure test--RET). Cortagine microinfusions significantly reduced several indices of defense, including avoidance and freezing, suggesting a specific role for CRF1 within the infralimbic and prelimbic regions of the mPFC in modulating unconditioned behavioral responsivity to a predator. In contrast, microinfusions of acidic-astressin failed to alter defensive behaviors during predator exposure in the RET. Cortagine microinfusions also reduced Fos protein production in the medial, central and basomedial, but not basolateral subnuclei of the amygdala in mice exposed to the rat predatory threat stimulus. These results suggest that CRF1 activation within the mPFC attenuates predator-induced unconditioned anxiety-like defensive behaviors, likely via inhibition of specific amygdalar nuclei. Furthermore, the present findings suggest that the mPFC represents a unique neural region whereby activation of CRF1 produces behavioral effects that contrast with those elicited following systemic administration of CRF1 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Pentkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA; Pacific Biomedical Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA; Specialized Neuroscience Research Program, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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Zhou Y, Jiang Y, Wang R, Bai B, Zhou M, Chen T, Cai J, Wang L, Shaw C. PD-sauvagine: a novel sauvagine/corticotropin releasing factor analogue from the skin secretion of the Mexican giant leaf frog, Pachymedusa dacnicolor. Amino Acids 2011; 43:1147-56. [PMID: 22134582 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sauvagine is a potent and broad-spectrum biologically active peptide of 40 amino acid residues originally isolated from the skin of the South American frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei. Since its discovery, no additional sauvagine structures have been reported. Following the discovery of sauvagine, peptides with similar primary structures/activities were identified in mammalian brain [corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urocortin]. Here, we report the identification of a second sauvagine from the Mexican giant leaf frog, Pachymedusa dacnicolor, which displays primary structural features of both sauvagine and CRF. A cDNA encoding the peptide precursor was "shotgun" cloned from a cDNA library constructed from lyophilised skin secretion by 3'- and 5'-RACE reactions. From this, the primary structure of a 38-mer peptide was deduced and this was located in reverse phase HPLC fractions of skin secretion and both its mass and structure were confirmed by mass spectrometry. The biological activities of synthetic replicates of PD-sauvagine and sauvagine were compared using two different mammalian smooth muscle preparations and the novel peptide was found to be more potent in both. Bioinformatic analyses of PD-sauvagine revealed that it shared different regional sequence identities with both sauvagine and CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Yang LZ, Kockskämper J, Khan S, Suarez J, Walther S, Doleschal B, Unterer G, Khafaga M, Mächler H, Heinzel FR, Dillmann WH, Pieske B, Spiess J. cAMP- and Ca²(+) /calmodulin-dependent protein kinases mediate inotropic, lusitropic and arrhythmogenic effects of urocortin 2 in mouse ventricular myocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:544-56. [PMID: 20942811 PMCID: PMC3031072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Urocortin 2 is beneficial in heart failure, but the underlying cellular mechanisms are not completely understood. Here we have characterized the functional effects of urocortin 2 on mouse cardiomyocytes and elucidated the underlying signalling pathways and mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mouse ventricular myocytes were field-stimulated at 0.5 Hz at room temperature. Fractional shortening and [Ca²(+)](i) transients were measured by an edge detection and epifluorescence system respectively. Western blots were carried out on myocyte extracts with antibodies against total phospholamban (PLN) and PLN phosphorylated at serine-16. KEY RESULTS Urocortin 2 elicited time- and concentration-dependent positive inotropic and lusitropic effects (EC₅₀ : 19 nM) that were abolished by antisauvagine-30 (10 nM, n= 6), a specific antagonist of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) CRF₂ receptors. Urocortin 2 (100 nM) increased the amplitude and decreased the time constant of decay of the underlying [Ca²(+)](i) transients. Urocortin 2 also increased PLN phosphorylation at serine-16. H89 (2 µM) or KT5720 (1 µM), two inhibitors of protein kinase A (PKA), as well as KN93 (1 µM), an inhibitor of Ca²(+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), suppressed the urocortin 2 effects on shortening and [Ca²(+)](i) transients. In addition, urocortin 2 also elicited arrhythmogenic events consisting of extra cell shortenings and extra [Ca²(+)](i) increases in diastole. Urocortin 2-induced arrhythmogenic events were significantly reduced in cells pretreated with KT5720 or KN93. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Urocortin 2 enhanced contractility in mouse ventricular myocytes via activation of CRF₂ receptors in a cAMP/PKA- and Ca²(+)/CaMKII-dependent manner. This enhancement was accompanied by Ca²(+)-dependent arrhythmogenic effects mediated by PKA and CaMKII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zhen Yang
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Group, Max Planck Institute for Experimental MedicineGoettingen, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, CA, USA
- Specialized Neuroscience Research Program 2 of the John A. Burns School of Medicine of the University of Hawaii at ManoaHonolulu, HI, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jens Kockskämper
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of GrazAuenbruggerplatz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University of MarburgMarburg, Germany
| | - Shelina Khan
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of GrazAuenbruggerplatz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jorge Suarez
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stefanie Walther
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of GrazAuenbruggerplatz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Doleschal
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of GrazAuenbruggerplatz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gregor Unterer
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of GrazAuenbruggerplatz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mounir Khafaga
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of GrazAuenbruggerplatz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heinrich Mächler
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of GrazAuenbruggerplatz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank R Heinzel
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of GrazAuenbruggerplatz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang H Dillmann
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of GrazAuenbruggerplatz, Graz, Austria
| | - Joachim Spiess
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Group, Max Planck Institute for Experimental MedicineGoettingen, Germany
- Specialized Neuroscience Research Program 2 of the John A. Burns School of Medicine of the University of Hawaii at ManoaHonolulu, HI, USA
