1
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Gu Y, Wang Z, Wang Y. Bispecific antibody drug conjugates: Making 1+1>2. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1965-1986. [PMID: 38799638 PMCID: PMC11119582 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibody‒drug conjugates (BsADCs) represent an innovative therapeutic category amalgamating the merits of antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). Positioned as the next-generation ADC approach, BsADCs hold promise for ameliorating extant clinical challenges associated with ADCs, particularly pertaining to issues such as poor internalization, off-target toxicity, and drug resistance. Presently, ten BsADCs are undergoing clinical trials, and initial findings underscore the imperative for ongoing refinement. This review initially delves into specific design considerations for BsADCs, encompassing target selection, antibody formats, and the linker-payload complex. Subsequent sections delineate the extant progress and challenges encountered by BsADCs, illustrated through pertinent case studies. The amalgamation of BsAbs with ADCs offers a prospective solution to prevailing clinical limitations of ADCs. Nevertheless, the symbiotic interplay among BsAb, linker, and payload necessitates further optimizations and coordination beyond a simplistic "1 + 1" to effectively surmount the extant challenges facing the BsADC domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Gu
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, China
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2
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Hendricks EL, Smith IR, Prates B, Barmaleki F, Liebl FLW. The CD63 homologs, Tsp42Ee and Tsp42Eg, restrict endocytosis and promote neurotransmission through differential regulation of synaptic vesicle pools. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:957232. [PMID: 36072568 PMCID: PMC9441712 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.957232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tetraspanin (Tsp), CD63, is a transmembrane component of late endosomes and facilitates vesicular trafficking through endosomal pathways. Despite being widely expressed in the human brain and localized to late endosomes, CD63's role in regulating endo- and exocytic cycling at the synapse has not been investigated. Synaptic vesicle pools are highly dynamic and disruptions in the mobilization and replenishment of these vesicle pools have adverse neuronal effects. We find that the CD63 homologs, Tsp42Ee and Tsp42Eg, are expressed at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction to regulate synaptic vesicle pools through both shared and unique mechanisms. Tsp42Ee and Tsp42Eg negatively regulate endocytosis and positively regulate neurotransmitter release. Both tsp mutants show impaired locomotion, reduced miniature endplate junctional current frequencies, and increased endocytosis. Expression of human CD63 in Drosophila neurons leads to impaired endocytosis suggesting the role of Tsps in endocytosis is conserved. We further show that Tsps influence the synaptic cytoskeleton and membrane composition by regulating Futsch loop formation and synaptic levels of SCAR and PI(4,5)P2. Finally, Tsp42Ee and Tsp42Eg influence the synaptic localization of several vesicle-associated proteins including Synapsin, Synaptotagmin, and Cysteine String Protein. Together, our results present a novel function for Tsps in the regulation of vesicle pools and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of Tsp-related synaptic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Faith L. W. Liebl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, United States
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3
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Wang X, Hu S, Li J, Zhu D, Wang Z, Cores J, Cheng K, Liu G, Huang K. Extruded Mesenchymal Stem Cell Nanovesicles Are Equally Potent to Natural Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiac Repair. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55767-55779. [PMID: 34793116 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) repair injured tissues mainly through their paracrine actions. One of the important paracrine components of MSC secretomes is the extracellular vesicle (EV). The therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs has been established in various cardiac injury preclinical models. However, the large-scale production of EVs remains a challenge. We sought to develop a scale-up friendly method to generate a large number of therapeutic nanovesicles from MSCs by extrusion. Those extruded nanovesicles (NVs) are miniature versions of MSCs in terms of surface marker expression. The yield of NVs is 20-fold more than that of EVs. In vitro, cell-based assays demonstrated the myocardial protective effects and therapeutic potential of NVs. Intramyocardial delivery of NVs in the injured heart after ischemia-reperfusion led to a reduction in scar sizes and preservation of cardiac functions. Such therapeutic benefits are similar to those injected with natural EVs from the same MSC parental cells. In addition, NV therapy promoted angiogenesis and proliferation of cardiomyocytes in the post-injury heart. In summary, extrusion is a highly efficient method to generate a large quantity of therapeutic NVs that can potentially replace extracellular vesicles in regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyun Wang
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heart and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
| | - Shiqi Hu
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
| | - Junlang Li
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
| | - Dashuai Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
| | - Jhon Cores
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heart and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 North Carolina, United States
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4
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Abstract
A novel tool for the presentation of peptides and small proteins on the surface of human cells has been developed. Our tANCHOR system utilizes tetraspanin anchors containing heterologous amino acid sequences inserted instead of the large extracellular loop. This technology allows a highly effective extracellular display of epitopes for antibody binding studies and many other potential applications.
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5
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Tetraspanins: useful multifunction proteins for the possible design and development of small-molecule therapeutic tools. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:56-68. [PMID: 33137483 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins constitute a well-conserved superfamily of four-span small membrane proteins (TM4SF), with >30 members in humans, with important roles in numerous mechanisms of cell biology. Moreover, tetraspanins associate with either specific partner proteins or another tetraspanin, generating a network of interactions involved in cell and membrane compartmentalization and having a role in cellular development, proliferation, activation, motility, and membrane fusions. Therefore, tetraspanins are considered regulators of cellular signaling and are often depicted as 'molecular facilitators'. In view of these many physiological functions, it is likely that these molecules are important actors in pathological processes. In this review, we present the main characteristics of this superfamily, providing a more detailed description of some significant representatives and discuss their relevance as potential targets for the design and development of small-molecule therapeutics in different pathologies.
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6
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Ma CIJ, Yang Y, Kim T, Chen CH, Polevoy G, Vissa M, Burgess J, Brill JA. An early endosome-derived retrograde trafficking pathway promotes secretory granule maturation. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133712. [PMID: 32045479 PMCID: PMC7055004 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201808017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated secretion is a fundamental cellular process in which biologically active molecules stored in long-lasting secretory granules (SGs) are secreted in response to external stimuli. Many studies have described mechanisms responsible for biogenesis and secretion of SGs, but how SGs mature remains poorly understood. In a genetic screen, we discovered a large number of endolysosomal trafficking genes required for proper SG maturation, indicating that maturation of SGs might occur in a manner similar to lysosome-related organelles (LROs). CD63, a tetraspanin known to decorate LROs, also decorates SG membranes and facilitates SG maturation. Moreover, CD63-mediated SG maturation requires type II phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase (PI4KII)-dependent early endosomal sorting and accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) on SG membranes. In addition, the PI4P effector Past1 is needed for formation of stable PI4KII-containing endosomal tubules associated with this process. Our results reveal that maturation of post-Golgi-derived SGs requires trafficking via the endosomal system, similar to mechanisms employed by LROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-I J Ma
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yitong Yang
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Taeah Kim
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Human Biology Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chang Hua Chen
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Human Biology Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon Polevoy
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Miluska Vissa
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Burgess
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie A Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Charrin S, Palmulli R, Billard M, Clay D, Boucheix C, Van Niel G, Rubinstein E. Rapid Isolation of Rare Isotype-Switched Hybridoma Variants: Application to the Generation of IgG2a and IgG2b MAb to CD63, a Late Endosome and Exosome Marker. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9030029. [PMID: 32630723 PMCID: PMC7551895 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD63, a member of the tetraspanin superfamily, is used as a marker of late endosomes and lysosome-related organelles, as well as a marker of exosomes. Here, we selected rare isotype variants of TS63 by sorting hybridoma cells on the basis of their high expression of surface immunoglobulins of the IgG2a and IgG2b subclass. Pure populations of cells secreting IgG2a and IgG2b variants of TS63 (referred to as TS63a and TS63b) were obtained using two rounds of cell sorting and one limited dilution cloning step. We validate that these new TS63 variants are suitable for co-labeling with mAb of the IgG1 subclass directed to other molecules, using anti mouse subclass antibodies, and for the labeling of exosomes through direct binding to protein A-coated gold particles. These mAbs will be useful to study the intracellular localization of various proteins and facilitate electron microscopy analysis of CD63 localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Charrin
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, CIMI-Paris, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Roberta Palmulli
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Martine Billard
- Modèles de cellules souches malignes et thérapeutiques, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 94800 Villejuif, France; (M.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Denis Clay
- Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, UMS44, F-94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Claude Boucheix
- Modèles de cellules souches malignes et thérapeutiques, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 94800 Villejuif, France; (M.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Guillaume Van Niel
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Inserm, Université de Paris, U1266, F-75014 Paris, France;
| | - Eric Rubinstein
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, CIMI-Paris, 75013 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-4077-9898
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8
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Badierah RA, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Dancing with Trojan horses: an interplay between the extracellular vesicles and viruses. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:3034-3060. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1756409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raied A. Badierah
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center ‘Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences’, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Temporal dynamics of protein complex formation and dissociation during human cytomegalovirus infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:806. [PMID: 32041945 PMCID: PMC7010728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-evolution and co-existence of viral pathogens with their hosts for millions of years is reflected in dynamic virus-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs) that are intrinsic to the spread of infections. Here, we investigate the system-wide dynamics of protein complexes throughout infection with the herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Integrating thermal shift assays and mass spectrometry quantification with virology and microscopy, we monitor the temporal formation and dissociation of hundreds of functional protein complexes and the dynamics of host-host, virus-host, and virus-virus PPIs. We establish pro-viral roles for cellular protein complexes and translocating proteins. We show the HCMV receptor integrin beta 1 dissociates from extracellular matrix proteins, becoming internalized with CD63, which is necessary for virus production. Moreover, this approach facilitates characterization of essential viral proteins, such as pUL52. This study of temporal protein complex dynamics provides insights into mechanisms of HCMV infection and a resource for biological and therapeutic studies. Here, Hashimoto et al. apply mass spectrometry-based thermal proximity coaggregation to characterize the temporal dynamics of virus-host protein-protein interactions during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, uncovering proviral functions including the internalization of the HCMV receptor integrin beta 1 with CD63.
