1
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Yang Y, Jia X, Yang X, Wang J, Fang Y, Ying X, Zhang M, Wei J, Pan Y. Targeting VDAC: A potential therapeutic approach for mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2024; 1835:148920. [PMID: 38599511 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline. Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), a protein located in the outer mitochondrial membrane, plays a critical role in regulating mitochondrial function and cellular energy metabolism. Recent studies have identified VDAC as a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. This article aims to provide an overview of the role of VDAC in mitochondrial dysfunction, its association with Alzheimer's disease, and the potential of targeting VDAC for developing novel therapeutic interventions. Understanding the involvement of VDAC in Alzheimer's disease may pave the way for the development of effective treatments that can restore mitochondrial function and halt disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Xiaotao Jia
- Department of Neurology, The Affifiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Xinmao Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Xiaoping Ying
- Department of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Meiqian Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Yanfang Pan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China.
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2
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Liu B, Li X, Liu Z, He B, Xu H, Cao J, Zeng F, Feng H, Ren Y, Li H, Wang T, Li J, Ye Y, Zhao L, Ran C, Li Y. Iterative Design of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease by Targeting Aβ Oligomers. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9104-9123. [PMID: 38829030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs), crucial toxic proteins in early Alzheimer's disease (AD), precede the formation of Aβ plaques and cognitive impairment. In this context, we present our iterative process for developing novel near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) probes specifically targeting AβOs, aimed at early AD diagnosis. An initial screening identified compound 18 as being highly selective for AβOs. Subsequent analysis revealed that compound 20 improved serum stability while retaining affinity for AβOs. The most promising iteration, compound 37, demonstrated exceptional qualities: a high affinity for AβOs, emission in the near-infrared region, and good biocompatibility. Significantly, ex vivo double staining indicated that compound 37 detected AβOs in AD mouse brain and in vivo imaging experiments showed that compound 37 could differentiate between 4-month-old AD mice and age-matched wild-type mice. Therefore, compound 37 has emerged as a valuable NIRF probe for early detection of AD and a useful tool in exploring AD's pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengyang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hanyue Xu
- Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianqin Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fantian Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiwei Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanwei Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Li
- Pathology and PDX Efficacy Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuting Ye
- Pathology and PDX Efficacy Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Yuyan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Nguyen NK, Poduska B, Franks M, Bera M, MacCormack I, Lin G, Petroff AP, Das S, Nag A. A Copper-Selective Sensor and Its Inhibition of Copper-Amyloid Beta Aggregation. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:247. [PMID: 38785721 PMCID: PMC11117483 DOI: 10.3390/bios14050247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace metal for biological processes in humans and animals. A low level of copper detection at physiological pH using fluorescent probes is very important for in vitro applications, such as the detection of copper in water or urine, and in vivo applications, such as tracking the dynamic copper concentrations inside cells. Copper homeostasis is disrupted in neurological diseases like Alzheimer's disease, and copper forms aggregates with amyloid beta (Ab42) peptide, resulting in senile plaques in Alzheimer's brains. Therefore, a selective copper detector probe that can detect amyloid beta peptide-copper aggregates and decrease the aggregate size has potential uses in medicine. We have developed a series of Cu2+-selective low fluorescent to high fluorescent tri and tetradentate dentate ligands and conjugated them with a peptide ligand to amyloid-beta binding peptide to increase the solubility of the compounds and make the resultant compounds bind to Cu2+-amyloid aggregates. The copper selective compounds were developed using chemical scaffolds known to have high affinity and selectivity for Cu2+, and their conjugates with peptides were tested for affinity and selectivity towards Cu2+. The test results were used to inform further improvement of the next compound. The final Cu2+ chelator-peptide conjugate we developed showed high selectivity for Cu2+ and high fluorescence properties. The compound bound 1:1 to Cu2+ ion, as determined from its Job's plot. Fluorescence of the ligand could be detected at nanomolar concentrations. The effect of this ligand on controlling Cu2+-Ab42 aggregation was studied using fluorescence assays and microscopy. It was found that the Cu2+-chelator-peptide conjugate efficiently reduced aggregate size and, therefore, acted as an inhibitor of Ab42-Cu2+ aggregation. Since high micromolar concentrations of Cu2+ are present in senile plaques, and Cu2+ accelerates the formation of toxic soluble aggregates of Ab42, which are precursors of insoluble plaques, the developed hybrid molecule can potentially serve as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arundhati Nag
- Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA; (N.K.N.); (B.P.); (M.F.); (M.B.); (I.M.); (G.L.); (A.P.P.); (S.D.)