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Tovote P, Farrokhi CB, Gonzales RMK, Schnitzbauer U, Blanchard DC, Blanchard RJ, Spiess J. Activation of central CRF receptor 1 by cortagine results in enhanced passive coping with a naturalistic threat in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:887-95. [PMID: 20036073 PMCID: PMC2875276 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CRF receptor subtype 1 (CRF1), abundantly expressed in the central nervous system, has been implicated in defensive behavior in rodents. Pharmacological activation of CRF1 by peptidic agonists results in enhancement of anxiety-like behavior. However, receptor specificity of commonly used agonists was confounded by significant affinity to other receptors and widely used laboratory tests of experimental anxiety suffer from artificial aversive stimulation (e.g. electric shock), and limited measures of anxiety-like behavior. We used the recently developed, CRF1-selective agonist cortagine in a mouse model of defensive behaviors under semi-natural conditions, the rat exposure test (RET). Cortagine was injected bilaterally into the cerebral ventricles (i.c.v.) of male C57Bl/6J mice, 20min before exposure to a rat in specifically designed box that evokes a wide variety of defensive behaviors such as active/passive avoidance, freezing, risk assessment, and burying. Pre-injection of the CRF receptor antagonist acidic astressin was used to test for receptor specificity of the observed cortagine effects. A control experiment with no rat present was performed to test for baseline effects of cortagine in the exposure setup. Cortagine dose-dependently enhanced passive avoidance and freezing while burying was decreased. CRF receptor antagonism reliably blocked the effects of cortagine. Our results confirm previous findings of anxiogenic-like effects of cortagine, and demonstrate the usefulness of the RET in investigating differential pattering of drug-induced anxiety-like behavior in mice. In conclusion, our results suggest that CRF1 activation in forebrain areas promotes passive coping with the natural threat presented in the RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tovote
- Specialized Neuroscience Research Program, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Catherine Borna Farrokhi
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai’i, 2538 McCarthy Avenue, Snyder 109, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Rachael M. K. Gonzales
- Specialized Neuroscience Research Program, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i, 651 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Udo Schnitzbauer
- Specialized Neuroscience Research Program, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i, 651 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - D. Caroline Blanchard
- Pacific Biosciences Research Institute, and Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i, 2538 McCarthy Avenue, Snyder 114, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Robert J. Blanchard
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai’i, 2538 McCarthy Avenue, Snyder 109, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Joachim Spiess
- Specialized Neuroscience Research Program, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai’i, 651 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI 96813
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16
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Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) coordinates the neural, endocrine and immune responses of the body to stress. Therefore, CRF receptors are important targets for the design of drugs for depression, anxiety and stress-related disorders. Several laboratories have published extensive preclinical and limited clinical research into the role of CRF in human disease. This review covers developments in the patent literature during 2002 - 2006 and outlines the prospects for CRF-based therapy for mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Gilligan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Hopewell, NJ 08543, USA.
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17
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Pentkowski NS, Litvin Y, Blanchard DC, Vasconcellos A, King LB, Blanchard RJ. Effects of acidic-astressin and ovine-CRF microinfusions into the ventral hippocampus on defensive behaviors in rats. Horm Behav 2009; 56:35-43. [PMID: 19269291 PMCID: PMC2773020 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated a possible role for ventral hippocampal corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in modulating both unconditioned and conditioned defensive behaviors by examining the effects of pre-training ventral hippocampal ovine-CRF (oCRF) or acidic-astressin ([Glu(11,16)]Ast) microinfusions in male Long-Evans hooded rats exposed to various threat stimuli including the elevated plus-maze (EPM) (oCRF), cat odor (oCRF and [Glu(11,16)]Ast) and a live cat ([Glu(11,16)]Ast). Unconditioned defensive behaviors were assessed during threat exposure, while conditioned defensive behaviors were assessed in each predator context 24 h after the initial threat encounter. Pre-training infusions of the CRF(1) and CRF(2) receptor agonist oCRF significantly increased defensive behaviors during both the unconditioned and conditioned components of the cat odor test, as well as exposure to the EPM. In contrast to the behavioral effects of oCRF microinfusions, the CRF(1) and CRF(2) receptor antagonist [Glu(11,16)]Ast significantly decreased defensive behaviors during exposure to cat odor, while producing no discernible effects following a second injection in the cat exposure test. During conditioned test trials, pre-training infusions of [Glu(11,16)]Ast also significantly reduced defensive behaviors during re-exposure to both predator contexts. These results suggest a specific role for ventral hippocampal CRF receptors in modulating anxiety-like behaviors in several ethologically relevant animal models of defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Pentkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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18
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Abstract
The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a critical role in the proper functioning of the stress response system through its actions on its receptors, CRF receptor 1 (CRF1) and CRF receptor 2 (CRF2), located at multiple anatomical sites. Clinical data indicate that stress response dysfunctions, such as excessive CRF activity and hyperstimulation of CRF1, are present in a range of stress-related disorders, including depression and anxiety disorders. Our previous work along with that of other laboratories has demonstrated that mice deficient in CRF2 (CRF2-/-) display increased anxiety and depression-like behaviors. In this study, we found CRF2-/- mice display increased hippocampal levels of activated (phosphorylated) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase)/ERK kinase (MEK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and ribosomal protein S6 kinases 1 (RSK1). These changes can be explained by overactive hippocampal CRF1, in view of the finding that the application of the nonselective CRF receptor antagonist [Glu(11,16)] astressin ([Glu(11,16)]Ast) into the dorsal hippocampus of mutant mice returned the levels of the phosphorylated proteins to baseline. Moreover, inhibition of the hippocampal MEK/ERK pathway with the specific MEK inhibitor U0126, decreased depression-like behaviors in the forced swim test and tail suspension test of CRF2-/- mice. Similarly, treatment with [Glu(11,16)]Ast reversed depression phenotype of CRF2-/- mice without affecting the phenotype of wild-type littermates. Our results support an involvement of CRF receptors in the development of depression, such that elevated hippocampal CRF1 activity, in the absence of CRF2, produces a depression-dominated phenotype through the activation of the MEK/ERK pathway.