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10
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Li H, Liu J, Xiao X, Sun S, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Zhang B, Roy M, Liu H, Ye M, Wang Z, Liu-Smith F, Liu J. A Novel Aptamer LL4A Specifically Targets Vemurafenib-Resistant Melanoma through Binding to the CD63 Protein. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:727-738. [PMID: 31726389 PMCID: PMC6859286 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis, and half of all melanoma patients harbor BRAF mutations. A BRAF inhibitor, vemurafenib (PLX4032), has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) to treat advanced melanoma patients with BRAFV600E mutation. However, the efficacy of vemurafenib is impeded by adaptive resistance in almost all patients. In this study, using a cell-based SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) strategy, we obtained a DNA aptamer (named LL4) with high affinity and specificity against vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells. Optimized truncated form (LL4A) specifically binds to vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells with dissociation constants in the nanomolar range and with excellent stability and low toxicity. Meanwhile, fluorescence imaging confirmed that LL4A significantly accumulated in tumors formed by vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells, but not in control tumors formed by their corresponding parental cells in vivo. Further, a transmembrane protein CD63 was identified as the binding target of aptamer LL4A using a pull-down assay combined with the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. CD63 formed a supramolecular complex with TIMP1 and β1-integrin, activated the nuclear factor кB (NF-кB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, and contributed to vemurafenib resistance. Potentially, the aptamer LL4A may be used diagnostically and therapeutically in humans to treat targeted vemurafenib-resistant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xiao
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Shuming Sun
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yibin Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Weihua Zhou
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan, Jishou 410006, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Mridul Roy
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hong Liu
- The First Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; The First Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Feng Liu-Smith
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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11
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Jimenez-Jimenez S, Santana O, Lara-Rojas F, Arthikala MK, Armada E, Hashimoto K, Kuchitsu K, Salgado S, Aguirre J, Quinto C, Cárdenas L. Differential tetraspanin genes expression and subcellular localization during mutualistic interactions in Phaseolus vulgaris. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219765. [PMID: 31437164 PMCID: PMC6705802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia association with plants are two of the most successful plant-microbe associations that allow the assimilation of P and N by plants, respectively. These mutualistic interactions require a molecular dialogue, i.e., legume roots exude flavonoids or strigolactones which induce the Nod factors or Myc factors synthesis and secretion from the rhizobia or fungi, respectively. These Nod or Myc factors trigger several responses in the plant root, including calcium oscillations, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, superoxide and H2O2 have emerged as key components that regulate the transitions from proliferation to differentiation in the plant meristems. Similar to the root meristem, the nodule meristem accumulates superoxide and H2O2. Tetraspanins are transmembrane proteins that organize into tetraspanin web regions, where they recruit specific proteins into platforms required for signal transduction, membrane fusion, cell trafficking and ROS generation. Plant tetraspanins are scaffolding proteins associated with root radial patterning, biotic and abiotic stress responses, cell fate determination, and hormonal regulation and recently have been reported as a specific marker of exosomes in animal and plant cells and key players at the site of plant fungal infection. In this study, we conducted transcriptional profiling of the tetraspanin family in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Negro Jamapa) to determine the specific expression patterns and subcellular localization of tetraspanins during nodulation or under mycorrhizal association. Our results demonstrate that the tetraspanins are transcriptionally modulated during the mycorrhizal association, but are also expressed in the infection thread and nodule meristem development. Subcellular localization indicates that tetraspanins have a key role in vesicular trafficking, cell division, and root hair polar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Jimenez-Jimenez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Olivia Santana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Fernando Lara-Rojas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Elisabeth Armada
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sandra Salgado
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- * E-mail:
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12
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Yao X, Smolka AJ. Gastric Parietal Cell Physiology and Helicobacter pylori-Induced Disease. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:2158-2173. [PMID: 30831083 PMCID: PMC6715393 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acidification of the gastric lumen poses a barrier to transit of potentially pathogenic bacteria and enables activation of pepsin to complement nutrient proteolysis initiated by salivary proteases. Histamine-induced activation of the PKA signaling pathway in gastric corpus parietal cells causes insertion of proton pumps into their apical plasma membranes. Parietal cell secretion and homeostasis are regulated by signaling pathways that control cytoskeletal changes required for apical membrane remodeling and organelle and proton pump activities. Helicobacter pylori colonization of human gastric mucosa affects gastric epithelial cell plasticity and homeostasis, promoting epithelial progression to neoplasia. By intervening in proton pump expression, H pylori regulates the abundance and diversity of microbiota that populate the intestinal lumen. We review stimulation-secretion coupling and renewal mechanisms in parietal cells and the mechanisms by which H pylori toxins and effectors alter cell secretory pathways (constitutive and regulated) and organelles to establish and maintain their inter- and intracellular niches. Studies of bacterial toxins and their effector proteins have provided insights into parietal cell physiology and the mechanisms by which pathogens gain control of cell activities, increasing our understanding of gastrointestinal physiology, microbial infectious disease, and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebiao Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Adam J. Smolka
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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13
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Biogenesis of Extracellular Vesicles during Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection: Role of the CD63 Tetraspanin. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01850-18. [PMID: 30355691 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01850-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections afflict more than 80% of the population worldwide. The virus primarily infects mucoepithelial cells and establishes latent reservoirs in neurons in sensory ganglia. Frequent reactivation has been linked to severe diseases, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Earlier, we reported that viral and host factors are packaged in extracellular vesicles (EVs) and delivered to uninfected cells, where they activate antiviral responses and restrict virus infection. Here, we interrogated the effect of HSV-1 infection on EV biogenesis. We found that HSV-1 infection causes a decrease in the amount of intracellular CD63 protein with a concomitant increase in extracellular CD63. This observation correlates with our previous finding that infected cells release more CD63-positive EVs than uninfected cells. The stimulation of CD63 exocytosis requires virus replication. CD63 is a member of the tetraspanin family of proteins that traffics between the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments and has a role in sorting cargo into the EVs. Previously, we reported that in cells depleted of CD63, HSV-1 virus yields increased, and here we provide data showing that in cells overexpressing CD63, HSV-1 virus yields decreased. Taken together, our data indicate that CD63 negatively impacts HSV-1 infection and that the CD63-positive EVs could control the dissemination of the virus in the host. Perhaps EV release by HSV-1-infected cells is a mechanism that controls virus dissemination.IMPORTANCE Intercellular communication, especially in neurons, largely relies on EVs, and modulation of EVs is known to impact physiological processes. Here, we present evidence that HSV-1 infection causes major alterations in the biogenesis of EVs, including an increase in their number and an increase in the CD63-positive population of EVs. These alterations result in an enrichment of the milieu of infection with EVs carrying signatures from infected cells. In addition to changes in the origin and type, EVs released by infected cells have differences in cargo, as they carry viral and host factors determined by the virus. The tetraspanin CD63 negatively impacts the infection, as demonstrated by CD63-knockdown and overexpression assays. A proposed mechanism involves the activation of antiviral responses in cells receiving CD63-positive EVs released by infected cells. Overall, HSV-1 causes major alterations in EVs that could contribute to HSV-1 persistence and pathogenesis.