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4
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Waugh ML, Wolf LM, Moore KA, Servoss SL, Moss MA. Rationally Designed Peptoid Inhibitors of Amyloid-β Oligomerization. Chembiochem 2024:e202400060. [PMID: 38715149 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
While plaques comprised of fibrillar Aβ aggregates are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, soluble Aβ oligomers present higher neurotoxicity. Thus, one therapeutic approach is to prevent the formation of Aβ oligomers and reduce their associated harmful effects. We have proposed a peptoid mimic of the Aβ hydrophobic KLVFF core as an ideal candidate aggregation inhibitor due to its ability to evade proteolytic degradation via repositioning of the side chain from the α-carbon to the amide nitrogen. This peptoid, JPT1, utilizes chiral sidechains to achieve a helical structure, while C-terminal addition of two phenylalanine residues places aromatic groups on two sides of the helix with spacing designed to facilitate interaction with amyloid β-sheet structure. We have previously shown that JPT1 modulates Aβ fibril formation. Here, we demonstrate that JPT1 also modulates Aβ oligomerization, and we explore the role of the charge on the linker between the KLVFF mimic and the extended aromatic residues. Additionally, we demonstrate that peptoid-induced changes in Aβ oligomerization correlate with attenuation of oligomer-induced nuclear factor-κB activation in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. These findings support the therapeutic potential of peptoids to target early stages of Aβ aggregation and impact the associated Aβ-induced cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Lim Waugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 3A46 Swearingen Engineering Center, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Lauren M Wolf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 3A46 Swearingen Engineering Center, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kelly A Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 3A46 Swearingen Engineering Center, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Shannon L Servoss
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Melissa A Moss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 3A46 Swearingen Engineering Center, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 2C02 Swearingen Engineering Center, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Suri K, Ramesh M, Bhandari M, Gupta V, Kumar V, Govindaraju T, Murugan NA. Role of Amyloidogenic and Non-Amyloidogenic Protein Spaces in Neurodegenerative Diseases and their Mitigation Using Theranostic Agents. Chembiochem 2024:e202400224. [PMID: 38668376 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) refer to a complex heterogeneous group of diseases which are associated with the accumulation of amyloid fibrils or plaques in the brain leading to progressive loss of neuronal functions. Alzheimer's disease is one of the major NDD responsible for 60-80 % of all dementia cases. Currently, there are no curative or disease-reversing/modifying molecules for many of the NDDs except a few such as donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, carbidopa and levodopa which treat the disease-associated symptoms. Similarly, there are very few FDA-approved tracers such as flortaucipir (Tauvid) for tau fibril imaging and florbetaben (Neuraceq), flutemetamol (Vizamyl), and florbetapir (Amyvid) for amyloid imaging available for diagnosis. Recent advances in the cryogenic electron microscopy reported distinctly different microstructures for tau fibrils associated with different tauopathies highlighting the possibility to develop tauopathy-specific imaging agents and therapeutics. In addition, it is important to identify the proteins that are associated with disease development and progression to know about their 3D structure to develop various diagnostics, therapeutics and theranostic agents. The current article discusses in detail the disease-associated amyloid and non-amyloid proteins along with their structural insights. We comprehensively discussed various novel proteins associated with NDDs and their implications in disease pathology. In addition, we document various emerging chemical compounds developed for diagnosis and therapy of different NDDs with special emphasis on theranostic agents for better management of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapali Suri
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Madhu Ramesh
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Mansi Bhandari
- Department of computer science and engineering, Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi, 110062
| | - Vishakha Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Virendra Kumar
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - N Arul Murugan
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
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6