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19
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Tezval H, Merseburger AS, Serth J, Herrmann TW, Becker JU, Jahn O, Kuczyk MA. Differential Expression of Urocortin in Human Testicular Germ Cells in Course of Spermatogenesis: Role for Urocortin in Male Fertility? Urology 2009; 73:901-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Huising MO, Vaughan JM, Shah SH, Grillot KL, Donaldson CJ, Rivier J, Flik G, Vale WW. Residues of corticotropin releasing factor-binding protein (CRF-BP) that selectively abrogate binding to CRF but not to urocortin 1. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8902-12. [PMID: 18234674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709904200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor-binding protein (CRF-BP) binds CRF and urocortin 1 (Ucn 1) with high affinity, thus preventing CRF receptor (CRFR) activation. Despite recent progress on the molecular details that govern interactions between CRF family neuropeptides and their cognate receptors, little is known concerning the mechanisms that allow CRF-BP to bind CRF and Ucn 1 with picomolar affinity. We conducted a comprehensive alanine scan of 76 evolutionarily conserved residues of CRF-BP and identified several residues that differentially affected the affinity for CRF over Ucn 1. We determined that both neuropeptides derive their similarly high affinity from distinct binding surfaces on CRF-BP. Alanine substitutions of arginine 56 (R56A) and aspartic acid 62 (D62A) reduce the affinity for CRF by approximately 100-fold, while only marginally affecting the affinity for Ucn 1. The selective reduction in affinity for CRF depends on glutamic acid 25 in the CRF peptide, as substitution of Glu(25) reduces the affinity for CRF-BP by approximately 2 orders of magnitude, but only in the presence of both Arg(56) and Asp(62) in human CRF-BP. We show that CRF-BP(R56A) and CRF-BP(D62A) have lost the ability to inhibit CRFR1-mediated responses to CRF that activate luciferase induction in HEK293T cells and ACTH release from cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. In contrast, both CRF-BP mutants retain the ability to inhibit Ucn 1-induced CRFR1 activation. Collectively our findings demonstrate that CRF-BP has distinct and separable binding surfaces for CRF and Ucn 1, opening new avenues for the design of ligand-specific antagonists based on CRF-BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O Huising
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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21
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Todorovic C, Radulovic J, Jahn O, Radulovic M, Sherrin T, Hippel C, Spiess J. Differential activation of CRF receptor subtypes removes stress-induced memory deficit and anxiety. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:3385-97. [PMID: 17553007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the role of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors 1 (CRF(1)) and 2 (CRF(2)) in anxiety-like behavior and learning of C57BL/6J mice after exposure to a stressful stimulus. When C57BL/6J mice were exposed to immobilization (1 h) serving as stressful stimulus, context- and tone-dependent fear conditioning were impaired if the training followed immediately after immobilization. The stress-induced impairment of context-dependent fear conditioning was prevented by specific blockade of CRF(2) of the lateral septum (LS) with anti-sauvagine-30. Immobilization did not only affect conditioned fear, but also enhanced, through CRF(2) of the LS, anxiety-like behavior determined with the elevated plus maze. Recovery from stress-induced anxiety and impairment of context-dependent fear conditioning was observed after 1 h delay of training and required hippocampal CRF(1), as indicated by the finding that this recovery was prevented by blockade of intrahippocampal CRF(1). It was concluded that exposure to a stressor initially affected both anxiety-like behavior and contextual conditioned fear through septal CRF(2), while the later activation of hippocampal CRF(1) resulted in the return to baseline levels of both processes. Intraventricular injection of mouse urocortin 2, a CRF(2)-selective agonist, removed the stress-induced anxiety and learning impairment, but did not reduce the activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis indicative of the hormonal stress response. We propose that the enhanced anxiety is the component of the stress response responsible for the memory deficit.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism
- Amphibian Proteins
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Anxiety/drug therapy
- Anxiety/etiology
- Anxiety/pathology
- Autoradiography
- Behavior, Animal
- Conditioning, Classical/drug effects
- Conditioning, Classical/physiology
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fear
- Immobilization/methods
- Male
- Maze Learning/drug effects
- Memory Disorders/drug therapy
- Memory Disorders/etiology
- Memory Disorders/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptide Hormones
- Peptides/immunology
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/agonists
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/physiology
- Septal Nuclei/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/complications
- Stress, Physiological/etiology
- Time Factors
- Urocortins
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedomir Todorovic
- John A Burns School of Medicine, SNRP2, 651, Ilalo St, Honolulu, Hawaii-96813, USA.
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22
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Isfort RJ, Wang F, Tscheiner M, Dolan E, Bauer MB, Lefever F, Reichart D, Hinkle RT, Wehmeyer KR, Reilman RA, Keck BD, Mazur AW. Discovery of Substituted Human Urocortin 1 Analogs with Improved CRF2 Receptor Selectivity and Increased Efficacy in Preventing Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Int J Pept Res Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-006-9048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Isfort RJ, Wang F, Tscheiner M, Dolan E, Bauer MB, Lefever F, Reichart D, Wehmeyer KR, Reilman RA, Keck BD, Hinkle RT, Mazur AW. Modifications of the human urocortin 2 peptide that improve pharmacological properties. Peptides 2006; 27:1806-13. [PMID: 16476507 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 01/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that the corticotropin releasing factor 2 receptor agonist, urocortin 2, demonstrated anti-atrophy effects in rodent skeletal muscle atrophy models. Compared to other CRF2R agonists however, the in vivo pharmacological potency of urocortin 2 is poor when it is administered by continuous subcutaneous infusion. Therefore, we attempted to modify the structure of urocortin 2 to improve in vivo efficacy when administered by subcutaneous infusion. By substituting amino acid residues in the linker region of urocortin 2 (residues 22-32), we have demonstrated improved in vivo potency without altering selectivity, probably through reduced CRFBP binding. In addition, attempts to shorten urocortin 2 generally resulted in inactive peptides, demonstrating that the 38 amino acid urocortin 2 peptide is the minimal pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Isfort
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd., Mason, OH 45040, USA.
