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Xu F, Zhang S, Ma L, Hou Y, Li J, Denisenko A, Li Z, Spatz J, Wrachtrup J, Lei H, Cao Y, Wei Q, Chu Z. Quantum-enhanced diamond molecular tension microscopy for quantifying cellular forces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi5300. [PMID: 38266085 PMCID: PMC10807811 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The constant interplay and information exchange between cells and the microenvironment are essential to their survival and ability to execute biological functions. To date, a few leading technologies such as traction force microscopy, optical/magnetic tweezers, and molecular tension-based fluorescence microscopy are broadly used in measuring cellular forces. However, the considerable limitations, regarding the sensitivity and ambiguities in data interpretation, are hindering our thorough understanding of mechanobiology. Here, we propose an innovative approach, namely, quantum-enhanced diamond molecular tension microscopy (QDMTM), to precisely quantify the integrin-based cell adhesive forces. Specifically, we construct a force-sensing platform by conjugating the magnetic nanotags labeled, force-responsive polymer to the surface of a diamond membrane containing nitrogen-vacancy centers. Notably, the cellular forces will be converted into detectable magnetic variations in QDMTM. After careful validation, we achieved the quantitative cellular force mapping by correlating measurement with the established theoretical model. We anticipate our method can be routinely used in studies like cell-cell or cell-material interactions and mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuxiang Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linjie Ma
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Andrej Denisenko
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Joachim Spatz
- Department for Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hai Lei
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Cao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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2
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Du Z, Gupta M, Xu F, Zhang K, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Wang Z, Wrachtrup J, Wong N, Li C, Chu Z. Widefield Diamond Quantum Sensing with Neuromorphic Vision Sensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304355. [PMID: 37939304 PMCID: PMC10787069 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing interest in developing ultrasensitive widefield diamond magnetometry for various applications, achieving high temporal resolution and sensitivity simultaneously remains a key challenge. This is largely due to the transfer and processing of massive amounts of data from the frame-based sensor to capture the widefield fluorescence intensity of spin defects in diamonds. In this study, a neuromorphic vision sensor to encode the changes of fluorescence intensity into spikes in the optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) measurements is adopted, closely resembling the operation of the human vision system, which leads to highly compressed data volume and reduced latency. It also results in a vast dynamic range, high temporal resolution, and exceptional signal-to-background ratio. After a thorough theoretical evaluation, the experiment with an off-the-shelf event camera demonstrated a 13× improvement in temporal resolution with comparable precision of detecting ODMR resonance frequencies compared with the state-of-the-art highly specialized frame-based approach. It is successfully deploy this technology in monitoring dynamically modulated laser heating of gold nanoparticles coated on a diamond surface, a recognizably difficult task using existing approaches. The current development provides new insights for high-precision and low-latency widefield quantum sensing, with possibilities for integration with emerging memory devices to realize more intelligent quantum sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Du
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Madhav Gupta
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yiyao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, Research Center SCoPE and IQST, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ngai Wong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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3
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Mathes N, Comas M, Bleul R, Everaert K, Hermle T, Wiekhorst F, Knittel P, Sperling RA, Vidal X. Nitrogen-vacancy center magnetic imaging of Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles inside the gastrointestinal tract of Drosophila melanogaster. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 6:247-255. [PMID: 38125606 PMCID: PMC10729879 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00684k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Widefield magnetometry based on nitrogen-vacancy centers enables high spatial resolution imaging of magnetic field distributions without a need for spatial scanning. In this work, we show nitrogen-vacancy center magnetic imaging of Fe3O4 nanoparticles within the gastrointestinal tract of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Vector magnetic field imaging based on optically detected magnetic resonance is carried out on dissected larvae intestine organs containing accumulations of externally loaded magnetic nanoparticles. The distribution of the magnetic nanoparticles within the tissue can be clearly deduced from the magnetic stray field measurements. Spatially resolved magnetic imaging requires the nitrogen-vacancy centers to be very close to the sample making the technique particularly interesting for thin tissue samples. This study is a proof of principle showing the capability of nitrogen-vacancy center magnetometry as a technique to detect magnetic nanoparticle distributions in Drosophila melanogaster larvae that can be extended to other biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Mathes
