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Regulatory, biosafety and safety challenges for novel cells as substrates for human vaccines. Vaccine 2012; 30:2715-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zimmer G. RNA replicons - a new approach for influenza virus immunoprophylaxis. Viruses 2010; 2:413-434. [PMID: 21994644 PMCID: PMC3185613 DOI: 10.3390/v2020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA replicons are derived from either positive- or negative-strand RNA viruses. They represent disabled virus vectors that are not only avirulent, but also unable to revert to virulence. Due to autonomous RNA replication, RNA replicons are able to drive high level, cytosolic expression of recombinant antigens stimulating both the humoral and the cellular branch of the immune system. This review provides an update on the available literature covering influenza virus vaccines based on RNA replicons. The pros and cons of these vaccine strategies will be discussed and future perspectives disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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Yang Y, Leggat D, Herbert A, Roberts PC, Sundick RS. A novel method to incorporate bioactive cytokines as adjuvants on the surface of virus particles. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 29:9-22. [PMID: 19014337 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines have been used extensively as adjuvants in vaccines. However, practical considerations limit their use; diffusion from antigen, short half-lives and additional production costs. To address these problems we have developed a technology that efficiently produces inactivated, whole-virus influenza vaccine bearing membrane-bound cytokines. To provide "proof of principle," we chose chicken interleukin-2 (IL-2) and chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Fusion constructs were generated in which their coding regions were linked to the influenza virus transmembrane encoding domains of the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin genes, respectively. These fusion constructs were used to establish stable Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cell lines, constitutively expressing membrane-bound cytokine. Cell surface expression was verified by immunofluorescence and cytokine-specific bioassays. Influenza virus harvested from infected cytokine-bearing cells was purified, inactivated, and confirmed to include membrane-bound cytokine by immunofluorescence, Western blotting and bioassay. Cytokine bioactivity was preserved using several standard virus inactivation protocols. Both cytokine-bearing influenza vaccines are now being tested for immunogenicity in vivo. Initial experiments indicate that chickens injected with IL-2-bearing influenza have elevated antiviral antibody levels, compared to chickens given conventional vaccine. In conclusion, this technology offers a novel method to utilize cytokines and other immunostimulatory molecules as adjuvants for viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Yang
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Bukreyev A, Rollin PE, Tate MK, Yang L, Zaki SR, Shieh WJ, Murphy BR, Collins PL, Sanchez A. Successful topical respiratory tract immunization of primates against Ebola virus. J Virol 2007; 81:6379-88. [PMID: 17428868 PMCID: PMC1900097 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00105-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus causes outbreaks of severe viral hemorrhagic fever with high mortality in humans. The virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted by contact and by the aerosol route. These features make Ebola virus a potential weapon for bioterrorism and biological warfare. Therefore, a vaccine that induces both systemic and local immune responses in the respiratory tract would be highly beneficial. We evaluated a common pediatric respiratory pathogen, human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3), as a vaccine vector against Ebola virus. HPIV3 recombinants expressing the Ebola virus (Zaire species) surface glycoprotein (GP) alone or in combination with the nucleocapsid protein NP or with the cytokine adjuvant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were administered by the respiratory route to rhesus monkeys--in which HPIV3 infection is mild and asymptomatic--and were evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against a highly lethal intraperitoneal challenge with Ebola virus. A single immunization with any construct expressing GP was moderately immunogenic against Ebola virus and protected 88% of the animals against severe hemorrhagic fever and death caused by Ebola virus. Two doses were highly immunogenic, and all of the animals survived challenge and were free of signs of disease and of detectable Ebola virus challenge virus. These data illustrate the feasibility of immunization via the respiratory tract against the hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola virus. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which topical immunization through respiratory tract achieved prevention of a viral hemorrhagic fever infection in a primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bukreyev
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8007, USA.