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14
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Jimenez-Jimenez S, Hashimoto K, Santana O, Aguirre J, Kuchitsu K, Cárdenas L. Emerging roles of tetraspanins in plant inter-cellular and inter-kingdom communication. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:e1581559. [PMID: 30829110 PMCID: PMC6512927 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1581559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Inter-cellular and inter-kingdom signaling systems of various levels of complexity regulate pathogenic and mutualistic interactions between bacteria, parasites, and fungi and animal and plant hosts. Inter-kingdom interactions between mutualistic bacteria such as rhizobia and legumes during nodulation and between fungi and plants during mycorrhizal associations, are characterized by the extensive exchange of molecular signals, which allow nitrogen and phosphate assimilation, respectively. A novel aspect of this signaling exchange is the existence of specific structures, the exosomes, that carry important molecules that shape the plant-pathogen interactions. Exosomes contain a wide array of molecules, such as lipids, proteins, messenger RNA, and microRNAs, that play important roles in cell-to-cell communication in animal and plant cells by affecting gene expression and other physiological activity in distant cells within the same organism (e.g., during cancer metastases and neuron injuries). In plant cells, it has been recently reported that exosomes go beyond organism boundaries and inhibit a pathogenic interaction in plants. Plant produce and send exosomes loaded with specific small miRNA which inhibit the pathogen infection, but the pathogen can also produce exosomes carrying pro-pathogenic proteins and microRNAs. Therefore, exosomes are the important bridge regulating the signal exchange. Exosomes are small membrane-bound vesicles derived from multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which carries selected cargos from the cytoplasm (protein, lipids, and microRNAs) and under certain circumstances, they fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the small vesicles as cargo-carrying exosomes into the extracellular space during intercellular and inter-kingdom communication. Animal and plant proteomic studies have demonstrated that tetraspanin proteins are an integral part of exosome membranes, positioning tetraspanins as essential components for endosome organization, with key roles in membrane fusion, cell trafficking, and membrane recognition. We discuss the similarities and differences between animal tetraspanins and plant tetraspanins formed during plant-microbe interactions and their potential role in mutualistic communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Jimenez-Jimenez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Olivia Santana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
- CONTACT Luis Cárdenas Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
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15
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Yoshimura A, Adachi N, Matsuno H, Kawamata M, Yoshioka Y, Kikuchi H, Odaka H, Numakawa T, Kunugi H, Ochiya T, Tamai Y. The Sox2 promoter-driven CD63-GFP transgenic rat model allows tracking of neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.028779. [PMID: 29208635 PMCID: PMC5818070 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can modulate microenvironments by transferring biomolecules, including RNAs and proteins derived from releasing cells, to target cells. To understand the molecular mechanisms maintaining the neural stem cell (NSC) niche through EVs, a new transgenic (Tg) rat strain that can release human CD63-GFP-expressing EVs from the NSCs was established. Human CD63-GFP expression was controlled under the rat Sox2 promoter (Sox2/human CD63-GFP), and it was expressed in undifferentiated fetal brains. GFP signals were specifically observed in in vitro cultured NSCs obtained from embryonic brains of the Tg rats. We also demonstrated that embryonic NSC (eNSC)-derived EVs were labelled by human CD63-GFP. Furthermore, when we examined the transfer of EVs, eNSC-derived EVs were found to be incorporated into astrocytes and eNSCs, thus implying an EV-mediated communication between different cell types around NSCs. This new Sox2/human CD63-GFP Tg rat strain should provide resources to analyse the cell-to-cell communication via EVs in NSC microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yoshimura
- Division of Laboratory Animals Resources, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Education and Research Facility of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Naoki Adachi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Hitomi Matsuno
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Masaki Kawamata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute (NCC), 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute (NCC), 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hisae Kikuchi
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Haruki Odaka
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.,Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Numakawa
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute (NCC), 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tamai
- Division of Laboratory Animals Resources, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Chromocenter Inc., 6-7-4 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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16
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Okamoto CT. Regulation of Transporters and Channels by Membrane-Trafficking Complexes in Epithelial Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a027839. [PMID: 28246186 PMCID: PMC5666629 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The vectorial secretion and absorption of fluid and solutes by epithelial cells is dependent on the polarized expression of membrane solute transporters and channels at the apical and basolateral membranes. The establishment and maintenance of this polarized expression of transporters and channels are affected by divers protein-trafficking complexes. Moreover, regulation of the magnitude of transport is often under control of physiological stimuli, again through the interaction of transporters and channels with protein-trafficking complexes. This review highlights the value in utilizing transporters and channels as cargo to characterize core trafficking machinery by which epithelial cells establish and maintain their polarized expression, and how this machinery regulates fluid and solute transport in response to physiological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis T Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9121
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17
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Priyathilaka TT, Bathige SDNK, Herath HMLPB, Lee S, Lee J. Molecular identification of disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus) tetraspanin 33 and CD63: Insights into potent players in the disk abalone host defense system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:173-184. [PMID: 28823981 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins are a superfamily of transmembrane proteins involved in a diverse range of physiological processes including differentiation, adhesion, signal transduction, cell motility, and immune responses. In the present study, two tetraspanins, CD63 and tetraspanin 33 (TSPAN33) from disk abalone (AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33), were identified and characterized at the molecular level. The coding sequences for AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 encoded polypeptides of 234 and 290 amino acids (aa) with predicted molecular mass of 25.3 and 32.5 kDa, respectively. The deduced AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 protein sequences were also predicted to have a typical tetraspanin domain architecture, including four transmembrane domains (TM), short N- and C- terminal regions, a short intracellular loop, as well as a large and small extracellular loop. A characteristic CCG motif and cysteine residues, which are highly conserved across CD63 and TSPAN33 proteins of different species, were present in the large extracellular loop of both abalone tetraspanins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 clustered in the invertebrate subclade of tetraspanins, thus exhibiting a close relationship with tetraspanins of other mollusks. The AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 mRNA transcripts were detected at early embryonic development stages of disk abalone with significantly higher amounts at the trochophore stage, suggesting the involvement of these proteins in embryonic development. Both AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 were ubiquitously expressed in all the tissues of unchallenged abalones analyzed, with the highest expression levels found in hemocytes. Moreover, significant induction of AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 mRNA expression was observed in immunologically important tissues, such as hemocytes and gills, upon stimulation with live bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes), virus (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus), and two potent immune stimulators [polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. Collectively, these findings suggest that AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 are involved in innate immune responses in disk abalone during pathogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - H M L P B Herath
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Sukkyoung Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Hassuna NA, Monk PN, Ali F, Read RC, Partridge LJ. A role for the tetraspanin proteins in Salmonella infection of human macrophages. J Infect 2017; 75:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Wu YZ, Sun J, Zhang Y, Pu M, Zhang G, He N, Zeng X. Effective Integration of Targeted Tumor Imaging and Therapy Using Functionalized InP QDs with VEGFR2 Monoclonal Antibody and miR-92a Inhibitor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:13068-13078. [PMID: 28358188 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis and targeted drug treatment require agents that possess multiple functions. Nanomaterials that facilitate optical imaging and direct drug delivery have shown great promise for effective cancer treatment. In this study, we first modified near-infrared fluorescent indium phosphide quantum dots (InP QDs) with a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) monoclonal antibody to afford targeted drug delivery function. Then, a miR-92a inhibitor, an antisense microRNA that enhances the expression of tumor suppressor p63, was attached to the VEGFR2-InP QDs via electrostatic interactions. The functionalized InP nanocomposite (IMAN) selectively targets tumor sites and allows for infrared imaging in vivo. We further explored the mechanism of this active targeting. The IMAN was endocytosed and delivered in the form of microvesicles via VEGFR2-CD63 signaling. Moreover, the IMAN induced apoptosis of human myelogenous leukemia cells through the p63 pathway in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that the IMAN may provide a new and promising chemotherapy strategy against cancer cells, particularly by its active targeting function and utility in noninvasive three-dimensional tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nongyue He
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Maternal and Child Health Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital , Nanjing 210029, China
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20
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Lee SA, Suh Y, Lee S, Jeong J, Kim SJ, Kim SJ, Park SK. Functional expression of dopamine D2 receptor is regulated by tetraspanin 7-mediated postendocytic trafficking. FASEB J 2017; 31:2301-2313. [PMID: 28223337 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600755rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The dopaminergic system plays an essential role in various functions of the brain, including locomotion, memory, and reward, and the deregulation of dopaminergic signaling as a result of altered functionality of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) is implicated in multiple neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Tetraspanin-7 (TSPAN7) is expressed to variable degrees in different tissues, with the highest level in the brain, and multiple mutations in TSPAN7 have been implicated in intellectual disability. Here, we tested the hypothesis that TSPAN7 may be a binding partner of DRD2 that is involved in the regulation of its functional activity. Our results showed that TSPAN7 was associated with DRD2 and reduced its surface expression by enhancing DRD2 internalization. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that TSPAN7 that resides in the plasma membrane and early and late endosomes promoted internalization of DRD2 and its localization to endosomal compartments of the endocytic pathway. Furthermore, we observed that TSPAN7 deficiency increased surface localization of DRD2 concurrent with the decrease of its endocytosis, regardless of dopamine treatment. Finally, TSPAN7 negatively affects DRD2-mediated signaling. These results disclosed a previously uncharacterized role of TSPAN7 in the regulation of the expression and functional activity of DRD2 by postendocytic trafficking.-Lee, S.-A., Suh, Y., Lee, S., Jeong, J., Kim, S. J., Kim, S. J., Park, S. K. Functional expression of dopamine D2 receptor is regulated by tetraspanin 7-mediated postendocytic trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seol-Ae Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Yeongjun Suh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Saebom Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jaehoon Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Soo Jeong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - So Jung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
