1
|
Qiu Z, Deng X, Fu Y, Jiang M, Cui X. Exploring the triad: VPS35, neurogenesis, and neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 39022884 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35), a critical component of the retromer complex, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). It is involved in protein transmembrane sorting, facilitating the transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and plasma membrane. Recent investigations have compellingly associated mutations in the VPS35 gene with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. These genetic alterations are implicated in protein misfolding, disrupted autophagic processes, mitochondrial dysregulation, and synaptic impairment. Furthermore, VPS35 exerts a notable impact on neurogenesis by influencing neuronal functionality, protein conveyance, and synaptic performance. Dysregulation or mutation of VPS35 may escalate the progression of neurodegenerative conditions, underscoring its pivotal role in safeguarding neuronal integrity. This review comprehensively discusses the role of VPS35 and its functional impairments in NDs. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the impact of VPS35 on neurogenesis and further explore the intricate relationship between neurogenesis and NDs. These research advancements offer novel perspectives and valuable insights for identifying potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of NDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixiong Qiu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xu Deng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaojun Cui
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- School of Medicine, Kashi University, Xinjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao M, Chen X, Liu J, Feng Y, Wang C, Xu T, Liu W, Liu X, Liu M, Hou D. Sorl1 knockout inhibits expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor: involvement in the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1602-1607. [PMID: 38051905 PMCID: PMC10883503 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mingri Zhao
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jiangfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yanjin Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wanxi Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xionghao Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mujun Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Deren Hou
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gopaldass N, Chen KE, Collins B, Mayer A. Assembly and fission of tubular carriers mediating protein sorting in endosomes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00746-8. [PMID: 38886588 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Endosomes are central protein-sorting stations at the crossroads of numerous membrane trafficking pathways in all eukaryotes. They have a key role in protein homeostasis and cellular signalling and are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Endosome-associated protein assemblies or coats collect transmembrane cargo proteins and concentrate them into retrieval domains. These domains can extend into tubular carriers, which then pinch off from the endosomal membrane and deliver the cargoes to appropriate subcellular compartments. Here we discuss novel insights into the structure of a number of tubular membrane coats that mediate the recruitment of cargoes into these carriers, focusing on sorting nexin-based coats such as Retromer, Commander and ESCPE-1. We summarize current and emerging views of how selective tubular endosomal carriers form and detach from endosomes by fission, highlighting structural aspects, conceptual challenges and open questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navin Gopaldass
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Kai-En Chen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fazeli E, Child DD, Bucks SA, Stovarsky M, Edwards G, Rose SE, Yu CE, Latimer C, Kitago Y, Bird T, Jayadev S, Andersen OM, Young JE. A familial missense variant in the Alzheimer's disease gene SORL1 impairs its maturation and endosomal sorting. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:20. [PMID: 38244079 PMCID: PMC10799806 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The SORL1 gene has recently emerged as a strong Alzheimer's Disease (AD) risk gene. Over 500 different variants have been identified in the gene and the contribution of individual variants to AD development and progression is still largely unknown. Here, we describe a family consisting of 2 parents and 5 offspring. Both parents were affected with dementia and one had confirmed AD pathology with an age of onset > 75 years. All offspring were affected with AD with ages at onset ranging from 53 years to 74 years. DNA was available from the parent with confirmed AD and 5 offspring. We identified a coding variant, p.(Arg953Cys), in SORL1 in 5 of 6 individuals affected by AD. Notably, variant carriers had severe AD pathology, and the SORL1 variant segregated with TDP-43 pathology (LATE-NC). We further characterized this variant and show that this Arginine substitution occurs at a critical position in the YWTD-domain of the SORL1 translation product, SORL1. Functional studies further show that the p.R953C variant leads to retention of the SORL1 protein in the endoplasmic reticulum which leads to decreased maturation and shedding of the receptor and prevents its normal endosomal trafficking. Together, our analysis suggests that p.R953C is a pathogenic variant of SORL1 and sheds light on mechanisms of how missense SORL1 variants may lead to AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Fazeli
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Daniel D Child
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Stephanie A Bucks
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Miki Stovarsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Gabrielle Edwards
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shannon E Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Caitlin Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Yu Kitago
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rose SE, Williams CA, Hailey DW, Mishra S, Kirkland A, Keene CD, Garden GA, Jayadev S, Young JE. Advancements in high-resolution 3D microscopy analysis of endosomal morphology in postmortem Alzheimer's disease brains. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1321680. [PMID: 38292900 PMCID: PMC10824887 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1321680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal endo-lysosomal morphology is an early cytopathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated genes involved in the endo-lysosomal network (ELN) as conferring increased risk for developing sporadic, late-onset AD (LOAD). Characterization of ELN pathology and the underlying pathophysiology is a promising area of translational AD research and drug development. However, rigorous study of ELN vesicles in AD and aged control brains poses a unique constellation of methodological challenges due in part to the small size of these structures and subsequent requirements for high-resolution imaging. Here we provide a detailed protocol for high-resolution 3D morphological quantification of neuronal endosomes in postmortem AD brain tissue, using immunofluorescent staining, confocal imaging with image deconvolution, and Imaris software analysis pipelines. To demonstrate these methods, we present neuronal endosome morphology data from 23 sporadic LOAD donors and one aged non-AD control donor. The techniques described here were developed across a range of AD neuropathology to best optimize these methods for future studies with large cohorts. Application of these methods in research cohorts will help advance understanding of ELN dysfunction and cytopathology in sporadic AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - C. Andrew Williams
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Dale W. Hailey
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Amanda Kirkland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,United States