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Haynes JR, Whitmore CA, Behof WJ, Landman CA, Ong HH, Feld AP, Suero IC, Greer CB, Gore JC, Wijesinghe P, Matsubara JA, Wadzinski BE, Spiller BW, Pham W. TARGETING SOLUBLE AMYLOID-BETA OLIGOMERS WITH A NOVEL NANOBODY. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3944211. [PMID: 38559050 PMCID: PMC10980145 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3944211/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The classical amyloid cascade hypothesis postulates that the aggregation of amyloid plaques and the accumulation of intracellular hyperphosphorylated Tau tangles, together, lead to profound neuronal death. However, emerging research has demonstrated that soluble amyloid-β oligomers (SAβOs) accumulate early, prior to amyloid plaque formation. SAβOs induce memory impairment and disrupt cognitive function independent of amyloid-β plaques, and even in the absence of plaque formation. This work describes the development and characterization of a novel anti-SAβO (E3) nanobody generated from an alpaca immunized with SAβO. In-vitro assays and in-vivo studies using 5XFAD mice indicate that the fluorescein (FAM)-labeled E3 nanobody recognizes both SAβOs and amyloid-β plaques. The E3 nanobody traverses across the blood-brain barrier and binds to amyloid species in the brain of 5XFAD mice. Imaging of mouse brains reveals that SAβO and amyloid-β plaques are not only different in size, shape, and morphology, but also have a distinct spatial distribution in the brain. SAβOs are associated with neurons, while amyloid plaques reside in the extracellular matrix. The results of this study demonstrate that the SAβO nanobody can serve as a diagnostic agent with potential theragnostic applications in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Haynes
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Clayton A. Whitmore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - William J. Behof
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Charlotte A. Landman
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Henry H. Ong
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew P. Feld
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Isabelle C. Suero
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Celeste B. Greer
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John C. Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Printha Wijesinghe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z3N9, Canada
| | - Joanne A. Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z3N9, Canada
| | - Brian E. Wadzinski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Benjamin W. Spiller
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Wellington Pham
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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7
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Senapati S, Tripathi K, Awad K, Rahimipour S. Multifunctional Liposomes Targeting Amyloid-β Oligomers for Early Diagnosis and Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311670. [PMID: 38461531 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Early detection and treatment are crucial for Alzheimer's disease (AD) management. Current diagnostic and therapeutic methods focus on late-stage amyloid fibrils and plaques, overlooking toxic soluble amyloid β oligomers (AβOs) accumulating early in AD. A multifunctional liposome-based platform is designed for early diagnosis and therapy of AD, leveraging a novel self-assembled cyclic d,l-α-peptide (CP-2) that selectively targets AβOs. Biocompatible CP-2 conjugated liposomes (CP-2-LPs) effectively disrupt Aβ aggregation and mitigate Aβ-mediated toxicity in human neuroblastoma cells. In transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans AD models, CP-2-LPs significantly outperformed free CP-2 by improving cognitive and behavioral functions, extending lifespan, and reducing toxic AβO levels. Intravenous injection of fluorescently labeled CP-2-LPs reveals effective blood-brain barrier penetration, with significantly higher brain fluorescence in transgenic mice than WT, enabling precise diagnosis. These findings underscore CP-2-LPs as a valuable tool for early detection and targeted therapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Senapati
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Kuldeep Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Khadeja Awad
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Shai Rahimipour
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
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8
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Andrikopoulos N, Tang H, Wang Y, Liang X, Li Y, Davis TP, Ke PC. Exploring Peptido-Nanocomposites in the Context of Amyloid Diseases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202309958. [PMID: 37943171 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides are a major class of pharmaceutical drugs owing to their target-binding specificity as well as their versatility in inhibiting aberrant protein-protein interactions associated with human pathologies. Within the realm of amyloid diseases, the use of peptides and peptidomimetics tailor-designed to overcome amyloidogenesis has been an active research endeavor since the late 90s. In more recent years, incorporating nanoparticles for enhancing the biocirculation and delivery of peptide drugs has emerged as a frontier in nanomedicine, and nanoparticles have further demonstrated a potency against amyloid aggregation and cellular inflammation to rival strategies employing small molecules, peptides, and antibodies. Despite these efforts, however, a fundamental understanding of the chemistry, characteristics and function of peptido-nanocomposites is lacking, and a systematic analysis of such strategy for combating a range of amyloid pathogeneses is missing. Here we review the history, principles and evolving chemistry of constructing peptido-nanocomposites from bottom up and discuss their future application against amyloid diseases that debilitate a significant portion of the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Andrikopoulos