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21
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Heitzig N, Brinkmann BF, Koerdt SN, Rosso G, Shahin V, Rescher U. Annexin A8 promotes VEGF-A driven endothelial cell sprouting. Cell Adh Migr 2017; 11:275-287. [PMID: 28060564 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1264559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological and pathological process of angiogenesis relies on orchestrated endothelial cell (EC) adhesion, migration and formation of new vessels. Here we report that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) deficient in Annexin A8 (AnxA8), a member of the annexin family of Ca2+- and membrane binding proteins, are strongly deficient in their ability to sprout in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, and are strongly impaired in their ability to migrate and adhere to β1 integrin-binding extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. We find that these cells are defective in the formation of complexes containing the tetraspanin CD63, the main VEGF-A receptor VEGFR2, and the β1 integrin subunit, on the cell surface. We observe that upon VEGF-A activation of AnxA8-depleted HUVECs, VEGFR2 internalization is reduced, phosphorylation of VEGFR2 is increased, and the spatial distribution of Tyr577-phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (pFAK577) is altered. We conclude that AnxA8 affects CD63/VEGFR2/β1 integrin complex formation, leading to hyperactivation of the VEGF-A signal transduction pathway, and severely disturbed VEGF-A-driven angiogenic sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Heitzig
- a Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center , University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Benjamin F Brinkmann
- a Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center , University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Sophia N Koerdt
- a Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center , University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Gonzalo Rosso
- b Institute of Physiology II , University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Victor Shahin
- b Institute of Physiology II , University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- a Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center , University of Münster , Münster , Germany
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22
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Schulze U, Brast S, Grabner A, Albiker C, Snieder B, Holle S, Schlatter E, Schröter R, Pavenstädt H, Herrmann E, Lambert C, Spoden GA, Florin L, Saftig P, Ciarimboli G. Tetraspanin CD63 controls basolateral sorting of organic cation transporter 2 in renal proximal tubules. FASEB J 2016; 31:1421-1433. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600901r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Schulze
- Medizinische Klinik D, Experimentelle NephrologieWestfälische Wilhelms–Universität Münster Germany
| | - Sabine Brast
- Medizinische Klinik D, Experimentelle NephrologieWestfälische Wilhelms–Universität Münster Germany
| | - Alexander Grabner
- Medizinische Klinik D, Experimentelle NephrologieWestfälische Wilhelms–Universität Münster Germany
| | - Christian Albiker
- Medizinische Klinik D, Experimentelle NephrologieWestfälische Wilhelms–Universität Münster Germany
| | - Beatrice Snieder
- Medizinische Klinik D, Experimentelle NephrologieWestfälische Wilhelms–Universität Münster Germany
| | - Svenja Holle
- Medizinische Klinik D, Experimentelle NephrologieWestfälische Wilhelms–Universität Münster Germany
| | - Eberhard Schlatter
- Medizinische Klinik D, Experimentelle NephrologieWestfälische Wilhelms–Universität Münster Germany
| | - Rita Schröter
- Medizinische Klinik D, Experimentelle NephrologieWestfälische Wilhelms–Universität Münster Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Medizinische Klinik D, Experimentelle NephrologieWestfälische Wilhelms–Universität Münster Germany
| | - Edwin Herrmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für UrologieWestfälische Wilhelms–Universität Münster Germany
| | - Carsten Lambert
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und HygieneJohannes Gutenberg–Universität Mainz Germany
| | - Gilles A. Spoden
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und HygieneJohannes Gutenberg–Universität Mainz Germany
| | - Luise Florin
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und HygieneJohannes Gutenberg–Universität Mainz Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemisches Institut, Medizinische FakultätChristian‐Albrechts–Universität Kiel Germany
| | - Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Medizinische Klinik D, Experimentelle NephrologieWestfälische Wilhelms–Universität Münster Germany
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23
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Seipold L, Damme M, Prox J, Rabe B, Kasparek P, Sedlacek R, Altmeppen H, Willem M, Boland B, Glatzel M, Saftig P. Tetraspanin 3: A central endocytic membrane component regulating the expression of ADAM10, presenilin and the amyloid precursor protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:217-230. [PMID: 27818272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite existing knowledge about the role of the A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) as the α-secretase involved in the non-amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch signalling we have only limited information about its regulation. In this study, we have identified ADAM10 interactors using a split ubiquitin yeast two hybrid approach. Tetraspanin 3 (Tspan3), which is highly expressed in the murine brain and elevated in brains of Alzheimer´s disease (AD) patients, was identified and confirmed to bind ADAM10 by co-immunoprecipitation experiments in mammalian cells in complex with APP and the γ-secretase protease presenilin. Tspan3 expression increased the cell surface levels of its interacting partners and was mainly localized in early and late endosomes. In contrast to the previously described ADAM10-binding tetraspanins, Tspan3 did not affect the endoplasmic reticulum to plasma membrane transport of ADAM10. Heterologous Tspan3 expression significantly increased the appearance of carboxy-terminal cleavage products of ADAM10 and APP, whereas N-cadherin ectodomain shedding appeared unaffected. Inhibiting the endocytosis of Tspan3 by mutating a critical cytoplasmic tyrosine-based internalization motif led to increased surface expression of APP and ADAM10. After its downregulation in neuroblastoma cells and in brains of Tspan3-deficient mice, ADAM10 and APP levels appeared unaltered possibly due to a compensatory increase in the expression of Tspans 5 and 7, respectively. In conclusion, our data suggest that Tspan3 acts in concert with other tetraspanins as a stabilizing factor of active ADAM10, APP and the γ-secretase complex at the plasma membrane and within the endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Seipold
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannes Prox
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Björn Rabe
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v. v. i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v. v. i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Hermann Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Willem
- Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81337 Munich, Germany
| | - Barry Boland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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24
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de Goeij BECG, Vink T, Ten Napel H, Breij ECW, Satijn D, Wubbolts R, Miao D, Parren PWHI. Efficient Payload Delivery by a Bispecific Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting HER2 and CD63. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2688-2697. [PMID: 27559142 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are designed to be stable in circulation and to release potent cytotoxic drugs intracellularly following antigen-specific binding, uptake, and degradation in tumor cells. Efficient internalization and routing to lysosomes where proteolysis can take place is therefore essential. For many cell surface proteins and carbohydrate structures on tumor cells, however, the magnitude of these processes is insufficient to allow for an effective ADC approach. We hypothesized that we could overcome this limitation by enhancing lysosomal ADC delivery via a bispecific antibody (bsAb) approach, in which one binding domain would provide tumor specificity, whereas the other binding domain would facilitate targeting to the lysosomal compartment. We therefore designed a bsAb in which one binding arm specifically targeted CD63, a protein that is described to shuttle between the plasma membrane and intracellular compartments, and combined it in a bsAb with a HER2 binding arm, which was selected as model antigen for tumor-specific binding. The resulting bsHER2xCD63his demonstrated strong binding, internalization and lysosomal accumulation in HER2-positive tumor cells, and minimal internalization into HER2-negative cells. By conjugating bsHER2xCD63his to the microtubule-disrupting agent duostatin-3, we were able to demonstrate potent cytotoxicity of bsHER2xCD63his-ADC against HER2-positive tumors, which was not observed with monovalent HER2- and CD63-specific ADCs. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that intracellular trafficking of ADCs can be improved using a bsAb approach that targets the lysosomal membrane protein CD63 and provide a rationale for the development of novel bsADCs that combine tumor-specific targeting with targeting of rapidly internalizing antigens. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2688-97. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Vink
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Richard Wubbolts
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David Miao
- Concortis Biosystems Corp., San Diego, California
| | - Paul W H I Parren
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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25
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Andrzejewska Z, Nevo N, Thomas L, Chhuon C, Bailleux A, Chauvet V, Courtoy PJ, Chol M, Guerrera IC, Antignac C. Cystinosin is a Component of the Vacuolar H+-ATPase-Ragulator-Rag Complex Controlling Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1678-88. [PMID: 26449607 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014090937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystinosis is a rare autosomal recessive storage disorder characterized by defective lysosomal efflux of cystine due to mutations in the CTNS gene encoding the lysosomal cystine transporter, cystinosin. Lysosomal cystine accumulation leads to crystal formation and functional impairment of multiple organs. Moreover, cystinosis is the most common inherited cause of renal Fanconi syndrome in children. Oral cysteamine therapy delays disease progression by reducing intracellular cystine levels. However, because cysteamine does not correct all complications of cystinosis, including Fanconi syndrome, we hypothesized that cystinosin could have novel roles in addition to transporting cystine out of the lysosome. By coimmunoprecipitation experiments and mass spectrometry, we found cystinosin interacts with almost all components of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase and the Ragulator complex and with the small GTPases Ras-related GTP-binding protein A (RagA) and RagC. Furthermore, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway was downregulated in proximal tubular cell lines derived from Ctns(-/-) mice. Decrease of lysosomal cystine levels by cysteamine did not rescue mTORC1 activation in these cells, suggesting that the downregulation of mTORC1 is due to the absence of cystinosin rather than to the accumulation of cystine. Our results show a dual role for cystinosin as a cystine transporter and as a component of the mTORC1 pathway, and provide an explanation for the appearance of Fanconi syndrome in cystinosis. Furthermore, this study highlights the need to develop new treatments not dependent on lysosomal cystine depletion alone for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Andrzejewska
- French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France;
| | - Nathalie Nevo
- French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Thomas
- French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Cerina Chhuon
- Proteomic Platform Necker (PPN), 3P5, SFR, Paris Descartes University, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Anne Bailleux
