1
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Phan AL, Nan B, Le PML, Miao Q, Wu Z, Le K, Chen F, Engelhard M, Dan Nguyen T, Han KS, Heo J, Zhang W, Baek M, Xu J, Zhang X, Liu P, Ma L, Wang C. Lightweight Electrolyte Design for Li/Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2406594. [PMID: 38940263 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) recently emerges as a promising cathode for high-energy lithium (Li) metal batteries owing to its high capacity, extended cycle life, and liberty from costly transition metals. As the high capacities of both Li metal and SPAN lead to relatively small electrode weights, the weight and specific energy density of Li/SPAN batteries are particularly sensitive to electrolyte weight, highlighting the importance of minimizing electrolyte density. Besides, the large volume changes of Li metal anode and SPAN cathode require inorganic-rich interphases that can guarantee intactness and protectivity throughout long cycles. This work addresses these crucial aspects with an electrolyte design where lightweight dibutyl ether (DBE) is used as a diluent for concentrated lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI)-triethyl phosphate (TEP) solution. The designed electrolyte (d = 1.04 g mL-1) is 40%-50% lighter than conventional localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCEs), leading to 12%-20% extra energy density at the cell level. Besides, the use of DBE introduces substantial solvent-diluent affinity, resulting in a unique solvation structure with strengthened capability to form favorable anion-derived inorganic-rich interphases, minimize electrolyte consumption, and improve cell cyclability. The electrolyte also exhibits low volatility and offers good protection to both Li metal anode and SPAN cathode under thermal abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- An L Phan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Bo Nan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Phung M L Le
- Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Qiushi Miao
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhaohui Wu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kha Le
- Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Fu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Mark Engelhard
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Thien Dan Nguyen
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Kee Sung Han
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Jiyun Heo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Weiran Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Minsung Baek
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jijian Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiyue Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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2
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Miao X, Song C, Hu W, Ren Y, Shen Y, Nan CW. Achieving High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries by Modulating Li + Desolvation Barrier with Liquid Crystal Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401473. [PMID: 38663859 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries offer high theoretical capacity but are hindered by poor rate capability and cycling stability due to sluggish Li2S precipitation kinetics. Here a sulfonate-group-rich liquid crystal polymer (poly-2,2'-disulfonyl-4,4'-benzidine terephthalamide, PBDT) is designed and fabricated to accelerate Li2S precipitation by promoting the desolvation of Li+ from electrolyte. PBDT-modified separators are employed to assemble Li-S batteries, which deliver a remarkable rate capacity (761 mAh g-1 at 4 C) and cycling stability (500 cycles with an average decay rate of 0.088% per cycle at 0.5 C). A PBDT-based pouch cell even delivers an exceptional capacity of ≈1400 mAh g-1 and an areal capacity of ≈11 mAh cm-2 under lean-electrolyte and high-sulfur-loading condition, demonstrating promise for practical applications. Results of Raman spectra, molecular dynamic (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the abundant anionic sulfonate groups of PBDT aid in Li+ desolvation by attenuating Li+-solvent interactions and lowering the desolvation energy barrier. Plus, the polysulfide adsorption/catalysis is also excluded via electrostatic repulsion. This work elucidates the critical impact of Li+ desolvation on Li-S batteries and provides a new design direction for advanced Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chenxi Song
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yaoyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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3
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Chen J, Lu H, Kong X, Liu J, Liu J, Yang J, Nuli Y, Wang J. Interphase Engineering via Solvent Molecule Chemistry for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317923. [PMID: 38536212 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Lithium metal battery has been regarded as promising next-generation battery system aiming for higher energy density. However, the lithium metal anode suffers severe side-reaction and dendrite issues. Its electrochemical performance is significantly dependant on the electrolyte components and solvation structure. Herein, a series of fluorinated ethers are synthesized with weak-solvation ability owing to the duple steric effect derived from the designed longer carbon chain and methine group. The electrolyte solvation structure rich in AGGs (97.96 %) enables remarkable CE of 99.71 % (25 °C) as well as high CE of 98.56 % even at -20 °C. Moreover, the lithium-sulfur battery exhibits excellent performance in a wide temperature range (-20 to 50 °C) ascribed to the modified interphase rich in LiF/LiO2. Furthermore, the pouch cell delivers superior energy density of 344.4 Wh kg-1 and maintains 80 % capacity retention after 50 cycles. The novel solvent design via molecule chemistry provides alternative strategy to adjust solvation structure and thus favors high-energy density lithium metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Huichao Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xirui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jiqiong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yanna Nuli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, P. R. China
- Sichuan Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Chengdu, 610218, P. R. China Corresponding Author: Jiulin Wang
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4