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24
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Hillhouse EW, Grammatopoulos DK. The molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of the biological activity of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors: implications for physiology and pathophysiology. Endocr Rev 2006; 27:260-86. [PMID: 16484629 DOI: 10.1210/er.2005-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The CRH receptor (CRH-R) is a member of the secretin family of G protein-coupled receptors. Wide expression of CRH-Rs in the central nervous system and periphery ensures that their cognate agonists, the family of CRH-like peptides, are capable of exerting a wide spectrum of actions that underpin their critical role in integrating the stress response and coordinating the activity of fundamental physiological functions, such as the regulation of the cardiovascular system, energy balance, and homeostasis. Two types of mammal CRH-R exist, CRH-R1 and CRH-R2, each with unique splicing patterns and remarkably distinct pharmacological properties, but similar signaling properties, probably reflecting their distinct and sometimes contrasting biological functions. The regulation of CRH-R expression and activity is not fully elucidated, and we only now begin to fully understand the impact on mammalian pathophysiology. The focus of this review is the current and evolving understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling CRH-R biological activity and functional flexibility. This shows notable tissue-specific characteristics, highlighted by their ability to couple to distinct G proteins and activate tissue-specific signaling cascades. The type of activating agonist, receptor, and target cell appears to play a major role in determining the overall signaling and biological responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W Hillhouse
- The Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NL, UK.
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25
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Meyer M, Stiedl O. Fractal rigidity by enhanced sympatho-vagal antagonism in heartbeat interval dynamics elicited by central application of corticotropin-releasing factor in mice. J Math Biol 2006; 52:830-74. [PMID: 16521022 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-006-0375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of heartbeat interval fluctuations were studied in awake unrestrained mice following intracerebroventricular application of the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). The cardiac time series derived from telemetric ECG monitoring were analyzed by non-parametric techniques of nonlinear signal processing: delay-vector variance (DVV) analysis, higher-order variability (HOV) analysis, empirical mode decomposition (EMD), multiscale embedding-space decomposition (MESD), multiexponent multifractal (MEMF) analysis. The analyses support the conjecture that cardiac dynamics of normal control mice has both deterministic and stochastic elements, is nonstationary, nonlinear, and exerts multifractal properties. Central application of CRF results in bradycardia and increased variability of the beat-to-beat fluctuations. The altered dynamical properties elicited by CRF reflect a significant loss of intrinsic structural complexity of cardiac control which is due to central neuroautonomic hyperexcitation, i.e., enhanced sympatho-vagal antagonism. The change in dynamical complexity is characterized by an effect referred to as fractal rigidity, leading to a significant impairment of adaptability to extrinsic challenges in a fluctuating environment. The impact of dynamical neurocardiopathy as a major precipiting factor for the propensity of cardiac arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death by unchecked central CRF release in significant acute life events in man is critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meyer
- Fractal Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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26
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Hoare SRJ, Sullivan SK, Fan J, Khongsaly K, Grigoriadis DE. Peptide ligand binding properties of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) type 2 receptor: pharmacology of endogenously expressed receptors, G-protein-coupling sensitivity and determinants of CRF2 receptor selectivity. Peptides 2005; 26:457-70. [PMID: 15652653 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The CRF2 receptor is involved in stress responses, cardiovascular function and gastric motility. Endogenous agonists (urocortin (UCN) 2, UCN 3) and synthetic antagonists (astressin2-B, antisauvagine-30) are selective for CRF2 over the CRF1 receptor. Peptide ligand binding properties of the CRF2 receptor require further investigation, including ligand affinity for endogenously expressed receptors, the effect of receptor-G-protein coupling on ligand affinity, and the molecular basis of ligand selectivity. Ligand affinity for rat CRF(2a) in olfactory bulb and CRF(2b) in A7r5 cells was similar to that for the cloned human CRF(2a) receptor (within three-fold), except for oCRF (9.4- and 5.4-fold higher affinity in olfactory bulb and A7r5 cells, respectively). Receptor-G-protein uncoupling reduced agonist affinity only 1.2- to 6.5-fold (compared with 92-1300-fold for the CRF1 receptor). Ligand selectivity mechanisms were investigated using chimeric CRF2/CRF1 receptors. The juxtamembrane receptor domain determined selectivity of antisauvagine-30, the N-terminal-extracellular domain contributed to selectivity of UCN 3, and both domains contributed to selectivity of UCN 2 and astressin2-B. Therefore ligands differ in the contribution of receptor domains to their selectivity, and CRF2-selective antagonists bind the juxtamembrane domain. These findings will be important for identifying the CRF2 receptor in tissues and for developing ligands targeting the receptor, both of which will be useful in identifying the emerging physiological functions of the CRF2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam R J Hoare
- Department of Pharmacology, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
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27
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Dautzenberg FM, Wille S. Binding differences of human and amphibian corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 (CRF(1)) receptors: identification of amino acids mediating high-affinity astressin binding and functional antagonism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 118:165-73. [PMID: 15003833 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2003.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) type 1 receptors (CRF(1)) from human (hCRF(1)) and Xenopus (xCRF(1)) differ from one another by their agonist- and antagonist-binding preference. While the agonist-binding site of the xCRF(1) receptor has been mapped, the amino acids that mediate binding of the potent peptide antagonist astressin are unknown. By constructing receptor chimeras followed by site-directed mutagenesis, the astressin-binding site of the xCRF(1) receptor was located between residues 76 and 83. This region partially overlaps with the agonist-selective domain of the xCRF(1) receptor (residues 76-89). Mutagenesis of the amphibian residues Gln(76), Gly(81) and Val(83) to the human sequence (Arg(76)Asn(81)Gly(83)) generated a receptor mutant that bound astressin with even higher affinity than the native hCRF(1) receptor. An amino acid doublet (Glu(70)Tyr(71)) that is conserved in the xCRF(1) and hCRF(2(a)) receptor after incorporation into the hCRF(1) receptor sequence was found to facilitate antagonist binding up to 15-fold higher. In agreement with the binding data, astressin was a more potent functional antagonist at receptors expressing the Glu(70)Tyr(71) motif. These data show that the agonist- and antagonist-binding sites of the hCRF(1) receptor partially overlap and that two amino acids within the N terminus of the hCRF(1) receptor negatively influence binding and functional antagonism of astressin.