- Nanomedicine Center, The Great Bay Area National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, 136 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510700, China
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Huayuan Tang
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Nanomedicine Center, The Great Bay Area National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, 136 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510700, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiufang Liang
- Nanomedicine Center, The Great Bay Area National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, 136 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510700, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Pu Chun Ke
- Nanomedicine Center, The Great Bay Area National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, 136 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou, 510700, China
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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9
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Chen PJ, Yao CA, Chien PC, Tsai HJ, Chen YR, Chuang JH, Chou PL, Lee GC, Lin W, Lin Y. Paeonol Derivative, 6'-Methyl Paeonol, Attenuates Aβ-Induced Pathophysiology in Cortical Neurons and in an Alzheimer's Disease Mice Model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:724-734. [PMID: 38290213 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Herbs themselves and various herbal medicines are great resources for discovering therapeutic drugs for various diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the common neurodegenerative diseases. Utilizing mouse primary cortical neurons and DiBAC4(3), a voltage-sensitive indicator, we have set up a drug screening system and identified an herbal extraction compound, paeonol, obtained from Paeonia lactiflora; this compound is able to ameliorate the abnormal depolarization induced by Aβ42 oligomers. Our aim was to further find effective paeonol derivatives since paeonol has been previously studied. 6'-Methyl paeonol, one of the six paeonol derivatives surveyed, is able to inhibit the abnormal depolarization induced by Aβ oligomers. Furthermore, 6'-methyl paeonol is able to alleviate the NMDA- and AMPA-induced depolarization. When a molecular mechanism was investigated, 6'-methyl paeonol was found to reverse the Aβ-induced increase in ERK phosphorylation. At the animal level, mice injected with 6'-methyl paeonol showed little change in their basic physical parameters compared to the control mice. 6'-Methyl paeonol was able to ameliorate the impairment of memory and learning behavior in J20 mice, an AD mouse model, as measured by the Morris water maze. Thus, paeonol derivatives could provide a structural foundation for developing and designing an effective compound with promising clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chien-An Yao
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Pei-Li Chou
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
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10
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Gao H, Chen J, Huang Y, Zhao R. Advances in targeted tracking and detection of soluble amyloid-β aggregates as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. Talanta 2024; 268:125311. [PMID: 37857110 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Misfolding and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are key hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). With accumulating evidence suggesting that different Aβ species have varied neurotoxicity and implications in AD development, the discovery of affinity ligands and analytical approaches to selective distinguish, detect, and monitor Aβ becomes an active research area. Remarkable advances have been achieved, which not only promote our understanding of the biophysical chemistry of the protein aggregation during neurodegeneration, but also provide promising tools for early detection of the disease. In view of this, we summarize the recent progress in selective and sensitive approaches for tracking and detection of Aβ species. Specific attentions are given to soluble Aβ oligomers, due to their crucial roles in AD development and occurrence at early stages. The design principle, performance of targeting units, and their cooperative effects with signal reporters for Aβ analysis are discussed. The applications of the novel targeting probes and sensing systems for dynamic monitoring oligomerization, measuring Aβ in biosamples and in vivo imaging in brain are summarized. Finally, the perspective and challenges are discussed regarding the future development of Aβ-targeting analytical tools to explore the unknown field to contribute to the early diagnosis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Rui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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11