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,United States
| | - Gwenn A. Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abdul-Rahman T, Ghosh S, Kalmanovich JB, Awuah AW, Zivcevska M, Khalifa S, Bassey EE, Ali NA, Ferreira MMDS, Umar TP, Garg N, Nweze VN, Inturu VSS, Abdelwahab MM, Kurian S, Alexiou A, Alfaleh M, Alqurashi TMA, Ashraf GM. The role of membrane trafficking and retromer complex in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25261. [PMID: 38284858 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is a physiological process encompassing different pathways involved in transporting cellular products across cell membranes to specific cell locations via encapsulated vesicles. This process is required for cells to mature and function properly, allowing them to adapt to their surroundings. The retromer complex is a complex composed of nexin proteins and peptides that play a vital role in the endosomal pathway of membrane trafficking. In humans, any interference in normal membrane trafficking or retromer complex can cause profound changes such as those seen in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Several studies have explored the potential causative mechanisms in developing both disease processes; however, the role of retromer trafficking in their pathogenesis is becoming increasingly significant with promising therapeutic applications. This manuscript describes the processes involved in membrane transport and the roles of the retromer in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Moreover, we will also explore how these aberrant mechanisms may serve as possible avenues for treatment development in both diseases and the prospect of its future application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shankhaneel Ghosh
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | - Marija Zivcevska
- Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Samar Khalifa
- Clinical Psychology Department, Faculty of Arts, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Tungki Pratama Umar
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Garg
- Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, One Medical Center Drive Stratford, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, New South Wales, Australia
- AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
| | - Mohammed Alfaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer M A Alqurashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fazeli E, Child DD, Bucks SA, Stovarsky M, Edwards G, Rose SE, Yu CE, Latimer C, Kitago Y, Bird T, Jayadev S, Andersen OM, Young JE. A familial missense variant in the Alzheimer's Disease gene SORL1 impairs its maturation and endosomal sorting. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.01.547348. [PMID: 37461597 PMCID: PMC10349966 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.01.547348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The SORL1 gene has recently emerged as a strong Alzheimer's Disease (AD) risk gene. Over 500 different variants have been identified in the gene and the contribution of individual variants to AD development and progression is still largely unknown. Here, we describe a family consisting of 2 parents and 5 offspring. Both parents were affected with dementia and one had confirmed AD pathology with an age of onset >75 years. All offspring were affected with AD with ages at onset ranging from 53yrs-74yrs. DNA was available from the parent with confirmed AD and 5 offspring. We identified a coding variant, p.(Arg953Cys), in SORL1 in 5 of 6 individuals affected by AD. Notably, variant carriers had severe AD pathology, and the SORL1 variant segregated with TDP-43 pathology (LATE-NC). We further characterized this variant and show that this Arginine substitution occurs at a critical position in the YWTD-domain of the SORL1 translation product, SORL1. Functional studies further show that the p.R953C variant leads to retention of the SORL1 protein in the endoplasmic reticulum which leads to decreased maturation and shedding of the receptor and prevents its normal endosomal trafficking. Together, our analysis suggests that p.R953C is a pathogenic variant of SORL1 and sheds light on mechanisms of how missense SORL1 variants may lead to AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Fazeli
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK8000 AarhusC, Denmark
| | - Daniel D. Child
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Stephanie A. Bucks
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Miki Stovarsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Gabrielle Edwards
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Shannon E. Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System
| | - Caitlin Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Yu Kitago
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Thomas Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Olav M. Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK8000 AarhusC, Denmark
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Young JE, Holstege H, Andersen OM, Petsko GA, Small SA. On the causal role of retromer-dependent endosomal recycling in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1394-1397. [PMID: 37803174 PMCID: PMC10788784 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings ranging from genetics to structural biology, together with studies in human neurons, animal models and patient brains, implicate the retromer-dependent endosomal recycling pathway as both causal and common in Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Henne Holstege
- Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Department of Neurology and the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott A Small
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Monti G, Vincke C, Lunding M, Jensen AMG, Madsen P, Muyldermans S, Kjolby M, Andersen OM. Epitope mapping of nanobodies binding the Alzheimer's disease receptor SORLA. J Biotechnol 2023; 375:17-27. [PMID: 37634829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Reduced levels of the Sortilin-related receptor with A-type repeats (SORLA) in different brain regions as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid have been associated with Alzheimer's disease. Methods and reagents to develop reliable detection assays to quantify SORLA and its specific isoforms are therefore much needed. Nanobodies (Nbs) are unique biomolecules derived from the blood of camelids that display advantageous physicochemical and antigen affinity properties, making them attractive tools with great relevance to both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Here, we purified and characterized eight Nbs that were isolated from the blood of an alpaca immunized with the recombinant extracellular domain of SORLA. The selected Nbs showed high affinity to SORLA in the low nanomolar range as observed by surface plasmon resonance. For mapping of the Nbs' epitopes within the antigen, we transiently transfected HEK293 cells with a panel of SORLA deletion constructs, and developed a protocol of immunostaining by applying fluorescent dye conjugated Nbs. With this method, we showed that the selected Nbs specifically recognize a part of SORLA containing Fibronectin-type III domains, representing promising tools not only for disease clarifying research, but also for translational medicine as candidates for clinical diagnostic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Monti
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh‑Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cécile Vincke
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Melanie Lunding
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh‑Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette G Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh‑Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peder Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh‑Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mads Kjolby
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh‑Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh‑Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|