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Solid State Physics IAF Freiburg Germany
| | - Maria Comas
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg Hugstetter Straße 55 79106 Freiburg Germany
| | - Regina Bleul
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM Carl-Zeiss-Str. 18-20 55129 Mainz Germany
| | - Katrijn Everaert
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Abbestraße 2-12 Berlin Germany
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281/S1 Ghent Belgium
| | - Tobias Hermle
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg Hugstetter Straße 55 79106 Freiburg Germany
| | - Frank Wiekhorst
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Abbestraße 2-12 Berlin Germany
| | - Peter Knittel
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Solid State Physics IAF Freiburg Germany
| | - Ralph A Sperling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM Carl-Zeiss-Str. 18-20 55129 Mainz Germany
| | - Xavier Vidal
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Solid State Physics IAF Freiburg Germany
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Derio 48160 Spain
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4
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Winkler R, Ciria M, Ahmad M, Plank H, Marcuello C. A Review of the Current State of Magnetic Force Microscopy to Unravel the Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials Applied in Biological Systems and Future Directions for Quantum Technologies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2585. [PMID: 37764614 PMCID: PMC10536909 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism plays a pivotal role in many biological systems. However, the intensity of the magnetic forces exerted between magnetic bodies is usually low, which demands the development of ultra-sensitivity tools for proper sensing. In this framework, magnetic force microscopy (MFM) offers excellent lateral resolution and the possibility of conducting single-molecule studies like other single-probe microscopy (SPM) techniques. This comprehensive review attempts to describe the paramount importance of magnetic forces for biological applications by highlighting MFM's main advantages but also intrinsic limitations. While the working principles are described in depth, the article also focuses on novel micro- and nanofabrication procedures for MFM tips, which enhance the magnetic response signal of tested biomaterials compared to commercial nanoprobes. This work also depicts some relevant examples where MFM can quantitatively assess the magnetic performance of nanomaterials involved in biological systems, including magnetotactic bacteria, cryptochrome flavoproteins, and magnetic nanoparticles that can interact with animal tissues. Additionally, the most promising perspectives in this field are highlighted to make the reader aware of upcoming challenges when aiming toward quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.W.); (H.P.)
| | - Miguel Ciria
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Margaret Ahmad
- Photobiology Research Group, IBPS, UMR8256 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.W.); (H.P.)
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carlos Marcuello
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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5
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Chen S, Sun Z, Li W, Yu P, Shi Q, Kong F, Zhang Q, Wang P, Wang Y, Shi F, Du J. Digital Magnetic Detection of Biomolecular Interactions with Single Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2636-2643. [PMID: 36971403 PMCID: PMC10103294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular interactions compose a fundamental element of all life forms and are the biological basis of many biomedical assays. However, current methods for detecting biomolecular interactions have limitations in sensitivity and specificity. Here, using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond as quantum sensors, we demonstrate digital magnetic detection of biomolecular interactions with single magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). We first developed a single-particle magnetic imaging (SiPMI) method on 100 nm-sized MNPs with negligible magnetic background, high signal stability, and accurate quantification. The single-particle method was performed on biotin-streptavidin interactions and DNA-DNA interactions in which a single-base mismatch was specifically differentiated. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2-related antibodies and nucleic acids were examined by a digital immunomagnetic assay derived from SiPMI. In addition, a magnetic separation process improved the detection sensitivity and dynamic range by more than 3 orders of magnitude and also the specificity. This digital magnetic platform is applicable to extensive biomolecular interaction studies and ultrasensitive biomedical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyou Chen
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ziting Sun
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wanhe Li
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pei Yu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qian Shi
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fei Kong
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei
National Laboratory, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei
National Laboratory, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
- Hefei
National Laboratory, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei
National Laboratory, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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6