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Ehlbeck JT, Grimard DM, Hacker RM, Garcia JA, Wall BJ, Bothwell PJ, Jones MA, Webb MI. Finding the best location: Improving the anti-amyloid ability of ruthenium(III) complexes with pyridine ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 250:112424. [PMID: 37952508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurological disorder where one of the primary pathological hallmarks are aggregate deposits of the peptide amyloid-beta (Aβ). Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved therapeutics that specifically target Aβ, resulting in the removal of these deposits, the associated costs of such treatments create a need for effective, yet cheaper, alternatives. Metal-based compounds are propitious therapeutic candidates as they exploit the metal-binding properties of Aβ, forming stable interactions with the peptide, thereby limiting its aggregation and toxicity. Previously, ruthenium-based complexes have shown a strong ability to modulate the aggregation and cytotoxicity of Aβ, where the incorporation of a primary amine on the coordinated heterocyclic ligand gave the greatest activity. To determine the importance of the location of the primary amine on the pyridine ligand, thereby establishing structure-activity relationships (SAR), four complexes (RuP1-4) were prepared and evaluated for their ability to coordinate and subsequently modulate the aggregation and cytotoxicity of Aβ. Coordination to Aβ was determined using three complementary spectroscopic methods: UV-Vis, 1H NMR, and circular dichroism (CD). Similarly, the impact of the complexes on Aβ aggregation was evaluated using three sequential methods of turbidity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Overall, the location of the primary amine on the pyridine ligand did affect the resultant anti-Aβ performance, with the 2-aminopyridine complex (RuP2) being the most active. This SAR will provide another guiding principle in the design of future metal-based anti-Aβ complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna T Ehlbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, United States of America
| | - Daniela M Grimard
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo, NY 14454, United States of America
| | - Ryan M Hacker
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo, NY 14454, United States of America
| | - Jimmy A Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, United States of America
| | - Brendan J Wall
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, United States of America
| | - Paige J Bothwell
- Core Microscope Facility, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, United States of America
| | - Marjorie A Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, United States of America
| | - Michael I Webb
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo, NY 14454, United States of America.
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12
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Senapati S, Secchi V, Cova F, Richman M, Villa I, Yehuda R, Shenberger Y, Campione M, Rahimipour S, Monguzzi A. Noninvasive Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease with Scintillating Nanotubes. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301527. [PMID: 37826854 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Effective and accessible treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are urgently needed. Soluble Aβ oligomers are identified as neurotoxic species in AD and targeted in antibody-based drug development to mitigate cognitive decline. However, controversy exists concerning their efficacy and safety. In this study, an alternative strategy is proposed to inhibit the formation of Aβ oligomers by selectively oxidizing specific amino acids in the Aβ sequence, thereby preventing its aggregation. Targeted oxidation is achieved using biocompatible and blood-brain barrier-permeable multicomponent nanoscintillators that generate singlet oxygen upon X-ray interaction. Surface-modified scintillators interact selectively with Aβ and, upon X-ray irradiation, inhibit the formation of neurotoxic aggregates both in vitro and in vivo. Feeding transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans expressing human Aβ with the nanoscintillators and subsequent irradiation with soft X-ray reduces Aβ oligomer levels, extends lifespan, and restores memory and behavioral deficits. These findings support the potential of X-ray-based therapy for AD and warrant further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Senapati
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Valeria Secchi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milan, 20125, Italy
| | - Francesca Cova
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milan, 20125, Italy
| | - Michal Richman
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Irene Villa
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milan, 20125, Italy
| | - Ronen Yehuda
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Yulia Shenberger
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Marcello Campione
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 4, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Shai Rahimipour
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Angelo Monguzzi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milan, 20125, Italy
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13
