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Fiorilli V, Martínez-Medina A, Pozo MJ, Lanfranco L. Plant Immunity Modulation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Its Impact on Pathogens and Pests. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 62:127-156. [PMID: 39251211 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-121423-042014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is the oldest and most widespread mutualistic association on Earth and involves plants and soil fungi belonging to Glomeromycotina. A complex molecular, cellular, and genetic developmental program enables partner recognition, fungal accommodation in plant tissues, and activation of symbiotic functions such as transfer of phosphorus in exchange for carbohydrates and lipids. AM fungi, as ancient obligate biotrophs, have evolved strategies to circumvent plant defense responses to guarantee an intimate and long-lasting mutualism. They are among those root-associated microorganisms able to boost plants' ability to cope with biotic stresses leading to mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR), which can be effective across diverse hosts and against different attackers. Here, we examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of plant immunity during colonization by AM fungi and at the onset and display of MIR against belowground and aboveground pests and pathogens. Understanding the MIR efficiency spectrum and its regulation is of great importance to optimizing the biotechnological application of these beneficial microbes for sustainable crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy;
| | - A Martínez-Medina
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria J Pozo
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain;
| | - L Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy;
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Betz R, Heidt S, Figueira-Galán D, Hartmann M, Langner T, Requena N. Alternative splicing regulation in plants by SP7-like effectors from symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7107. [PMID: 39160162 PMCID: PMC11333574 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Most plants in natural ecosystems associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to survive soil nutrient limitations. To engage in symbiosis, AM fungi secrete effector molecules that, similar to pathogenic effectors, reprogram plant cells. Here we show that the Glomeromycotina-specific SP7 effector family impacts on the alternative splicing program of their hosts. SP7-like effectors localize at nuclear condensates and interact with the plant mRNA processing machinery, most prominently with the splicing factor SR45 and the core splicing proteins U1-70K and U2AF35. Ectopic expression of these effectors in the crop plant potato and in Arabidopsis induced developmental changes that paralleled to the alternative splicing modulation of a specific subset of genes. We propose that SP7-like proteins act as negative regulators of SR45 to modulate the fate of specific mRNAs in arbuscule-containing cells. Unraveling the communication mechanisms between symbiotic fungi and their host plants will help to identify targets to improve plant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Betz
- Joseph Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences. Molecular Phytopathology Department, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sven Heidt
- Joseph Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences. Molecular Phytopathology Department, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David Figueira-Galán
- Joseph Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences. Molecular Phytopathology Department, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Meike Hartmann
- Joseph Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences. Molecular Phytopathology Department, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thorsten Langner
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen - Max-Planck-Ring 5, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natalia Requena
- Joseph Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences. Molecular Phytopathology Department, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Tian L, Hao YM, Guo R, Guo HR, Cheng JF, Liu TR, Liu H, Lu G, Wang B. Two lysin motif extracellular (LysMe) proteins are deployed in rice to facilitate arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:720-737. [PMID: 38812277 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
During arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, plant innate immunity is modulated to a prime state to allow for fungal colonization. The underlying mechanisms remain to be further explored. In this study, two rice genes encoding LysM extracellular (LysMe) proteins were investigated. By obtaining OsLysMepro:GUS transgenic plants and generating oslysme1, oslysme2 and oslysme1oslysme2 mutants via CRISPR/Cas9 technique, OsLysMe genes were revealed to be specifically induced in the arbusculated cells and mutations in either gene caused significantly reduced root colonization rate by AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Overexpression of OsLysMe1 or OsLysMe2 dramatically increased the colonization rates in rice and Medicago truncatula. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay supported that OsLysMe genes are regulated by OsWRI5a. Either OsLysMe1 or OsLysMe2 can efficiently rescue the impaired AM phenotype of the mtlysme2 mutant, supporting a conserved function of LysMe across monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. The co-localization of OsLysMe proteins with the apoplast marker SP-OsRAmy3A implies their probable localization to the periarbuscular space (PAS) during symbiosis. Relative to the fungal biomass marker RiTEF, some defense-related genes showed disproportionately high expression levels in the oslysme mutants. These data support that rice plants deploy two OsLysMe proteins to facilitate AM symbiosis, likely by diminishing plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yi-Ming Hao