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Tovote P, Meyer M, Beck-Sickinger AG, von Hörsten S, Ove Ogren S, Spiess J, Stiedl O. Central NPY receptor-mediated alteration of heart rate dynamics in mice during expression of fear conditioned to an auditory cue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 120:205-14. [PMID: 15177939 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Revised: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is involved in the regulation of emotionality including fear and anxiety, which modulate autonomic control of cardiovascular function. We therefore investigated the central effects of porcine NPY, selective Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptor agonists and a Y1 receptor antagonist on heart rate (HR) and HR variability in freely moving mice using auditory fear conditioning. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections were applied 15 min before the tone-dependent memory test. NPY dose-dependently induced bradycardia associated with decreased HR variability, and blunted the stress-induced tachycardic response. The selective Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO 3304 blocked the NPY- and Y1-receptor agonist-induced suppression of conditioned tachycardia without affecting basal HR. The tachycardia elicited by both conditioned and unconditioned stressor was effectively attenuated by the Y1 receptor agonist. These results suggest a specific contribution of Y1, but not Y2 and Y5 receptors, to modulation of emotional responses most likely unrelated to impairment or modulation of memory. The NPY-induced bradycardia is attributed to not yet characterized NPY receptor subtypes other than Y1, Y2 and Y5, or a complex receptor interaction. In conclusion, NPY mediates central inhibition of sympathetic outflow, potentially coupled with attenuation of parasympathetic tone, i.e., mechanisms that may be associated with the reported anxiolytic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tovote
- Department of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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Todorovic C, Jahn O, Tezval H, Hippel C, Spiess J. The role of CRF receptors in anxiety and depression: Implications of the novel CRF1 agonist cortagine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 29:1323-33. [PMID: 16099044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a 41 amino acid peptide exhibits its actions through two pharmacologically distinct CRF receptor subtypes CRF(1) and CRF(2). Regulation of the relative contribution of the two CRF receptors to central CRF activity may be essential in coordinating physiological responses to stress. To facilitate the analysis of their differential involvement, we recently developed a CRF(1)-selective agonist cortagine by synthesis of chimeric peptides derived from human/rat CRF, ovine CRF, and sauvagine. Cortagine was analyzed in behavioral experiments using male wild type and CRF(2)-deficient C57BL/6J mice for its action on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. In contrast to the current hypothesis that increased CRF(1) activity facilitates the expression of anxiety- and depression-like behavior, cortagine combines anxiogenic properties with antidepressant effects. In this article, we show that antidepressant effects are partially mediated by CRF(1) of the dorsal hippocampus. Possible pathways responsible for the paradoxical antidepressant effects observed after CRF(1) activation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedomir Todorovic
- Department of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann Rein Str. 3, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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Stiedl O, Meyer M, Jahn O, Ogren SO, Spiess J. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor 1 and Central Heart Rate Regulation in Mice during Expression of Conditioned Fear. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 312:905-16. [PMID: 15537825 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.075820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to 1) determine heart rate (HR) effects mediated through central corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtypes 1 (CRF(1)) investigate and 2 (CRF(2)) and 2) to the contribution of endogenous CRF to baseline HR and its fear-induced adjustment in freely moving mice. CRF ligands were injected into both lateral ventricles (i.c.v.) 15 min before the presentation of a conditioned auditory fear stimulus (CS). Initial behavioral results suggest an ovine CRF (oCRF)-mediated enhanced baseline fear and mildly enhanced conditioned auditory fear. In contrast, i.c.v. injection of oCRF (35-210 ng/mouse) dose-dependently decreased baseline HR, increased HR variability, and attenuated the CS-induced tachycardia. This effect is suggested to depend on a combined activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity referred to as enhanced sympathovagal antagonism. An extreme bradycardia was elicited by oCRF injection into the lower brainstem. All HR effects were probably mediated by CRF(1) because injection of the CRF(2)-selective agonist mouse urocortin II was ineffective, and the baseline bradycardia by i.c.v. CRF was preserved in CRF(2)-deficient mice. Injection of various CRF receptor antagonists including the CRF(2)-selective antisauvagine-30 did not affect the conditioned HR response. This finding suggests that endogenous CRF does not contribute to the fear-mediated tachycardia. Thus, the hypothesis of an involvement of CRF in HR responses of mice to acute aversive stimulation is rejected. Pharmacological evidence points at the involvement of CRF(1) in enhanced sympathovagal antagonism, a pathological state contributing to elevated cardiac risk, whereas the physiological role of the brain CRF system in cardiovascular regulation remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stiedl
- Department of Developmental and Behavioural Neurobiology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, Room B-256, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Jahn O, Tezval H, van Werven L, Eckart K, Spiess J. Three-amino acid motifs of urocortin II and III determine their CRF receptor subtype selectivity. Neuropharmacology 2004; 47:233-42. [PMID: 15223302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Revised: 03/17/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and the CRF-like peptide urocortin I (UcnI) exert their activity through two different CRF receptors, CRF1 and CRF2. Recently, UcnII and UcnIII have been discovered as potential endogenous agonists selective for CRF2 known to be involved in brain functions such as learning and anxiety, as well as in cardiovascular functions. A structure-affinity relationship study using chimeric peptides was designed to characterize mouse UcnII (mUcnII) and mUcnIII further and to investigate the structural basis of their receptor subtype selectivity. In the framework of this study, mUcnII (IC50 = 4.4 nM) but not mUcnIII was identified as high-affinity ligand for the rat CRF binding protein. Such affinity had previously not been observed for the human version of this protein. On the basis of secondary structure predictions, it was hypothesized that the amino acid motifs Pro-Ile-Gly of mUcnII and Pro-Thr-Asn of mUcnIII decrease alpha-helicity and thereby impair binding to CRF1. In support of this hypothesis, binding affinity to CRF1 of the chimeric peptides [Pro11Ile12Gly13]h/rCRF, [Pro11Thr12Asn13]h/rCRF, and the corresponding rUcnI analogs was found to be decreased by three orders of magnitude, whereas binding affinity to CRF2 was much less affected. The dramatic decrease in binding affinity to CRF1 correlated with a decrease in alpha-helicity as indicated by the data of circular dichroism spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Jahn