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Gao F, Chen J, Zhou Y, Cheng L, Hu M, Wang X. Recent progress of small-molecule-based theranostic agents in Alzheimer's disease. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2231-2245. [PMID: 37974955 PMCID: PMC10650505 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00330b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia. As a multifactorial disease, AD involves several etiopathogenic mechanisms, in which multiple pathological factors are interconnected with each other. This complicated and unclear pathogenesis makes AD lack effective diagnosis and treatment. Theranostics, exerting the synergistic effect of diagnostic and therapeutic functions, would provide a promising strategy for exploring AD pathogenesis and developing drugs for combating AD. With the efforts in small drug-like molecules for both diagnosis and treatment of AD, small-molecule-based theranostic agents have attracted significant attention owing to their facile synthesis, high biocompatibility and reproducibility, and easy clearance from the body through the excretion systems. In this review, the small-molecule-based theranostic agents reported in the literature for anti-AD are classified into four groups according to their diagnostic modalities. Their design rationales, chemical structures, and working mechanisms for theranostics are summarized. Finally, the opportunities for small-molecule-based theranostic agents in AD are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Gao
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Jiefang Chen
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Yuancun Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Letong Cheng
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Ming Hu
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
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14
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Atlante A, Valenti D. Mitochondrial Complex I and β-Amyloid Peptide Interplay in Alzheimer's Disease: A Critical Review of New and Old Little Regarded Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15951. [PMID: 37958934 PMCID: PMC10650435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and the main cause of dementia which is characterized by a progressive cognitive decline that severely interferes with daily activities of personal life. At a pathological level, it is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal protein structures in the brain-β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and Tau tangles-which interfere with communication between neurons and lead to their dysfunction and death. In recent years, research on AD has highlighted the critical involvement of mitochondria-the primary energy suppliers for our cells-in the onset and progression of the disease, since mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits precede the beginning of the disease and mitochondria are very sensitive to Aβ toxicity. On the other hand, if it is true that the accumulation of Aβ in the mitochondria leads to mitochondrial malfunctions, it is otherwise proven that mitochondrial dysfunction, through the generation of reactive oxygen species, causes an increase in Aβ production, by initiating a vicious cycle: there is therefore a bidirectional relationship between Aβ aggregation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we focus on the latest news-but also on neglected evidence from the past-concerning the interplay between dysfunctional mitochondrial complex I, oxidative stress, and Aβ, in order to understand how their interplay is implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
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15
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Gandy S. Systemically administered alcadein peptide p3-Alcβ neutralizes brain Alzheimer's Aβ oligomers. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:487-488. [PMID: 37169660 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Alcadeins are among the 90 known substrates for γ-secretase, the aspartyl proteinase complex that liberates the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide by intramembranous cleavage of the ß-carboxy terminal fragment of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein (APP). A new study by Hata et al. provides some surprising results regarding a potential role for alcadeins and their fragments in the prevention and/or treatment of the dementia of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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16
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Penke B, Szűcs M, Bogár F. New Pathways Identify Novel Drug Targets for the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065383. [PMID: 36982456 PMCID: PMC10049476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an incurable, progressive neurodegenerative disorder. AD is a complex and multifactorial disease that is responsible for 60–80% of dementia cases. Aging, genetic factors, and epigenetic changes are the main risk factors for AD. Two aggregation-prone proteins play a decisive role in AD pathogenesis: β-amyloid (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau). Both of them form deposits and diffusible toxic aggregates in the brain. These proteins are the biomarkers of AD. Different hypotheses have tried to explain AD pathogenesis and served as platforms for AD drug research. Experiments demonstrated that both Aβ and pTau might start neurodegenerative processes and are necessary for cognitive decline. The two pathologies act in synergy. Inhibition of the formation of toxic Aβ and pTau aggregates has been an old drug target. Recently, successful Aβ clearance by monoclonal antibodies has raised new hopes for AD treatments if the disease is detected at early stages. More recently, novel targets, e.g., improvements in amyloid clearance from the brain, application of small heat shock proteins (Hsps), modulation of chronic neuroinflammation by different receptor ligands, modulation of microglial phagocytosis, and increase in myelination have been revealed in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Penke
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm Square 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Mária Szűcs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm Square 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Bogár