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao-Ran Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian-Fei Cheng
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tai-Rong Liu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guihua Lu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Zhang X, Jia S, He Y, Wen J, Li D, Yang W, Yue Y, Li H, Cheng K, Zhang X. Wall-associated kinase GhWAK13 mediates arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and Verticillium wilt resistance in cotton. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2180-2194. [PMID: 38095050 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The cell wall is the major interface for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. However, the roles of cell wall proteins and cell wall synthesis in AM symbiosis remain unclear. We reported that a novel wall-associated kinase 13 (GhWAK13) positively regulates AM symbiosis and negatively regulates Verticillium wilt resistance in cotton. GhWAK13 transcription was induced by AM symbiosis and Verticillium dahliae (VD) infection. GhWAK13 is located in the plasma membrane and expressed in the arbuscule-containing cortical cells of mycorrhizal cotton roots. GhWAK13 silencing inhibited AM colonization and repressed gene expression of the mycorrhizal pathway. Moreover, GhWAK13 silencing improved Verticillium wilt resistance and triggered the expression of immunity genes. Therefore, GhWAK13 is considered an immune suppressor required for AM symbiosis and disease resistance. GhWAK7A, a positive regulator of Verticillium wilt resistance, was upregulated in GhWAK13-silenced cotton plants. Silencing GhWAK7A improved AM symbiosis. Oligogalacturonides application also suppressed AM symbiosis. Finally, GhWAK13 negatively affected the cellulose content by regulating the transcription of cellulose synthase genes. The results of this study suggest that immunity suppresses AM symbiosis in cotton. GhWAK13 affects AM symbiosis by suppressing immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Shuangjie Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Yiming He
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Jingshang Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Wan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Ying Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Huiling Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
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Jiang Y, Lu XY, Qin YL, Zhang YM, Shao ZQ. Genome-Wide Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of Receptor-like Kinase Family Genes Provides Insights into Anthracnose Resistance of Dioscorea alata. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1274. [PMID: 38732488 PMCID: PMC11085297 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Dioscorea alata, commonly known as "greater yam", is a vital crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, yet it faces significant threats from anthracnose disease, mainly caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. However, exploring disease resistance genes in this species has been challenging due to the difficulty of genetic mapping resulting from the loss of the flowering trait in many varieties. The receptor-like kinase (RLK) gene family represents essential immune receptors in plants. In this study, genomic analysis revealed 467 RLK genes in D. alata. The identified RLKs were distributed unevenly across chromosomes, likely due to tandem duplication events. However, a considerable number of ancient whole-genome or segmental duplications dating back over 100 million years contributed to the diversity of RLK genes. Phylogenetic analysis unveiled at least 356 ancient RLK lineages in the common ancestor of Dioscoreaceae, which differentially inherited and expanded to form the current RLK profiles of D. alata and its relatives. The analysis of cis-regulatory elements indicated the involvement of RLK genes in diverse stress responses. Transcriptome analysis identified RLKs that were up-regulated in response to C. gloeosporioides infection, suggesting their potential role in resisting anthracnose disease. These findings provide novel insights into the evolution of RLK genes in D. alata and their potential contribution to disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.J.); (Y.-L.Q.)
| | - Xin-Yu Lu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ya-Li Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.J.); (Y.-L.Q.)
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhu-Qing Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Y.J.); (Y.-L.Q.)