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Bukreyev A, Skiadopoulos MH, Murphy BR, Collins PL. Nonsegmented negative-strand viruses as vaccine vectors. J Virol 2006; 80:10293-306. [PMID: 17041210 PMCID: PMC1641758 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00919-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bukreyev
- Building 50, Room 6505, NIAID, NIH, 50 South Dr., MSC 8007, Bethesda, MD 20892-8007, USA.
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James CM, Abdad MY, Mansfield JP, Jacobsen HK, Vind AR, Stumbles PA, Bartlett EJ. Differential activities of alpha/beta IFN subtypes against influenza virus in vivo and enhancement of specific immune responses in DNA vaccinated mice expressing haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein. Vaccine 2006; 25:1856-67. [PMID: 17240000 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are urgently needed to elicit immunity to different influenza virus strains. DNA vaccines can elicit partial protective immunity, however their efficacy requires improvement. We assessed the capacity of individual type I IFN multigene family members as subtype transgenes to abrogate influenza virus replication in a vaccination/challenge mouse model. Differences in antiviral efficacy were found among the subtypes with IFNA5 and IFNA6 being most effective, while IFNA1 was the least effective in reducing lung virus replication. Mice vaccinated with combinatorial HA/IFNA6 or NP/IFNA6 showed reduced lung viral titres, clinical score, body weight loss, and pulmonary tissue damage compared to IFNA6, HA, or NP viral vaccination alone. In addition, IFNA6 increased IgG2a titres with upregulation of IFN-gamma response in the respiratory tract. We conclude that IFN-alpha 6 has antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, which improve efficacy of DNA vaccines for enhanced control of influenza.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Body Weight
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Interferon-alpha/classification
- Interferon-alpha/genetics
- Interferon-alpha/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Nucleoproteins/genetics
- Nucleoproteins/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Core Proteins/genetics
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M James
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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Morimoto K, Shoji Y, Inoue S. Characterization of P gene-deficient rabies virus: propagation, pathogenicity and antigenicity. Virus Res 2005; 111:61-7. [PMID: 15896403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The RNA polymerase of rabies virus (RV) is a two-protein complex composed of L (a large catalytic component) and P (a non-catalytic phosphoprotein cofactor) proteins. We generated a gene-deficient RV lacking the entire P gene from HEP-Flury (HEP) strain, one of the most attenuated RV strains, by the method of reverse genetics. This P gene-deficient (def-P) virus could replicate and produce progeny viruses with a slightly retarded rate in the cell lines that constitutively express the P protein. The def-P virus could perform the primary RNA transcription by the virion-associated polymerase even in the infected host without de novo P protein synthesis. However, the def-P virus required the newly synthesized P protein for the secondary RNA transcription and genome RNA replication of virus. No progeny virus was produced in the infected host that did not express P protein. The def-P virus was apathogenic in adult and suckling mice even when inoculated intracranially. On the other hand, inoculation of the def-P virus into mice induced a high titer of virus-neutralizing antibody and protected mice from lethal challenge with the CVS strain. These results demonstrated that the def-P virus could induce strong protective immunity against rabies virus without the production of progeny virus and the severe host damage. The def-P virus would be a potential resource of safe live-attenuated rabies vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjiro Morimoto
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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Schmidt AC, Johnson TR, Openshaw PJM, Braciale TJ, Falsey AR, Anderson LJ, Wertz GW, Groothuis JR, Prince GA, Melero JA, Graham BS. Respiratory syncytial virus and other pneumoviruses: a review of the international symposium--RSV 2003. Virus Res 2005; 106:1-13. [PMID: 15522442 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Respiratory Syncytial Virus 2003 symposium took place from 8th-11th November 2003 in Stone Mountain, Georgia, and brought together more than 200 international investigators engaged in RSV research. RSV biology, pathogenesis, and clinical data, as well as RSV vaccines and antivirals, were addressed in the meeting, and this review will aim to briefly summarize and discuss the implications of new findings. The meeting also served as the inauguration of the Robert M. Chanock Award for lifetime achievement in RSV research, an award named in honor of the person who started the field of RSV research by recovering the first human RS virus from infants with severe bronchiolitis in 1956.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Schmidt