- French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Chauvet
- French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Pierre J Courtoy
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Marie Chol
- French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Proteomic Platform Necker (PPN), 3P5, SFR, Paris Descartes University, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Antignac
- French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Department of Genetics, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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26
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Detchokul S, Williams ED, Parker MW, Frauman AG. Tetraspanins as regulators of the tumour microenvironment: implications for metastasis and therapeutic strategies. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:5462-90. [PMID: 23731188 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED One of the hallmarks of cancer is the ability to activate invasion and metastasis. Cancer morbidity and mortality are largely related to the spread of the primary, localized tumour to adjacent and distant sites. Appropriate management and treatment decisions based on predicting metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis is thus crucial, which supports better understanding of the metastatic process. There are components of metastasis that are common to all primary tumours: dissociation from the primary tumour mass, reorganization/remodelling of extracellular matrix, cell migration, recognition and movement through endothelial cells and the vascular circulation and lodgement and proliferation within ectopic stroma. One of the key and initial events is the increased ability of cancer cells to move, escaping the regulation of normal physiological control. The cellular cytoskeleton plays an important role in cancer cell motility and active cytoskeletal rearrangement can result in metastatic disease. This active change in cytoskeletal dynamics results in manipulation of plasma membrane and cellular balance between cellular adhesion and motility which in turn determines cancer cell movement. Members of the tetraspanin family of proteins play important roles in regulation of cancer cell migration and cancer-endothelial cell interactions, which are critical for cancer invasion and metastasis. Their involvements in active cytoskeletal dynamics, cancer metastasis and potential clinical application will be discussed in this review. In particular, the tetraspanin member, CD151, is highlighted for its major role in cancer invasion and metastasis. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cytoskeleton, Extracellular Matrix, Cell Migration, Wound Healing and Related Topics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Detchokul
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine (Austin Health/Northern Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
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27
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Andrzejewska Z, Névo N, Thomas L, Bailleux A, Chauvet V, Benmerah A, Antignac C. Lysosomal Targeting of Cystinosin Requires AP-3. Traffic 2015; 16:712-26. [PMID: 25753619 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cystinosin is a lysosomal cystine transporter defective in cystinosis, an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder. It is composed of seven transmembrane (TM) domains and contains two lysosomal targeting motifs: a tyrosine-based signal (GYDQL) in its C-terminal tail and a non-classical motif in its fifth inter-TM loop. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we showed that the GYDQL motif specifically interacted with the μ subunit of the adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3). Moreover, cell surface biotinylation and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy revealed that cystinosin was partially mislocalized to the plasma membrane (PM) in AP-3-depleted cells. We generated a chimeric CD63 protein to specifically analyze the function of the GYDQL motif. This chimeric protein was targeted to lysosomes in a manner similar to cystinosin and was partially mislocalized to the PM in AP-3 knockdown cells where it also accumulated in the trans-Golgi network and early endosomes. Together with the fact that the surface levels of cystinosin and of the CD63-GYDQL chimeric protein were not increased when clathrin-mediated endocytosis was impaired, our data show that the tyrosine-based motif of cystinosin is a 'strong' AP-3 interacting motif responsible for lysosomal targeting of cystinosin by a direct intracellular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Andrzejewska
- Inserm U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Névo
- Inserm U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Thomas
- Inserm U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Anne Bailleux
- Inserm U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Chauvet
- Inserm U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Inserm U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Antignac
- Inserm U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Genetics, Necker Hospital, Paris,, France
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28
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Özlü N, Qureshi MH, Toyoda Y, Renard BY, Mollaoglu G, Özkan NE, Bulbul S, Poser I, Timm W, Hyman AA, Mitchison TJ, Steen JA. Quantitative comparison of a human cancer cell surface proteome between interphase and mitosis. EMBO J 2014; 34:251-65. [PMID: 25476450 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201385162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface is the cellular compartment responsible for communication with the environment. The interior of mammalian cells undergoes dramatic reorganization when cells enter mitosis. These changes are triggered by activation of the CDK1 kinase and have been studied extensively. In contrast, very little is known of the cell surface changes during cell division. We undertook a quantitative proteomic comparison of cell surface-exposed proteins in human cancer cells that were tightly synchronized in mitosis or interphase. Six hundred and twenty-eight surface and surface-associated proteins in HeLa cells were identified; of these, 27 were significantly enriched at the cell surface in mitosis and 37 in interphase. Using imaging techniques, we confirmed the mitosis-selective cell surface localization of protocadherin PCDH7, a member of a family with anti-adhesive roles in embryos. We show that PCDH7 is required for development of full mitotic rounding pressure at the onset of mitosis. Our analysis provided basic information on how cell cycle progression affects the cell surface. It also provides potential pharmacodynamic biomarkers for anti-mitotic cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhan Özlü
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad H Qureshi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuke Toyoda
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernhard Y Renard
- Research Group Bioinformatics (NG 4), Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gürkan Mollaoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nazlı E Özkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Bulbul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ina Poser
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wiebke Timm
- Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Judith A Steen
- Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Tetraspanins are a family of proteins with four transmembrane domains that play a role in many aspects of cell biology and physiology; they are also used by several pathogens for infection and regulate cancer progression. Many tetraspanins associate specifically and directly with a limited number of proteins, and also with other tetraspanins, thereby generating a hierarchical network of interactions. Through these interactions, tetraspanins are believed to have a role in cell and membrane compartmentalization. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we describe the basic principles underlying tetraspanin-based assemblies and highlight examples of how tetraspanins regulate the trafficking and function of their partner proteins that are required for the normal development and function of several organs, including, in humans, the eye, the kidney and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Charrin
- Inserm, U1004, F-94807, Villejuif, France Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, F-94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphanie Jouannet
- Inserm, U1004, F-94807, Villejuif, France Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, F-94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Claude Boucheix
- Inserm, U1004, F-94807, Villejuif, France Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, F-94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Rubinstein
- Inserm, U1004, F-94807, Villejuif, France Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, F-94807 Villejuif, France
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30
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Tominaga N, Hagiwara K, Kosaka N, Honma K, Nakagama H, Ochiya T. RPN2-mediated glycosylation of tetraspanin CD63 regulates breast cancer cell malignancy. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:134. [PMID: 24884960 PMCID: PMC4070641 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tetraspanin CD63 is a highly N-glycosylated protein that is known to regulate cancer malignancy. However, the contribution of glycosylation of CD63 to cancer malignancy remains unclear. Previously, we reported that ribophorin II (RPN2), which is part of an N-oligosaccharyle transferase complex, is responsible for drug resistance in breast cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrate that cancer malignancy associated with the glycosylation of CD63 is regulated by RPN2. Results Inhibition of RPN2 expression led to a reduction in CD63 glycosylation. In addition, the localization of CD63 was deregulated by knockdown of RPN2. Interestingly, multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) localization was displaced from the cell surface in CD63-silenced cells. CD63 silencing reduced the chemoresistance and invasion ability of malignant breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the enrichment of CD63/MDR1-double positive cells was associated with lymph node metastasis. Taken together, these results indicated that high glycosylation of CD63 by RPN2 is implicated in clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients. Conclusions These findings describe a novel and important function of RPN2-mediated CD63 glycosylation, which regulates MDR1 localization and cancer malignancy, including drug resistance and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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31
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Patnaik BB, Kang SM, Seo GW, Lee HJ, Patnaik HH, Jo YH, Tindwa H, Lee YS, Lee BL, Kim NJ, Bang IS, Han YS. Molecular cloning, sequence characterization and expression analysis of a CD63 homologue from the coleopteran beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20744-67. [PMID: 24132157 PMCID: PMC3821641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CD63, a member of the tetraspanin membrane protein family, plays a pivotal role in cell growth, motility, signal transduction, host-pathogen interactions and cancer. In this work, the cDNA encoding CD63 homologue (TmCD63) was cloned from larvae of a coleopteran beetle, Tenebrio molitor. The cDNA is comprised of an open reading frame of 705 bp, encoding putative protein of 235 amino acid residues. In silico analysis shows that the protein has four putative transmembrane domains and one large extracellular loop. The characteristic “Cys-Cys-Gly” motif and “Cys188” residues are highly conserved in the large extracellular loop. Phylogenetic analysis of TmCD63 revealed that they belong to the insect cluster with 50%–56% identity. Analysis of spatial expression patterns demonstrated that TmCD63 mRNA is mainly expressed in gut and Malphigian tubules of larvae and the testis of the adult. Developmental expression patterns of CD63 mRNA showed that TmCD63 transcripts are detected in late larval, pupal and adult stages. Interestingly, TmCD63 transcripts are upregulated to the maximum level of 4.5 fold, in response to DAP-type peptidoglycan during the first 6 h, although other immune elicitors also caused significant increase to the transcript level at later time-points. These results suggest that CD63 might contribute to T. molitor immune response against various microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea; E-Mails: (B.B.P.); (G.W.S.); (H.J.L.); (H.H.P.); (Y.H.J.); (H.T.)
| | - Seong Min Kang
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Jangjeon Dong, Kumjeong Ku, Busan 609-735, Korea; E-Mails: (S.M.K.); (B.L.L.)
| | - Gi Won Seo
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea; E-Mails: (B.B.P.); (G.W.S.); (H.J.L.); (H.H.P.); (Y.H.J.); (H.T.)
| | - Hyo Jeong Lee
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea; E-Mails: (B.B.P.); (G.W.S.); (H.J.L.); (H.H.P.); (Y.H.J.); (H.T.)
| | - Hongray Howrelia Patnaik
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea; E-Mails: (B.B.P.); (G.W.S.); (H.J.L.); (H.H.P.); (Y.H.J.); (H.T.)