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Zhang J, Sun J, Chiu CH, Landry D, Li K, Wen J, Mysore KS, Fort S, Lefebvre B, Oldroyd GED, Feng F. A receptor required for chitin perception facilitates arbuscular mycorrhizal associations and distinguishes root symbiosis from immunity. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1705-1717.e6. [PMID: 38574729 PMCID: PMC11037463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Plants establish symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to facilitate nutrient uptake, particularly in nutrient-limited conditions. This partnership is rooted in the plant's ability to recognize fungal signaling molecules, such as chitooligosaccharides (chitin) and lipo-chitooligosaccharides. In the legume Medicago truncatula, chitooligosaccharides trigger both symbiotic and immune responses via the same lysin-motif-receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs), notably CERK1 and LYR4. The nature of plant-fungal engagement is opposite according to the outcomes of immunity or symbiosis signaling, and as such, discrimination is necessary, which is challenged by the dual roles of CERK1/LYR4 in both processes. Here, we describe a LysM-RLK, LYK8, that is functionally redundant with CERK1 for mycorrhizal colonization but is not involved in chitooligosaccharides-induced immunity. Genetic mutation of both LYK8 and CERK1 blocks chitooligosaccharides-triggered symbiosis signaling, as well as mycorrhizal colonization, but shows no further impact on immunity signaling triggered by chitooligosaccharides, compared with the mutation of CERK1 alone. LYK8 interacts with CERK1 and forms a receptor complex that appears essential for chitooligosaccharides activation of symbiosis signaling, with the lyk8/cerk1 double mutant recapitulating the impact of mutations in the symbiosis signaling pathway. We conclude that this novel receptor complex allows chitooligosaccharides activation specifically of symbiosis signaling and helps the plant to differentiate between activation of these opposing signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jongho Sun
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Chai Hao Chiu
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - David Landry
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Kangping Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Sébastien Fort
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Lefebvre
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Giles E D Oldroyd
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK.
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Giovannetti M, Binci F, Navazio L, Genre A. Nonbinary fungal signals and calcium-mediated transduction in plant immunity and symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1393-1400. [PMID: 38013492 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Chitin oligomers (COs) are among the most common and active fungal elicitors of plant responses. Short-chain COs from symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activate accommodation responses in the host root, while long-chain COs from pathogenic fungi are acknowledged to trigger defence responses. The modulation of intracellular calcium concentration - a common second messenger in a wide variety of plant signal transduction processes - plays a central role in both signalling pathways with distinct signature features. Nevertheless, mounting evidence suggests that plant immunity and symbiosis signalling partially overlap at multiple levels. Here, we elaborate on recent findings on this topic, highlighting the nonbinary nature of chitin-based fungal signals, their perception and their interpretation through Ca2+ -mediated intracellular signals. Based on this, we propose that plant perception of symbiotic and pathogenic fungi is less clear-cut than previously described and involves a more complex scenario in which partially overlapping and blurred signalling mechanisms act upstream of the unambiguous regulation of gene expression driving accommodation or defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giovannetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Filippo Binci
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Dallachiesa D, Aguilar OM, Lozano MJ. Improved detection and phylogenetic analysis of plant proteins containing LysM domains. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:NULL. [PMID: 38007819 DOI: 10.1071/fp23131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-containing oligosaccharides that play a role in the interaction with bacteria and fungi, through cell-surface receptors containing a tight bundle of three LysM domains in their extracellular region. However, the identification of LysM domains of receptor-like kinases (RLK)/receptor-like proteins (RLP) using sequence based methods has led to some ambiguity, as some proteins have been annotated with only one or two LysM domains. This missing annotation was likely produced by the failure of the LysM hidden Markov model (HMM) from the Pfam database to correctly identify some LysM domains in proteins of plant origin. In this work, we provide improved HMMs for LysM domain detection in plants, that were built from the structural alignment of manually curated LysM domain structures from the Protein Data Bank and AlphaFold Protein Structure Database. Furthermore, we evaluated different sets of ligand-specific HMMs that were able to correctly classify a limited set of fully characterised RLK/Ps by their ligand specificity. In contrast, the phylogenetic analysis of the extracellular region of RLK/Ps, or of their individual LysM domains, was unable to discriminate these proteins by their ligand specificity. The HMMs reported here will allow a more sensitive detection of plant proteins containing LysM domains and help improve their characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardo Dallachiesa
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM) - CONICET-CCT La Plata - Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - O Mario Aguilar
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM) - CONICET-CCT La Plata - Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mauricio J Lozano
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM) - CONICET-CCT La Plata - Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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