- ELKH-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Dóm Square 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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17
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Ghosh S, Ali R, Verma S. Aβ-oligomers: A potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124231. [PMID: 36996958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The cascade of amyloid formation relates to multiple complex events at the molecular level. Previous research has established amyloid plaque deposition as the leading cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, detected mainly in aged population. The primary components of the plaques are two alloforms of amyloid-beta (Aβ), Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 peptides. Recent studies have provided considerable evidence contrary to the previous claim indicating that amyloid-beta oligomers (AβOs) as the main culprit responsible for AD-associated neurotoxicity and pathogenesis. In this review, we have discussed the primary features of AβOs, such as assembly formation, the kinetics of oligomer formation, interactions with various membranes/membrane receptors, the origin of toxicity, and oligomer-specific detection methods. Recently, the discovery of rationally designed antibodies has opened a gateway for using synthesized peptides as a grafting component in the complementarity determining region (CDR) of antibodies. Thus, the Aβ sequence motif or the complementary peptide sequence in the opposite strand of the β-sheet (extracted from the Protein Data Bank: PDB) helps design oligomer-specific inhibitors. The microscopic event responsible for oligomer formation can be targeted, and thus prevention of the overall macroscopic behaviour of the aggregation or the associated toxicity can be achieved. We have carefully reviewed the oligomer formation kinetics and associated parameters. Besides, we have depicted a thorough understanding of how the synthesized peptide inhibitors can impede the early aggregates (oligomers), mature fibrils, monomers, or a mixture of the species. The oligomer-specific inhibitors (peptides or peptide fragments) lack in-depth chemical kinetics and optimization control-based screening. In the present review, we have proposed a hypothesis for effectively screening oligomer-specific inhibitors using the chemical kinetics (determining the kinetic parameters) and optimization control strategy (cost-dependent analysis). Further, it may be possible to implement the structure-kinetic-activity-relationship (SKAR) strategy instead of structure-activity-relationship (SAR) to improve the inhibitor's activity. The controlled optimization of the kinetic parameters and dose usage will be beneficial for narrowing the search window for the inhibitors.
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18
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Habashi M, Chauhan PS, Vutla S, Senapati S, Diachkov M, El-Husseini A, Guérin B, Lubell WD, Rahimipour S. Aza-Residue Modulation of Cyclic d,l-α-Peptide Nanotube Assembly with Enhanced Anti-Amyloidogenic Activity. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3058-3072. [PMID: 36763536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Transient soluble oligomers of amyloid-β (Aβ) are considered among the most toxic species in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Soluble Aβ oligomers accumulate early prior to insoluble plaque formation and cognitive impairment. The cyclic d,l-α-peptide CP-2 (1) self-assembles into nanotubes and demonstrates promising anti-amyloidogenic activity likely by a mechanism involving engagement of soluble oligomers. Systematic replacement of the residues in peptide 1 with aza-amino acid counterparts was performed to explore the effects of hydrogen bonding on propensity to mitigate Aβ aggregation and toxicity. Certain azapeptides exhibited improved ability to engage, alter the secondary structure, and inhibit aggregation of Aβ. Moreover, certain azapeptides disassembled preformed Aβ fibrils and protected cells from Aβ-mediated toxicity. Substitution of the l-norleucine3 and d-serine6 residues in peptide 1 with aza-norleucine and aza-homoserine provided, respectively, nontoxic [azaNle3]-1 (4) and [azaHse6]-1 (7), that significantly abated symptoms in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans AD model by decreasing Aβ oligomer levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram Habashi
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Pradeep S Chauhan
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Complexe des Sciences, B-3015 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Suresh Vutla
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Complexe des Sciences, B-3015 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Sudipta Senapati
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Mykhailo Diachkov
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Ali El-Husseini
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Complexe des Sciences, B-3015 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), Research centre of the CHUS (CRCHUS) 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - William D Lubell
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Complexe des Sciences, B-3015 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Shai Rahimipour
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
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