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea; E-Mails: (B.B.P.); (G.W.S.); (H.J.L.); (H.H.P.); (Y.H.J.); (H.T.)
| | - Hamisi Tindwa
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea; E-Mails: (B.B.P.); (G.W.S.); (H.J.L.); (H.H.P.); (Y.H.J.); (H.T.)
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan city 336-745, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Bok Luel Lee
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Jangjeon Dong, Kumjeong Ku, Busan 609-735, Korea; E-Mails: (S.M.K.); (B.L.L.)
| | - Nam Jung Kim
- Division of Applied Entomology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development, 61th, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-853, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - In Seok Bang
- Department of Biological Science and the Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea; E-Mails: (B.B.P.); (G.W.S.); (H.J.L.); (H.H.P.); (Y.H.J.); (H.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-62-530-2072; Fax: +82-62-530-2069
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32
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Schröder HM, Hoffmann SC, Hecker M, Korff T, Ludwig T. The tetraspanin network modulates MT1-MMP cell surface trafficking. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1133-44. [PMID: 23500527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) drives fundamental physiological and pathophysiological processes. Among other substrates, MT1-MMP cleaves components of the extracellular matrix and activates other matrix-cleaving proteases such as MMP-2. Trafficking is a highly effective means to modulate MT1-MMP cell surface expression, and hence regulate its function. Here, we describe the complex interaction of MT1-MMP with tetraspanins, their effects on MT1-MMP intracellular trafficking and proteolytic function. Tetraspanins are credited as membrane organizers that form a network within the membrane to regulate the trafficking of associated proteins. In short, we found MT1-MMP to interact with the tetraspanin-associated EWI-2 protein by a yeast two-hybrid screen. Immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed this interaction and further revealed that MT1-MMP also stably interacts with distinct tetraspanins (CD9, CD37, CD53, CD63, CD81, and CD82) and the tetraspanin-like MAL protein. By using different MT1-MMP truncation constructs and mutants, we observed that all tetraspanins and MAL associated with the hemopexin domain of MT1-MMP. Moreover, this interaction was independent of O-glycosylation of MT1-MMP and exclusively occurred in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, the respective subcellular compartment was identified by fitting the MT1-MMP interaction pattern to a model for post-translational processing of MT1-MMP. In addition, tetraspanins differentially affected the cell surface localization of MT1-MMP, its capacity to activate pro-MMP-2, and the collagen invasion capacity. Interestingly, the degree of tetraspanin-MT1-MMP association did not correlate with its impact on MT1-MMP function. Tetraspanins thus distinctly affect MT1-MMP subcellular localization and function, and may constitute an effective mechanism to control MT1-MMP-dependent proteolysis at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Schröder
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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33
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PENG DAN, ZUO HOUJUAN, LIU ZHENGXIANG, QIN JIN, ZHOU YUANLIN, LI PENGCHENG, WANG DAOWEN, ZENG HESONG, ZHANG XINA. The tetraspanin CD151-ARSA mutant inhibits angiogenesis via the YRSL sequence. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:836-42. [PMID: 23292489 PMCID: PMC3981038 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the tetraspanin CD151 is essential for pathological or physiological angiogenesis. However, the cellular signaling mechanism and the role of the CD151 YRSL sorting motif in in vitro vasculogenesis remains unknown. In this study, the results showed that both CD151 and CD151-ARSA gene delivery were capable of increasing the expression of CD151 at the protein level in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, there was no significant difference in CD151 protein expression between the CD151 group and the CD151-ARSA group. Overexpression of CD151 promoted HUVEC cell proliferation, migration and capillary network formation in vitro. However, in the CD151-ARSA group, the abilities of cell proliferation, migration and capillary network formation were all decreased, compared with the CD151 group. Furthermore, the activation of PI3K, Akt and ERK signaling pathways was attenuated in the CD151-ARSA mutant group compared with the CD151 group. This study suggests that the YRSL motif of CD151 plays a key role in CD151-induced angiogenesis. Our observations provide insights into a new mechanism of CD151 regulating angiogenesis via vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- DAN PENG
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R.China
| | - HOUJUAN ZUO
- Department of Cardiology of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R.China
| | - ZHENGXIANG LIU
- Department of Cardiology of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R.China
| | - JIN QIN
- Department of Cardiology of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R.China
| | - YUANLIN ZHOU
- Department of Cardiology of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R.China
| | - PENGCHENG LI
- Department of Cardiology of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R.China
| | - DAOWEN WANG
- Department of Cardiology of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R.China
| | - HESONG ZENG
- Department of Cardiology of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R.China
| | - XIN A. ZHANG
- Department of Physiology and Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Köberle M, Kaesler S, Kempf W, Wölbing F, Biedermann T. Tetraspanins in mast cells. Front Immunol 2012; 3:106. [PMID: 22783251 PMCID: PMC3346162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are key mediators of the immune system, most prominently known for their role in eliciting harmful allergic reactions. Mast cell mediator release (e.g. by degranulation) is triggered by FcεRI recognition of antigen – IgE complexes. Until today no therapeutic targeting of this and other mast cell activation pathways is established. Among possible new candidates there are tetraspanins that have been described on MC already several years ago. Tetraspanins are transmembrane proteins acting as scaffolds, mediating local clustering of their interaction partners, and thus amplify their activities. More recently, tetraspanins were also found to exert intrinsic receptor functions. Tetraspanins have been found to be crucial components of fundamental biological processes like cell motility and adhesion. In immune cells, they not only boost the effectiveness of antigen presentation by clustering MHC molecules, they are also key players in all kinds of degranulation events and immune receptor clustering. This review focuses on the contribution of tetraspanins clustered with FcεRI or residing in granule membranes to classical MC functions but also undertakes an outlook on the possible contribution of tetraspanins to newly described mast cell functions and discusses possible targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Köberle
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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Carmosino M, Procino G, Svelto M. Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter type 2 trafficking and activity: the role of interacting proteins. Biol Cell 2012; 104:201-12. [PMID: 22211456 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The central role of Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter type 2 (NKCC2) in vectorial transepithelial salt reabsorption in thick ascending limb cells from Henle's loop in the kidney is evidenced by the effects of loop diuretics, the pharmacological inhibitors of NKCC2, that are amongst the most powerful antihypertensive drugs available to date. Moreover, genetic mutations of the NKCC2 encoding gene resulting in impaired apical targeting and function of NKCC2 transporter give rise to a pathological phenotype known as type I Bartter syndrome, characterised by a severe volume depletion, hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis with high prenatal mortality. On the contrary, excessive NKCC2 activity has been linked with inherited hypertension in humans and in rodent models. Interestingly, in animal models of hypertension, NKCC2 upregulation is achieved by post-translational mechanisms underlining the need to analyse the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of NKCC2 trafficking and activity to gain insights in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Carmosino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Nabokina SM, Senthilkumar SR, Said HM. Tspan-1 interacts with the thiamine transporter-1 in human intestinal epithelial cells and modulates its stability. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G808-13. [PMID: 21836059 PMCID: PMC3220328 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00269.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The human thiamine transporter-1 (hTHTR-1) contributes to intestinal thiamine uptake, and its function is regulated at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Nothing, however, is known about the protein(s) that may interact with hTHTR-1 and affects its cell biology and physiology. We addressed this issue in the present investigation using a bacterial two-hybrid system to screen a human intestinal cDNA library with the complete coding sequence of hTHTR-1 as a bait. Our results showed that a member of the tetraspanin family of proteins, Tspan-1, interacts with hTHTR-1. Coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase (GST)-pulldown assays confirmed the existence of such an interaction between hTspan-1 and hTHTR-1 in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, live cell confocal imaging demonstrated that hTspan-1 and hTHTR-1 colocalize in human intestinal epithelial HuTu-80 cells. The importance of the interaction between hTspan-1 and hTHTR-1 for cell biology of the thiamine transporter was examined in HuTu-80 cells stably expressing hTHTR-1. Coexpression of hTspan-1 in these cells led to a significant decrease in the rate of degradation of hTHTR-1 compared with cells expressing the hTHTR-1 alone; in fact the half-life of the hTHTR-1 protein was twice longer in the former cell type compared with the latter cell type (12 h vs. 6 h, respectively). This finding was also confirmed at the functional level when a significantly higher thiamine uptake was observed in cycloheximide-treated (6 h) cells expressing hTHTR-1 together with hTspan-1 compared with those expressing hTHTR-1 alone. These studies demonstrate for the first time that Tspan-1 is an interacting partner with hTHTR-1 and that this interaction affects hTHTR-1 stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana M. Nabokina
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology/Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Sundar Rajan Senthilkumar
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology/Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Hamid M. Said