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Li XY, Feng S, Song YW, Zhao CX, Li Z, Chen ZX, Cheng Q, Chen X, Zhang XQ, Li BQ, Huang JQ, Zhang Q. Kinetic Evaluation on Lithium Polysulfide in Weakly Solvating Electrolyte toward Practical Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14754-14764. [PMID: 38754363 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are highly considered as next-generation energy storage techniques. Weakly solvating electrolyte with low lithium polysulfide (LiPS) solvating power promises Li anode protection and improved cycling stability. However, the cathodic LiPS kinetics is inevitably deteriorated, resulting in severe cathodic polarization and limited energy density. Herein, the LiPS kinetic degradation mechanism in weakly solvating electrolytes is disclosed to construct high-energy-density Li-S batteries. Activation polarization instead of concentration or ohmic polarization is identified as the dominant kinetic limitation, which originates from higher charge-transfer activation energy and a changed rate-determining step. To solve the kinetic issue, a titanium nitride (TiN) electrocatalyst is introduced and corresponding Li-S batteries exhibit reduced polarization, prolonged cycling lifespan, and high actual energy density of 381 Wh kg-1 in 2.5 Ah-level pouch cells. This work clarifies the LiPS reaction mechanism in protective weakly solvating electrolytes and highlights the electrocatalytic regulation strategy toward high-energy-density and long-cycling Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuai Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taishan University, Taian, Shandong 271021, China
| | - Yun-Wei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chang-Xin Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zi-Xian Chen
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Zhang
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo-Quan Li
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jia-Qi Huang
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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5
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Li H, Kang Y, Wei W, Yan C, Ma X, Chen H, Sang Y, Liu H, Wang S. Branch-Chain-Rich Diisopropyl Ether with Steric Hindrance Facilitates Stable Cycling of Lithium Batteries at - 20 °C. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:197. [PMID: 38753176 PMCID: PMC11098989 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Li metal batteries (LMBs) offer significant potential as high energy density alternatives; nevertheless, their performance is hindered by the slow desolvation process of electrolytes, particularly at low temperatures (LT), leading to low coulombic efficiency and limited cycle stability. Thus, it is essential to optimize the solvation structure thereby achieving a rapid desolvation process in LMBs at LT. Herein, we introduce branch chain-rich diisopropyl ether (DIPE) into a 2.5 M Li bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide dipropyl ether (DPE) electrolyte as a co-solvent for high-performance LMBs at - 20 °C. The incorporation of DIPE not only enhances the disorder within the electrolyte, but also induces a steric hindrance effect form DIPE's branch chain, excluding other solvent molecules from Li+ solvation sheath. Both of these factors contribute to the weak interactions between Li+ and solvent molecules, effectively reducing the desolvation energy of the electrolyte. Consequently, Li (50 μm)||LFP (mass loading ~ 10 mg cm-2) cells in DPE/DIPE based electrolyte demonstrate stable performance over 650 cycles at - 20 °C, delivering 87.2 mAh g-1, and over 255 cycles at 25 °C with 124.8 mAh g-1. DIPE broadens the electrolyte design from molecular structure considerations, offering a promising avenue for highly stable LMBs at LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangran Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuncheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Yue L, Yu M, Li X, Shen Y, Wu Y, Fa C, Li N, Xu J. Wide Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Solvation Chemistry and Interfacial Reactions. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400183. [PMID: 38647122 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Improving the wide-temperature operation of rechargeable batteries is crucial for boosting the adoption of electric vehicles and further advancing their application scope in harsh environments like deep ocean and space probes. Herein, recent advances in electrolyte solvation chemistry are critically summarized, aiming to address the long-standing challenge of notable energy diminution at sub-zero temperatures and rapid capacity degradation at elevated temperatures (>45°C). This review provides an in-depth analysis of the fundamental mechanisms governing the Li-ion transport process, illustrating how these insights have been effectively harnessed to synergize with high-capacity, high-rate electrodes. Another critical part highlights the interplay between solvation chemistry and interfacial reactions, as well as the stability of the resultant interphases, particularly in batteries employing ultrahigh-nickel layered oxides as cathodes and high-capacity Li/Si materials as anodes. The detailed examination reveals how these factors are pivotal in mitigating the rapid capacity fade, thereby ensuring a long cycle life, superior rate capability, and consistent high-/low-temperature performance. In the latter part, a comprehensive summary of in situ/operational analysis is presented. This holistic approach, encompassing innovative electrolyte design, interphase regulation, and advanced characterization, offers a comprehensive roadmap for advancing battery technology in extreme environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Yue
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Manqing Yu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yinlin Shen
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yingru Wu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chang Fa
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jijian Xu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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7