- Department of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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Tezval H, Jahn O, Todorovic C, Sasse A, Eckart K, Spiess J. Cortagine, a specific agonist of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtype 1, is anxiogenic and antidepressive in the mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:9468-73. [PMID: 15192151 PMCID: PMC439000 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403159101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two subtypes of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor, CRF(1) and CRF(2), differentially modulate brain functions such as anxiety and memory. To facilitate the analysis of their differential involvement, we developed a CRF(1)-specific peptidic agonist by synthesis of chimeric peptides derived from human/rat CRF, ovine CRF (oCRF), and sauvagine (Svg). High affinity to the CRF-binding protein was prevented by introduction of glutamic acid in the binding site of the ligand. The resulting chimeric peptide, [Glu(21),Ala(40)][Svg(1-12)]x[human/rat CRF(14-30)]x[Svg(30-40)], named cortagine, was analyzed pharmacologically in cell culture by using human embryonic kidney-293 cells transfected with cDNA coding for CRF(1) or CRF(2), in autoradiographic experiments, and in behavior experiments using male C57BL/6J mice for its modulatory action on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors with the elevated plus-maze test and the forced swim test (FST), respectively. We observed that cortagine was more selective than oCRF, frequently used as CRF(1)-specific agonist, in stimulating the transfected cells to release cAMP. Cortagine's specificity was demonstrated in autoradiographic experiments by its selective binding to CRF(1) of brain sections of the mouse. After injection into the brain ventricles, it enhanced anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus-maze at a lower dose than oCRF. Whereas at high doses, oCRF injected into the lateral intermediate septum containing predominantly CRF(2) increased anxiety-like behavior as CRF(2)-specific agonists do, cortagine did not. In contrast to its anxiogenic actions, cortagine reduced significantly the immobility time in the FST as described for antidepressive drugs. Thus, cortagine combines anxiogenic properties with antidepressive effects in the FST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Tezval
- Department of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann Rein Strasse 3, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany
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33
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Stiedl O, Meyer M, Kishimoto T, Rosenfeld MG, Spiess J. Stress-mediated heart rate dynamics after deletion of the gene encoding corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:2231-5. [PMID: 12786991 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential role of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtype 2 (CRFR2) in autonomic regulation of heart rate and heart rate variability under physiological conditions in conscious mice. Heart rate dynamics during novelty exposure and auditory fear conditioning were assessed by radiotelemetry. Heart rate responses and heart rate variability values were not different in CRFR2+/+ and CRFR2-/- mice during novelty exposure, which was associated with similar locomotor activity exhibited by both genotypes. The heart rate responses during retention of conditioned auditory fear were similar and the exponential relationship between heart rate and heart rate variability was independent of genotype. Pharmacological stimulation of the peripheral CRFR2beta by intraperitoneal injection of 200 ng human/rat corticotropin-releasing factor yielded a sustained tachycardia in wildtype control (CRFR2+/+) mice which was absent in CRFR2-deficient (CRFR2-/-) mice. Similarly, the tachycardia was effectively blocked by preinjection of the CRFR2 antagonist antisauvagine-30. In conclusion, the results indicate the involvement of CRFR2 in heart rate dynamics upon pharmacological stimulation but demonstrate that CRFR2 is not involved in baseline heart rate regulation and stress-mediated modulation of heart rate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stiedl
- Department of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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34
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Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors couple to multiple G-proteins to activate diverse intracellular signaling pathways in mouse hippocampus: role in neuronal excitability and associative learning. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12533630 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-02-00700.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) exerts a key neuroregulatory control on stress responses in various regions of the mammalian brain, including the hippocampus. Using hippocampal slices, extracts, and whole animals, we investigated the effects of human/rat CRF (h/rCRF) on hippocampal neuronal excitability and hippocampus-dependent learning in two mouse inbred strains, BALB/c and C57BL/6N. Intracellular recordings from slices revealed that application of h/rCRF increased the neuronal activity in both mouse inbred strains. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by bisindolylmaleimide I (BIS-I) prevented the h/rCRF effect only in hippocampal slices from BALB/c mice but not in slices from C57BL/6N mice. Inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) by H-89 abolished the h/rCRF effect in slices from C57BL/6N mice, with no effect in slices from BALB/c mice. Accordingly, h/rCRF elevated PKA activity in hippocampal slices from C57BL/6N mice but increased only PKC activity in the hippocampus of BALB/c mice. These differences in h/rCRF signal transduction were also observed in hippocampal membrane suspensions from both mouse strains. In BALB/c mice, hippocampal CRF receptors coupled to G(q/11) during stimulation by h/rCRF, whereas they coupled to G(s), G(q/11), and G(i) in C57BL/6N mice. As expected on the basis of the slice experiments, h/rCRF improved context-dependent fear conditioning of BALB/c mice in behavioral experiments, and BIS-I prevented this effect. However, although h/rCRF increased neuronal spiking in slices from C57BL/6N mice, it did not enhance conditioned fear. These results indicate that the CRF system activates different intracellular signaling pathways in mouse hippocampus and may have distinct effects on associative learning depending on the mouse strain investigated.