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology/Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
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Wang HX, Kolesnikova TV, Denison C, Gygi SP, Hemler ME. The C-terminal tail of tetraspanin protein CD9 contributes to its function and molecular organization. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:2702-10. [PMID: 21771881 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.085449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin protein CD9 supports sperm-egg fusion, and regulates cell adhesion, motility, metastasis, proliferation and signaling. The large extracellular loop and transmembrane domains of CD9 engage in functionally important interactions with partner proteins. However, neither functional nor biochemical roles have been shown for the CD9 C-terminal tail, despite it being highly conserved throughout vertebrate species. To gain new insight into the CD9 tail, three C-terminal amino acids (Glu-Met-Val) were replaced with residues corresponding to C-terminal amino acids from tetraspanin protein CD82 (Pro-Lys-Tyr). Wild-type and mutant CD9 were then stably expressed in MOLT-4, K562, U937, RD and HT1080 cells. Whereas wild-type CD9 inhibited cell adhesion and spreading on fibronectin, mutant CD9 did not. Wild-type CD9 also promoted homotypic cell-cell aggregation and microvilli formation, whereas mutant CD9 did not. Protein interactions of wild-type and mutant CD9 were compared quantitatively using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) in conjunction with liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology. SILAC results showed that, despite wild-type and mutant CD9 having identical expression levels, mutant CD9 and its major transmembrane interacting partners were recovered in substantially reduced amounts from 1% Brij 96 lysates. Immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that mutant CD9 recovery was decreased in Brij 96, but not in more stringent Triton X-100 detergent. Additionally, compared with wild-type CD9 complexes, mutant CD9 complexes were larger and more oligomerized in Brij 96 detergent, consistent with decreased Brij 96 solubility, perhaps due to more membrane domains packing more tightly together. In conclusion, multiple CD9 functions depend on its C-terminal tail, which affects the molecular organization of CD9 complexes, as manifested by their altered solubilization in Brij 96 and organization on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xing Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Trikić MZ, Monk P, Roehl H, Partridge LJ. Regulation of zebrafish hatching by tetraspanin cd63. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19683. [PMID: 21625559 PMCID: PMC3098263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins cause the clustering of membrane proteins into a level of organisation essential for cellular function. Given the importance and complicated nature of this mechanism, we attempted a novel approach to identify the function of a single component in a biologically relevant context. A morpholino knockdown strategy was used to investigate the role of cd63, a membrane protein associated with intracellular transport and a melanoma marker, in embryonic zebrafish. By using three separate morpholinos targeting cd63, we were able to identify a specific phenotype. Strikingly, morphant fish failed to hatch due to the lack of secreted proteolytic enzymes required for chorion-softening. The morphology of the hatching gland at both the cellular and intracellular levels was disorganised, suggesting a role for cd63 in the functioning of this organ. This work identifies a specific role for cd63 in the zebrafish embryo and provides evidence for the suitability of zebrafish as a model system for the investigation of tetraspanin enriched microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Trikić
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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Kunimatsu R, Tanimoto K, Tanne Y, Kamiya T, Ohkuma S, Huang YC, Yoshimi Y, Miyauchi M, Takata T, Tanne K. Amelogenin enhances the proliferation of cementoblast lineage cells. J Periodontol 2011; 82:1632-8. [PMID: 21486179 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that enamel matrix proteins play a crucial role in tooth root formation and amelogenesis. Because amelogenin is a major enamel matrix protein, it is assumed that amelogenin also affects the metabolism of cementum. However, the biologic functions of amelogenin in cementoblasts remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of recombinant human full-length amelogenin (rh174) on the proliferation of cultured human cementoblast-like (HCEM) and human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells. METHODS HCEM and HPDL cells were cultured and treated with 100 ng/mL rh174 in the presence or absence of an anti-cluster of differentiation (CD) 63 blocking antibody. Cell proliferation was evaluated using a cell proliferation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine kit and quantification of the cell number by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2 H-tetrazolium-inner salt assay. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis. RESULTS The proliferation of HCEM and HPDL cells was enhanced significantly (P <0.05) by treatment with rh174, and inhibited significantly (P <0.05) by the addition of anti-CD63 blocking antibody. In addition, the ratio of phosphorylated ERK1/2 to total ERK1/2 became significantly larger (P <0.05) by treatment with rh174, and was reduced significantly by the addition of anti-CD63 blocking antibody in both HCEM and HPDL cells. CONCLUSION The results show that rh174 interacts with CD63, and rh174/CD63 interaction activates the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, enhancing the proliferation activities of HCEM and HPDL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kunimatsu
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Flannery AR, Czibener C, Andrews NW. Palmitoylation-dependent association with CD63 targets the Ca2+ sensor synaptotagmin VII to lysosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 191:599-613. [PMID: 21041449 PMCID: PMC3003310 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201003021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational lipid modifications promote association of Syt VII with the tetraspanin CD63, determining its exit from the Golgi and targeting to lysosomes. Syt VII is a Ca2+ sensor that regulates lysosome exocytosis and plasma membrane repair. Because it lacks motifs that mediate lysosomal targeting, it is unclear how Syt VII traffics to these organelles. In this paper, we show that mutations or inhibitors that abolish palmitoylation disrupt Syt VII targeting to lysosomes, causing its retention in the Golgi complex. In macrophages, Syt VII is translocated simultaneously with the lysosomal tetraspanin CD63 from tubular lysosomes to nascent phagosomes in a Ca2+-dependent process that facilitates particle uptake. Mutations in Syt VII palmitoylation sites block trafficking of Syt VII, but not CD63, to lysosomes and phagosomes, whereas tyrosine replacement in the lysosomal targeting motif of CD63 causes both proteins to accumulate on the plasma membrane. Complexes of CD63 and Syt VII are detected only when Syt VII palmitoylation sites are intact. These findings identify palmitoylation-dependent association with the tetraspanin CD63 as the mechanism by which Syt VII is targeted to lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Flannery
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Fiol DF, Sanmarti E, Lim AH, Kültz D. A novel GRAIL E3 ubiquitin ligase promotes environmental salinity tolerance in euryhaline tilapia. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1810:439-45. [PMID: 21126558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) are euryhaline fishes capable of tolerating large salinity changes. In a previous study aimed to identify genes involved in osmotolerance, we isolated an mRNA sequence with similarity to GRAIL (Gene Related to Anergy In Lymphocytes), which is a critical regulator of adaptive immunity and development. Tilapia GRAIL contains a PA (protease associated) domain and a C3H2C3 RING finger domain indicative of E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. SCOPE OF REVIEW Western blots analysis was used to assess GRAIL expression pattern and responses to hyperosmotic stress. Immunohistochemistry was used to reveal the cellular localization of GRAIL in gill epithelium. Overexpression in HEK293 T-Rex cells was used to functionally characterize tilapia GRAIL. Salinity stress causes strong up-regulation of both mRNA and protein levels of tilapia GRAIL in gill epithelium. Tissue distribution of GRAIL protein is mainly confined to gill epithelium, which is the primary tissue responsible for osmoregulation of teleost fishes. Overexpression of tilapia GRAIL in HEK293 cells increases cell survival (cell viability) while decreases apoptosis during salinity challenge. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that tilapia GRAIL is a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in osmotic stress signaling, which promotes environmental salinity tolerance by supporting gill cell function during hyperosmotic stress. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Involvement of tilapia GRAIL in the osmotic stress response suggests that GRAIL E3 ubiquitin ligases play a broader role in environmental stress responses, beyond their documented functions in adaptive immunity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Fiol
- Physiological Genomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of California at Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Carmosino M, Rizzo F, Procino G, Basco D, Valenti G, Forbush B, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Caplan MJ, Svelto M. MAL/VIP17, a new player in the regulation of NKCC2 in the kidney. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:3985-97. [PMID: 20861303 PMCID: PMC2982131 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-05-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal-specific Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) is the major salt transport pathway of the apical membrane of the mammalian thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. Here, we analyze the role of the tetraspan protein myelin and lymphocytes-associated protein (MAL)/VIP17 in the regulation of NKCC2. We demonstrated that 1) NKCC2 and MAL/VIP17 colocalize and coimmunoprecipitate in Lilly Laboratories cell porcine kidney cells (LLC-PK1) as well as in rat kidney medullae, 2) a 150-amino acid stretch of NKCC2 C-terminal tail is involved in the interaction with MAL/VIP17, 3) MAL/VIP17 increases the cell surface retention of NKCC2 by attenuating its internalization, and 4) this coincides with an increase in cotransporter phosphorylation. Interestingly, overexpression of MAL/VIP17 in the kidney of transgenic mice results in cysts formation in distal nephron structures consistent with the hypothesis that MAL/VIP17 plays an important role in apical sorting or in maintaining the stability of the apical membrane. The NKCC2 expressed in these mice was highly glycosylated and phosphorylated, suggesting that MAL/VIP17 also is involved in the stabilization of NKCC2 at the apical membrane in vivo. Thus, the involvement of MAL/VIP17 in the activation and surface expression of NKCC2 could play an important role in the regulated absorption of Na+ and Cl- in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Carmosino