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Charite University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Virology Research. THE LABORATORY PRIMATE 2005. [PMCID: PMC7150044 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012080261-6/50034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Eisenblätter M, Stahl-Hennig C, Kuate S, Stolte N, Jasny E, Hahn H, Pope M, Tenner-Racz K, Racz P, Steinman RM, Uberla K, Ignatius R. Induction of neutralising antibodies restricts the use of human granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor for vaccine studies in rhesus macaques. Vaccine 2004; 22:3295-302. [PMID: 15308352 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a valuable adjuvant to enhance induction of cellular immune responses in rodents. Less information is available regarding its use as an adjuvant in primates or humans. We explored recombinant human GM-CSF for potential vaccine studies in rhesus macaques and focused on its effect on peripheral monocytes as progenitors of dendritic cells and its potential immunogenicity. Application of human GM-CSF to nine animals led to an average 32-fold increase in monocyte numbers. This was not observed upon re-treatment, which coincided with GM-CSF-specific neutralising antibodies. These also neutralised the activity of rhesus macaque GM-CSF. The data underscore the need to use species-specific GM-CSF for immunomodulation in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eisenblätter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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Maher CF, Hussell T, Blair E, Ring CJA, Openshaw PJM. Recombinant respiratory syncytial virus lacking secreted glycoprotein G is attenuated, non-pathogenic but induces protective immunity. Microbes Infect 2004; 6:1049-55. [PMID: 15380773 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes intense pulmonary inflammatory responses in some infected infants. The surface attachment protein 'G' of RSV has membrane-bound and secreted forms and shows homology to the CX3C chemokine fractalkine. Using recombinant techniques, we generated replication-competent recombinant clonal RSV expressing normal G proteins ('rRSV') or only the membrane-bound form of G ('Gmem rRSV'). Both recombinants grew well in HEp-2 cells, but after primary intranasal infection in mice, pulmonary Gmem rRSV replication was reduced tenfold compared to parental or rRSV; moreover, CCL2 and CCL5 production was greatly reduced and no apparent disease or pulmonary cellular infiltration was observed. However, Gmem rRSV-infected mice developed good antibody responses and were fully protected against subsequent intranasal challenge with parental virus. Even in mice sensitized to G by cutaneous infection with recombinant vaccinia expressing G, intranasal challenge with Gmem rRSV caused insignificant disease. We conclude that secreted G is a key viral product assisting virus replication in vivo, enhancing CCL2 and CCL5 production and promoting illness. Engineered RSV mutants lacking the ability to secrete G are thus promising vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline F Maher
- Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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Shoji Y, Inoue S, Nakamichi K, Kurane I, Sakai T, Morimoto K. Generation and characterization of P gene-deficient rabies virus. Virology 2004; 318:295-305. [PMID: 14972555 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Revised: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RV) deficient in the P gene was generated by reverse genetics from cDNA of HEP-Flury strain lacking the entire P gene. The defective virus was propagated and amplified by rescue of virus, using a cell line that complemented the functions of the deficient gene. The P gene-deficient (def-P) virus replicated its genome and produced progeny viruses in the cell lines that constitutively expressed the P protein, although it grew at a slightly retarded rate compared to the parental strain. In contrast, no progeny virus was produced in the infected host when the def-P virus-infected cells that did not express the P protein. However, we found that the def-P virus had the ability to perform primary transcription (by the virion-associated polymerase) in the infected host without de novo P protein synthesis. The def-P virus was apathogenic in adult and suckling mice, even when inoculated intracranially. Inoculation of def-P virus in mice induced high levels of virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) and conferred protective immunity against a lethal rabies infection. These results demonstrate the potential utility of gene-deficient virus as a novel live attenuated rabies vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youko Shoji
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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News in brief. Drug Discov Today 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(02)02593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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