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Mu AU, Cai G, Chen Z. Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Enhancement of Lithium-Based Batteries: A Mini Review on Emerging Functional Designs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305280. [PMID: 37946699 PMCID: PMC10787081 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have played a crucial role in recent advancements in developing lithium-based battery electrolytes, electrodes, and separators. Although many MOF-based battery components rely on their well-defined porosity and controllable functionality, they also boast a myriad of other significant properties relevant to battery applications. In this mini-review, the distinct advantages of MOFs in battery applications are discussed, including using MOFs to 1) scavenge impurities to increase cycling stability, 2) widen the operation temperature range of conventional electrolytes, 3) widen the operation voltage range of common electrolytes, and 4) employ as artificial solid-electrolyte interphases to prevent lithium dendrite growth. Furthermore, subsisting challenges of developing these emerging MOF-based battery technologies are discussed and guidance for shaping the future of this field is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony U Mu
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Guorui Cai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, 4418 Stadium Dr, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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8
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Cai G, Gao H, Li M, Gupta V, Holoubek J, Pascal TA, Liu P, Chen Z. Partially Ion-Paired Solvation Structure Design for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries under Extreme Operating Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202316786. [PMID: 38058265 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Achieving increased energy density under extreme operating conditions remains a major challenge in rechargeable batteries. Herein, we demonstrate an all-fluorinated ester-based electrolyte comprising partially fluorinated carboxylate and carbonate esters. This electrolyte exhibits temperature-resilient physicochemical properties and moderate ion-paired solvation, leading to a half solvent-separated and half contact-ion pair in a sole electrolyte. As a result, facile desolvation and preferential reduction of anions/fluorinated co-solvents for LiF-dominated interphases are achieved without compromising ionic conductivity (>1 mS cm-1 even at -40 °C). These advantageous features were found to apply to both lithium metal and sulfur-based electrodes even under extreme operating conditions, allowing stable cycling of Li || sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) full cells with high SPAN loading (>3.5 mAh cm-2 ) and thin Li anode (50 μm) at -40, 23 and 50 °C. This work offers a promising path for designing temperature-resilient electrolytes to support high energy density Li metal batteries operating in extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Cai
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hongpeng Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mingqian Li
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Varun Gupta
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John Holoubek
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tod A Pascal
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Program of Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Program of Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Program of Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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9
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Sun S, Wang K, Hong Z, Zhi M, Zhang K, Xu J. Electrolyte Design for Low-Temperature Li-Metal Batteries: Challenges and Prospects. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:35. [PMID: 38019309 PMCID: PMC10687327 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyte design holds the greatest opportunity for the development of batteries that are capable of sub-zero temperature operation. To get the most energy storage out of the battery at low temperatures, improvements in electrolyte chemistry need to be coupled with optimized electrode materials and tailored electrolyte/electrode interphases. Herein, this review critically outlines electrolytes' limiting factors, including reduced ionic conductivity, large de-solvation energy, sluggish charge transfer, and slow Li-ion transportation across the electrolyte/electrode interphases, which affect the low-temperature performance of Li-metal batteries. Detailed theoretical derivations that explain the explicit influence of temperature on battery performance are presented to deepen understanding. Emerging improvement strategies from the aspects of electrolyte design and electrolyte/electrode interphase engineering are summarized and rigorously compared. Perspectives on future research are proposed to guide the ongoing exploration for better low-temperature Li-metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Sun
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Kehan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanglian Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjia Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jijian Xu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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10
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Cai G, Chen AA, Lin S, Lee DJ, Yu K, Holoubek J, Yin Y, Mu AU, Meng YS, Liu P, Cohen SM, Pascal TA, Chen Z. Unravelling Ultrafast Li Ion Transport in Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework-Based Battery Electrolytes. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7062-7069. [PMID: 37522917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonaqueous fluidic transport and ion solvation properties under nanoscale confinement are poorly understood, especially in ion conduction for energy storage and conversion systems. Herein, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and aprotic electrolytes are studied as a robust platform for molecular-level insights into electrolyte behaviors in confined spaces. By employing computer simulations, along with spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements, we demonstrate several phenomena that deviate from the bulk, including modulated solvent molecular configurations, aggregated solvation structures, and tunable transport mechanisms from quasi-solid to quasi-liquid in functionalized MOFs. Technologically, taking advantage of confinement effects may prove useful for addressing stability concerns associated with volatile organic electrolytes while simultaneously endowing ultrafast transport of solvates, resulting in improved battery performance, even at extreme temperatures. The molecular-level insights presented here further our understanding of structure-property relationships of complex fluids at the nanoscale, information that can be exploited for the predictive design of more efficient electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Cai
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amanda A Chen