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Hassuna N, Monk PN, Moseley GW, Partridge LJ. Strategies for targeting tetraspanin proteins: potential therapeutic applications in microbial infections. BioDrugs 2010; 23:341-59. [PMID: 19894777 PMCID: PMC7100176 DOI: 10.2165/11315650-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The identification of novel targets and strategies for therapy of microbial infections is an area of intensive research due to the failure of conventional vaccines or antibiotics to combat both newly emerging diseases (e.g. viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and new influenza strains, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria) and entrenched, pandemic diseases exemplified by HIV. One clear approach to this problem is to target processes of the host organism rather than the microbe. Recent data have indicated that members of the tetraspanin superfamily, proteins with a widespread distribution in eukaryotic organisms and 33 members in humans, may provide such an approach. Tetraspanins traverse the membrane four times, but are distinguished from other four-pass membrane proteins by the presence of conserved charged residues in the transmembrane domains and a defining ‘signature’ motif in the larger of the two extracellular domains (the EC2). They characteristically form promiscuous associations with one another and with other membrane proteins and lipids to generate a specialized type of microdomain: the tetraspanin-enriched microdomain (TEM). TEMs are integral to the main role of tetraspanins as ‘molecular organizers’ involved in functions such as membrane trafficking, cell-cell fusion, motility, and signaling. Increasing evidence demonstrates that tetraspanins are used by intracellular pathogens as a means of entering and replicating within human cells. Although previous investigations focused mainly on viruses such as hepatitis C and HIV, it is now becoming clear that other microbes associate with tetraspanins, using TEMs as a ‘gateway’ to infection. In this article we review the properties and functions of tetraspanins/TEMs that are relevant to infective processes and discuss the accumulating evidence that shows how different pathogens exploit these properties in infection and in the pathogenesis of disease. We then investigate the novel and exciting possibilities of targeting tetraspanins for the treatment of infectious disease, using specific antibodies, recombinant EC2 domains, small-molecule mimetics, and small interfering RNA. Such therapies, directed at host-cell molecules, may provide alternative options for combating fast-mutating or newly emerging pathogens, where conventional approaches face difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Hassuna
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Chambrion C, Le Naour F. The tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 regulate CD9P1-induced effects on cell migration. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11219. [PMID: 20574531 PMCID: PMC2888588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD9P-1 is a cell surface protein with immunoglobulin domains and an unknown function that specifically associates with tetraspanins CD9 and CD81. Overexpression of CD9P-1 in HEK-293 cells induces dramatic changes in cell spreading and migration on various matrices. Experiments using time-lapse videomicroscopy revealed that CD9P-1 expression has led to higher cell motility on collagen I but lower motility on fibronectin through a beta1-integrins dependent mechanism. On collagen I, the increase in cell motility induced by CD9P-1 expression was found to involve integrin alpha2beta1 and CD9P-1 was observed to associate with this collagen receptor. The generation of CD9P-1 mutants demonstrated that the transmembrane and the cytoplasmic domains are necessary for inducing effects on cell motility. On the other hand, expression of tetraspanins CD9 or CD81 was shown to reverse the effects of CD9P-1 on cell motility on collagen I or fibronectin with a concomitant association with CD9P-1. Thus, the ratio of expression levels between CD9P-1 and its tetraspanin partners can regulate cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Chambrion
- Inserm U1004, Villejuif, France
- Univ. Paris-Sud 11, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | - François Le Naour
- Univ. Paris-Sud 11, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
- Inserm U785, Villejuif, France
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Forte
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Disease and Nutrition Center, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214;
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Yáñez-Mó M, Barreiro O, Gordon-Alonso M, Sala-Valdés M, Sánchez-Madrid F. Tetraspanin-enriched microdomains: a functional unit in cell plasma membranes. Trends Cell Biol 2009; 19:434-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Despite high expression levels at the plasma membrane or in intracellular vesicles, tetraspanins remain among the most mysterious transmembrane molecules 20 years after their discovery. Several genetic studies in mammals and invertebrates have demonstrated key physiological roles for some of these tetraspanins, in particular in the immune response, sperm-egg fusion, photoreceptor function and the normal function of certain epithelia. Other studies have highlighted their ability to modulate cell migration and metastasis formation. Their role in the propagation of infectious agents has drawn recent attention, with evidence for HIV budding in tetraspanin-enriched plasma membrane domains. Infection of hepatocytic cells by two major pathogens, the hepatitis C virus and the malaria parasite, also requires the tetraspanin CD81. The function of tetraspanins is thought to be linked to their ability to associate with one another and a wealth of other integral proteins, thereby building up an interacting network or 'tetraspanin web'. On the basis of the biochemical dissection of the tetraspanin web and recent analysis of the dynamics of some of its constituents, we propose that tetraspanins tightly regulate transient interactions between a variety of molecules and as such favour the efficient assembly of specialized structures upon proper stimulation.
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Subramanya AR, Liu J, Ellison DH, Wade JB, Welling PA. WNK4 diverts the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter to the lysosome and stimulates AP-3 interaction. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:18471-80. [PMID: 19401467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.008185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
With-no-lysine kinase 4 (WNK4) inhibits electroneutral sodium chloride reabsorption by attenuating the cell surface expression of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC). The underlying mechanism for this effect remains poorly understood. Here, we explore how WNK4 affects the trafficking of NCC through its interactions with intracellular sorting machinery. An analysis of NCC cell surface lifetime showed that WNK4 did not alter the net rate of cotransporter internalization. In contrast, direct measurements of forward trafficking revealed that WNK4 attenuated the rate of NCC surface delivery, inhibiting the anterograde movement of cotransporters traveling to the plasma membrane from the trans-Golgi network. The response was paralleled by a dramatic reduction in NCC protein abundance, an effect that was sensitive to the lysosomal protease inhibitor leupeptin, insensitive to proteasome inhibition, and attenuated by endogenous WNK4 knockdown. Subcellular localization studies performed in the presence of leupeptin revealed that WNK4 enhanced the accumulation of NCC in lysosomes. Moreover, NCC immunoprecipitated with endogenous AP-3 complexes, and WNK4 increased the fraction of cotransporters that associate with this adaptor, which facilitates cargo transport to lysosomes. WNK4 expression also increased LAMP-2-positive lysosomal content, indicating that the kinase may act by a general AP-3-dependent mechanism to promote cargo delivery into the lysosomal pathway. Taken together, these findings indicate that WNK4 inhibits NCC activity by diverting the cotransporter to the lysosome for degradation by way of an AP-3 transport carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arohan R Subramanya
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Abstract
Tetraspanins are multiple membrane-spanning proteins that likely function as the organizers of membrane microdomains. Tetraspanins associate with other membrane-bound molecules such as cell-adhesion proteins, growth factor receptors, and Ig superfamily members and regulate key cellular processes such as adhesion, migration, and fusion. Tetraspanins are widely expressed in vascular and haematopoietic cells and are involved in both physiological and pathological processes related to angiogenesis, vascular injury, thrombosis, and haemostasis. A wide body of evidence suggests that tetraspanins directly regulate the development and functions of the vascular system and the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. This article reviews current understanding of the roles of tetraspanins in vascular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Vascular Biology Center of Excellence, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Deficiency of the tetraspanin CD63 associated with kidney pathology but normal lysosomal function. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 29:1083-94. [PMID: 19075008 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01163-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD63 is a member of the tetraspanin superfamily that constitutes a main component of the lysosomal membrane. In mice, two CD63 gene loci are present, with only one of these two being functional. We generated and analyzed mice deficient for active CD63. Disruption of CD63 results in a complete loss of CD63 protein expression. Despite its abundance in late endosomes/lysosomes, the lack of CD63 does not cause obvious endosomal/lysosomal abnormalities. CD63 knockout mice are viable and fertile without gross morphological abnormalities in the majority of tissues. No alterations in the populations of immune cells and only minor differences in platelet function were observed. This suggests that the lack of CD63 could be successfully compensated for, most likely by other tetraspanins. However, CD63 deficiency leads to an altered water balance. CD63 knockout mice show an increased urinary flow, water intake, reduced urine osmolality, and a higher fecal water content. In principle cells of the collecting duct of CD63-deficient mice, abnormal intracellular lamellar inclusions were observed. This indicates that the sorting of apical transport proteins might be impaired in these cells. CD63 knockout mice provide an important tool for analyzing the various postulated functions of CD63 in vivo.
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