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35
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Blank T, Nijholt I, Vollstaedt S, Spiess J. The corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 antagonist CP-154,526 reverses stress-induced learning deficits in mice. Behav Brain Res 2003; 138:207-13. [PMID: 12527451 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) coordinates the endocrine responses to stress as a major physiological regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We assessed the effect of the non-peptidergic CRF receptor 1 antagonist CP-154,526 on stress-induced changes in context-dependent fear conditioning and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. The learning impairment of mice trained immediately after 1 h immobilization could be overcome by preinjection of CP-154,526 before exposure to immobilization. Exposure to acute stress reduced the amount of autophosphorylated Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in the hippocampal CA1 area. When animals were pretreated with CP-154,526 before immobilization, the amount of hippocampal autophosphorylated CaMKII was elevated. Electrophysiological studies in the hippocampal CA1 region of stressed animals revealed no significant effects of the CP-154,526 pretreatment on long-term potentiation but a significant elevation of paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) was observed. The CP-154,526-induced enhancements in fear conditioning and PPF could be prevented by the selective CaMKII inhibitor KN-62. Our results demonstrated that learning impairment after acute stress was antagonized by CP-154,526 pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blank
- Department of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Street 3, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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36
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Blank T, Nijholt I, Grammatopoulos DK, Randeva HS, Hillhouse EW, Spiess J. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors couple to multiple G-proteins to activate diverse intracellular signaling pathways in mouse hippocampus: role in neuronal excitability and associative learning. J Neurosci 2003; 23:700-7. [PMID: 12533630 PMCID: PMC6741896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) exerts a key neuroregulatory control on stress responses in various regions of the mammalian brain, including the hippocampus. Using hippocampal slices, extracts, and whole animals, we investigated the effects of human/rat CRF (h/rCRF) on hippocampal neuronal excitability and hippocampus-dependent learning in two mouse inbred strains, BALB/c and C57BL/6N. Intracellular recordings from slices revealed that application of h/rCRF increased the neuronal activity in both mouse inbred strains. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by bisindolylmaleimide I (BIS-I) prevented the h/rCRF effect only in hippocampal slices from BALB/c mice but not in slices from C57BL/6N mice. Inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) by H-89 abolished the h/rCRF effect in slices from C57BL/6N mice, with no effect in slices from BALB/c mice. Accordingly, h/rCRF elevated PKA activity in hippocampal slices from C57BL/6N mice but increased only PKC activity in the hippocampus of BALB/c mice. These differences in h/rCRF signal transduction were also observed in hippocampal membrane suspensions from both mouse strains. In BALB/c mice, hippocampal CRF receptors coupled to G(q/11) during stimulation by h/rCRF, whereas they coupled to G(s), G(q/11), and G(i) in C57BL/6N mice. As expected on the basis of the slice experiments, h/rCRF improved context-dependent fear conditioning of BALB/c mice in behavioral experiments, and BIS-I prevented this effect. However, although h/rCRF increased neuronal spiking in slices from C57BL/6N mice, it did not enhance conditioned fear. These results indicate that the CRF system activates different intracellular signaling pathways in mouse hippocampus and may have distinct effects on associative learning depending on the mouse strain investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blank
- Department of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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37
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Grammatopoulos DK, Chrousos GP. Functional characteristics of CRH receptors and potential clinical applications of CRH-receptor antagonists. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2002; 13:436-44. [PMID: 12431840 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-2760(02)00670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays a major role in coordinating the behavioral, endocrine, autonomic and immune responses to stress. CRH and CRH-related peptides and their receptors are present in the central nervous system and in a wide variety of peripheral tissues, including the immune, cardiovascular and reproductive systems, and have been associated with the pathophysiology of many disease states. These observations have led to the development of several CRH receptor type-selective antagonists, which have been used experimentally to elucidate the role of CRH and related peptides in physiological and disease processes, such as anxiety and depression, sleep disorders, addictive behavior, inflammatory and allergic disorders, neurological diseases and pre-term labor. Because of the complex network of multiple CRH receptor subtypes and their tissue- and agonist-specific signaling diversity, antagonists need to be developed that can target specific CRH receptor isoform-driven signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris K Grammatopoulos
- Sir Quinton Hazell Molecular Medicine Research Centre, Dept of Biological Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK CV4 7AL.