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sharon Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dong Ju Lee
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kunpeng Yu
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - John Holoubek
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yijie Yin
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anthony U Mu
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ying Shirley Meng
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tod A Pascal
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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11
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Gao X, Yu Z, Wang J, Zheng X, Ye Y, Gong H, Xiao X, Yang Y, Chen Y, Bone SE, Greenburg LC, Zhang P, Su H, Affeld J, Bao Z, Cui Y. Electrolytes with moderate lithium polysulfide solubility for high-performance long-calendar-life lithium-sulfur batteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301260120. [PMID: 37487097 PMCID: PMC10400945 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301260120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with high energy density and low cost are promising for next-generation energy storage. However, their cycling stability is plagued by the high solubility of lithium polysulfide (LiPS) intermediates, causing fast capacity decay and severe self-discharge. Exploring electrolytes with low LiPS solubility has shown promising results toward addressing these challenges. However, here, we report that electrolytes with moderate LiPS solubility are more effective for simultaneously limiting the shuttling effect and achieving good Li-S reaction kinetics. We explored a range of solubility from 37 to 1,100 mM (based on S atom, [S]) and found that a moderate solubility from 50 to 200 mM [S] performed the best. Using a series of electrolyte solvents with various degrees of fluorination, we formulated the Single-Solvent, Single-Salt, Standard Salt concentration with Moderate LiPSs solubility Electrolytes (termed S6MILE) for Li-S batteries. Among the designed electrolytes, Li-S cells using fluorinated-1,2-diethoxyethane S6MILE (F4DEE-S6MILE) showed the highest capacity of 1,160 mAh g-1 at 0.05 C at room temperature. At 60 °C, fluorinated-1,4-dimethoxybutane S6MILE (F4DMB-S6MILE) gave the highest capacity of 1,526 mAh g-1 at 0.05 C and an average CE of 99.89% for 150 cycles at 0.2 C under lean electrolyte conditions. This is a fivefold increase in cycle life compared with other conventional ether-based electrolytes. Moreover, we observed a long calendar aging life, with a capacity increase/recovery of 4.3% after resting for 30 d using F4DMB-S6MILE. Furthermore, the correlation between LiPS solubility, degree of fluorination of the electrolyte solvent, and battery performance was systematically investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Jingyang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Xueli Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA94025
| | - Yusheng Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Huaxin Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Yufei Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Yuelang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Sharon E. Bone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA94025
| | - Louisa C. Greenburg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Hance Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Jordan Affeld
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA94025
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12
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Xiao P, Yun X, Chen Y, Guo X, Gao P, Zhou G, Zheng C. Insights into the solvation chemistry in liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5255-5316. [PMID: 37462967 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00151b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-based rechargeable batteries have dominated the energy storage field and attracted considerable research interest due to their excellent electrochemical performance. As indispensable and ubiquitous components, electrolytes play a pivotal role in not only transporting lithium ions, but also expanding the electrochemical stable potential window, suppressing the side reactions, and manipulating the redox mechanism, all of which are closely associated with the behavior of solvation chemistry in electrolytes. Thus, comprehensively understanding the solvation chemistry in electrolytes is of significant importance. Here we critically reviewed the development of electrolytes in various lithium-based rechargeable batteries including lithium-metal batteries (LMBs), nonaqueous lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs), lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs), and aqueous lithium-ion batteries (ALIBs), and emphasized the effects of interactions between cations, anions, and solvents on solvation chemistry, and functions of solvation chemistry in different types of electrolytes (strong solvating electrolytes, moderate solvating electrolytes, and weak solvating electrolytes) on the electrochemical performance and redox mechanism in the abovementioned rechargeable batteries. Specifically, the significant effects of solvation chemistry on the stability of electrode-electrolyte interphases, suppression of lithium dendrites in LMBs, inhibition of the co-intercalation of solvents in LIBs, improvement of anodic stability at high cut-off voltages in LMBs, LIBs and ALIBs, regulation of redox pathways in LSBs and LOBs, and inhibition of hydrogen/oxygen evolution reactions in LOBs are thoroughly summarized. Finally, the review concludes with a prospective outlook, where practical issues of electrolytes, advanced in situ/operando techniques to illustrate the mechanism of solvation chemistry, and advanced theoretical calculation and simulation techniques such as "material knowledge informed machine learning" and "artificial intelligence (AI) + big data" driven strategies for high-performance electrolytes have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peitao Xiao
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, China.
| | - Xiaoru Yun
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, China.
| | - Yufang Chen
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, China.
| | - Xiaowei Guo
- College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, China
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology of Clean Energy, Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology, Hunan University Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chunman Zheng
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, China.
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