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Ying J, Ding R, Liu Y, Zhao Y. Prebiotic Chemistry in Aqueous Environment: A Review of Peptide Synthesis and Its Relationship with Genetic Code. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxi Ying
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Ningbo University, No.818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences Ningbo University No.818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 China
| | - Ruiwen Ding
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Ningbo University, No.818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences Ningbo University No.818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University, No. 422, Siming South Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Ningbo University, No.818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences Ningbo University No.818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University, No. 422, Siming South Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
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Ying J, Fu S, Li X, Feng L, Xu P, Liu Y, Gao X, Zhao Y. A plausible model correlates prebiotic peptide synthesis with the primordial genetic code. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8598-8601. [PMID: 30014068 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04767g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyladenylates (5'-aa-AMPs) are key intermediates in peptide synthesis. Here we report analogs of 5'-aa-AMPs, namely nucleotide amidates (aa-N-NMPs), obtained under Hadean conditions. Significantly, dipeptides were detected from the above reactions and their yields varied with different nucleosides through the formation of different aa-N-NMPs. This model provides both prebiotic peptides and the primordial version of the genetic code through reactions that occurred under potentially prebiotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxi Ying
- Department of Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and High-Field NMR Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China. and Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Songsen Fu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and High-Field NMR Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and High-Field NMR Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Liubin Feng
- Department of Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and High-Field NMR Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Pengxiang Xu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and High-Field NMR Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and High-Field NMR Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Department of Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and High-Field NMR Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China. and Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Peterson PJ, Fowden L. Purification, properties and comparative specificities of the enzyme prolyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase from Phaseolus aureus and Polygonatum multiflorum. Biochem J 2006; 97:112-24. [PMID: 16749091 PMCID: PMC1264550 DOI: 10.1042/bj0970112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. A prolyl-s-RNA synthetase (prolyl-transfer RNA synthetase) has been purified about 250-fold from seed of Phaseolus aureus (mung bean), a species not producing azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, and more than 10-fold from rhizome apices of Polygonatum multiflorum, a liliaceous species containing azetidine-2-carboxylic acid. The latter enzyme was unstable during ammonium sulphate fractionation. 2. The enzymes exhibited different substrate specificities towards the analogue. That from Phaseolus, when assayed by the ATP-PP(i) exchange, showed azetidine-2-carboxylic acid activation at about one-third the rate with proline. Both labelled imino acids gave rise to a labelled aminoacyl-s-RNA. The enzyme from Polygonatum, however, activated only proline. 3. The enzyme from Polygonatum also formed a labelled prolyl-s-RNA with Phaseolus s-RNA but at a lower rate than when the Phaseolus enzyme was used. No reaction occurred when the Phaseolus enzyme was coupled with Polygonatum s-RNA, and only a very slight one was observed when both enzyme and s-RNA came from Polygonatum. 4. Protein preparations from seeds of Pisum sativum, another species not producing azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, also activated the analogue in addition to proline, whereas those from rhizome and seeds of Convallaria, the species from which the analogue was originally isolated, failed to activate it. However, a liliaceous species not producing the analogue, Asparagus officinalis, activated it. 5. Of the other proline analogues investigated, only 3,4-dehydro-dl-proline and l-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid were active with the enzyme preparation from Phaseolus. 6. pH optima of 7.9 and 8.4 were established for the enzymes from Phaseolus and Polygonatum respectively. 7. The Phaseolus enzyme was specific for ATP and PP(i). Mn(2+) partially replaced the requirement for Mg(2+) as cofactor. Preincubation with p-chloromercuribenzoate at a concentration of 0.5mm or higher produced over 99% inhibition of the Phaseolus enzyme. One-half the enzymic activity was destroyed by preheating for 5min. at 62 degrees in tris-hydrochloric acid buffer, pH7.9. 8. All experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that azetidine-2-carboxylic acid and proline are activated by the same enzyme in Phaseolus preparations, whereas the analogue was inactive in all Polygonatum preparations. The possible nature of this different substrate behaviour is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Peterson
- Department of Botany, University College London, Gower Street, London, W.C.1
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Abstract
Amino acid incorporation into protein, promoted by synthetic polynucleotides, was studied in a cell-free extract of Alcaligenes faecalis (combined guanine and cytosine content of DNA, 66 percent). In the limited survey, 18 code triplets were found to specify the amino acids as in Escherichia coli (combined guanine and-cytosine content of DNA, 52 percent). At least six of the eight possible triplets containing adenine and uracil were meaningful. No exceptions to the universality of the amino acid code were found.
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Gene-Enzyme Relationships**This article is based on material available to the author prior to its completion in August 1963. Heredity (Edinb) 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-395592-0.50017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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WITTMANN-LIEBOLD B, WITTMANN HG. [THE PRIMARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE OF STRAIN OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS. AMINO ACID SEQUENCES OF THE PROTEIN OF THE DAHLEMENSE STRAINS OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS. III. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR VERERBUNGSLEHRE 1963; 94:427-35. [PMID: 14123305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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