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Brauns O, Brauns S, Jenke M, Zimmermann B, Dautzenberg FM. Secondary structure of antisauvagine analogues is important for CRF receptor antagonism: development of antagonists with increased potency and receptor selectivity. Peptides 2002; 23:1817-27. [PMID: 12383870 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(02)00139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antisauvagine-30 (aSVG) is the only high-affinity antagonist for the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) type 2 (CRF(2)) receptor. A structure-activity relationship study was performed to pinpoint residues conferring aSVG's selectivity. The aSVG-analogues being N-terminally extended by one or two residues or containing the Ala(22)Arg(23)Ala(24) (ARA-motif) of CRF, were synthesized. Additionally, a lactam bridge between positions 29 and 32 was introduced. The modified peptides were analyzed for alpha-helicity properties, binding affinities and antagonistic potencies at the rat CRF(1) and mouse CRF(2B) receptors. While N-terminal prolongation and replacement of D-Phe(11) by Tyr(11) increased the affinity for the CRF(2) receptor, the introduction of the ARA motif resulted in a loss of CRF(2) receptor selectivity. These data show that aSVG(10-40) analogues are more potent CRF(2) receptor antagonists than aSVG(11-40) peptides, while introduction of the ARA-motif or a cyclic constraint between residues 29 and 32 favors binding to the CRF(1) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Brauns
- Department of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann Rein Str. 3, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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39
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Jahn O, Eckart K, Brauns O, Tezval H, Spiess J. The binding protein of corticotropin-releasing factor: ligand-binding site and subunit structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:12055-60. [PMID: 12215497 PMCID: PMC129397 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.192449299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), recognized as an important stress factor, binds to a CRF receptor and a CRF-binding protein (CRFBP) that represents a reservoir of endogenous CRF. Although CRFBP was observed to dimerize, at least in part, the ligand was found to be exclusively bound to the monomer-as indicated by photoaffinity labeling. We localized the CRF binding site by using photoaffinity labeling in combination with different mass spectrometric techniques. The amino acid residues Arg-23 and Arg-36 of CRFBP were identified as the sites of photoincorporation of monofunctional and bifunctional photoprobes designed on the basis of the amino acid sequence of human/rat CRF(6-33). It was, therefore, concluded that the sequence of amino acid residues 23-36 of CRFBP is involved in ligand binding. Our data are in support of an antiparallel alignment of the photoprobe with the amino acid residues 23-36 of the CRFBP monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Jahn
- Department of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann Rein Strasse 3, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany
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40
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Priming of long-term potentiation in mouse hippocampus by corticotropin-releasing factor and acute stress: implications for hippocampus-dependent learning. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 11978854 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-09-03788.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present experiments, we characterized the action of human/rat corticotropin-releasing factor (h/rCRF) and acute stress (1 hr of immobilization) on hippocampus-dependent learning and on synaptic plasticity in the mouse hippocampus. We first showed that h/rCRF application and acute stress facilitated (primed) long-term potentiation of population spikes (PS-LTP) in the mouse hippocampus and enhanced context-dependent fear conditioning. Both the priming of PS-LTP and the improvement of context-dependent fear conditioning were prevented by the CRF receptor antagonist [Glu(11,16)]astressin. PS-LTP priming and improved learning were also reduced by the protein kinase C inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I. Acute stress induced the activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) 2 hr after the end of the stress session. The CaMKII inhibitor KN-62 antagonized the stress-mediated learning enhancement, however, with no effect on PS-LTP persistence. Thus, long-lasting increased neuronal excitability as reflected in PS-LTP priming appeared to be essential for the enhancement of learning in view of the observation that inhibition of PS-LTP priming was associated with impaired learning. Conversely, it was demonstrated that inhibition of CaMKII activity reduced contextual fear conditioning without affecting PS-LTP priming. This observation suggests that priming of PS-LTP and activation of CaMKII represent two essential mechanisms that may contribute independently to long-term memory.
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Martínez V, Wang L, Rivier JE, Vale W, Taché Y. Differential actions of peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), urocortin II, and urocortin III on gastric emptying and colonic transit in mice: role of CRF receptor subtypes 1 and 2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 301:611-7. [PMID: 11961064 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.301.2.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral CRF inhibits gastric emptying and stimulates colonic motor function in rats. We investigated the role of CRF(1) and CRF(2) receptors in i.p. CRF-induced alterations of gut transit in conscious mice using selective CRF(1) and CRF(2) ligands injected i.p. Gastric emptying 2 h after ingestion of a solid chow meal and colonic transit (time to expel a bead inserted into the distal colon) were determined simultaneously. Rat/human (r/h)CRF, which has CRF(1) > CRF(2) binding affinity, decreased distal colonic transit time at lower doses (6-12 microg/kg) than those inhibiting gastric emptying (20-60 microg/kg). Ovine CRF, a preferential CRF(1) receptor agonist (6-60 microg/kg), reduced significantly the colonic transit time without altering gastric emptying, whereas the selective CRF(2) receptor agonists mouse urocortin II (20-60 microg/kg) and urocortin III (120 microg/kg) inhibited significantly gastric emptying without modifying colonic transit. The CRF(1)/CRF(2) receptor antagonist, astressin (30-120 microg/kg), dose dependently prevented r/hCRF (20 microg/kg)-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and reduction of colonic transit time. The selective CRF(1) receptor antagonists, NBI-27914 (C(18)H(20)Cl(4)N(4)C(7)H(8)O(3)S) and CP-154,526 (butyl-[2,5-dimethyl-7-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]ethylamine) (5-30 mg/kg), dose dependently blocked r/hCRF action on the colon without influencing the gastric response, whereas the CRF(2) receptor antagonist, antisauvagine-30 (30-100 microg/kg), dose dependently abolished r/hCRF-induced delayed gastric emptying and had no effect on colonic response. These data show that i.p. r/hCRF-induced opposite actions on upper and lower gut transit in conscious mice are mediated by different CRF receptor subtypes: the activation of CRF(1) receptors stimulates colonic propulsive activity, whereas activation of CRF(2) receptors inhibits gastric emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Martínez
- Center for Ulcer Research and Education: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, USA
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