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Tian J, Said RS, Jelezko F, Cai J, Xiao L. Bayesian-Based Hybrid Method for Rapid Optimization of NV Center Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3244. [PMID: 36991955 PMCID: PMC10058532 DOI: 10.3390/s23063244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
NV centers are among the most promising platforms in the field of quantum sensing. Magnetometry based on NV centers, especially, has achieved concrete development in areas of biomedicine and medical diagnostics. Improving the sensitivity of NV center sensors under wide inhomogeneous broadening and fieldamplitude drift is a crucial issue of continuous concern that relies on the coherent control of NV centers with high average fidelity. Quantum optimal control (QOC) methods provide access to this target; nevertheless, the high time consumption of current methods due to the large number of needful sample points as well as the complexity of the parameter space has hindered their usability. In this paper, we propose the Bayesian estimation phase-modulated (B-PM) method to tackle this problem. In the case of the state transforming of an NV center ensemble, the B-PM method reduced the time consumption by more than 90% compared with the conventional standard Fourier basis (SFB) method while increasing the average fidelity from 0.894 to 0.905. In the AC magnetometry scenario, the optimized control pulse obtained with the B-PM method achieved an eight-fold extension of coherence time T2 compared with the rectangular π pulse. Similar application can be made in other sensing situations. As a general algorithm, the B-PM method can be further extended to the open- and closed-loop optimization of complex systems based on a variety of quantum platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhao Tian
- School of Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Ressa S. Said
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jianming Cai
- School of Physics, International Joint Laboratory on Quantum Sensing and Quantum Metrology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liantuan Xiao
- School of Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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7
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Zhong X, Chen R. Detection of Ferroptosis by Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2712:211-222. [PMID: 37578709 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3433-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death driven by oxidative damage, characterized by iron overload and lipid peroxidation, and regulated by a network of distinct molecules and organelles. Impaired ferroptotic response is implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes, including tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration, and ischemia-reperfusion damage. Classical techniques of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) can be employed to exhibit antigen expression and location in tissues observed with microscopy, making them powerful tools in studying the ferroptosis process. In this chapter, we introduce commonly used protocols and summarize typical markers used in IHC and IF to monitor ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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8
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Qureshi SA, Hsiao WWW, Hussain L, Aman H, Le TN, Rafique M. Recent Development of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds for Optical Biosensing and Disease Diagnosis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121181. [PMID: 36551148 PMCID: PMC9775945 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to precisely monitor the intracellular temperature directly contributes to the essential understanding of biological metabolism, intracellular signaling, thermogenesis, and respiration. The intracellular heat generation and its measurement can also assist in the prediction of the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. However, intracellular thermometry without altering the biochemical reactions and cellular membrane damage is challenging, requiring appropriately biocompatible, nontoxic, and efficient biosensors. Bright, photostable, and functionalized fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) have emerged as excellent probes for intracellular thermometry and magnetometry with the spatial resolution on a nanometer scale. The temperature and magnetic field-dependent luminescence of naturally occurring defects in diamonds are key to high-sensitivity biosensing applications. Alterations in the surface chemistry of FNDs and conjugation with polymer, metallic, and magnetic nanoparticles have opened vast possibilities for drug delivery, diagnosis, nanomedicine, and magnetic hyperthermia. This study covers some recently reported research focusing on intracellular thermometry, magnetic sensing, and emerging applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in biomedical imaging. We extend the application of FNDs as biosensors toward disease diagnosis by using intracellular, stationary, and time-dependent information. Furthermore, the potential of machine learning (ML) and AI algorithms for developing biosensors can revolutionize any future outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Ahmad Qureshi
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Lal Hussain
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, King Abdullah Campus Chatter Kalas, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Neelum Campus, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Athmuqam 13230, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Aman
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, PIEAS, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Trong-Nghia Le
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Rafique
- Department of Physics, King Abdullah Campus Chatter Kalas, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan
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