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Hershey JW, Thach RE. Role of guanosine 5'-triphosphate in the initiation of Peptide synthesis, I. Synthesis of formylmethionyl-puromycin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 57:759-66. [PMID: 16591528 PMCID: PMC335573 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.57.3.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J W Hershey
- JOHN COLLINS WARREN LABORATORIES OF HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL HOSPITAL OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY AT MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL, BOSTON, AND DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY
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Wegkamp A, Teusink B, de Vos WM, Smid EJ. Development of a minimal growth medium for Lactobacillus plantarum. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 50:57-64. [PMID: 19874488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM A medium with minimal requirements for the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS was developed. The composition of the minimal medium was compared to a genome-scale metabolic model of L. plantarum. METHODS AND RESULTS By repetitive single omission experiments, two minimal media were developed: PMM5 (true minimal medium) and PMM7 [a pseudominimal medium, supporting proper biomass formation of 350 mg l(-1) dry weight (DW)]. The specific growth rate of L. plantarum on PMM7 was found to be 50% and 63% lower when compared to growth on established growth media (chemically defined medium and MRS, respectively). Using a genome-scale metabolic model of L. plantarum, it was predicted that PMM5 and PMM7 would not support the growth of L. plantarum. This is because the biosynthesis of para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) was predicted to be essential for growth. The discrepancy in simulated growth and experimental growth on PMM7 was further investigated for pABA; a molecule which plays an important role in folate production. The growth performance and folate production were determined on PMM7 in the presence and absence of pABA. It was found that a 12,000-fold reduction in folate pools exerted no influence on formation of biomass or growth rate of L. plantarum cultures when grown in the absence of pABA. CONCLUSION Largely reduced folate production pools do not have an effect on the growth of L. plantarum, showing that L. plantarum makes folate in a large excess. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These experiments illustrate the importance of combining genome-scale metabolic models with growth experiments on minimal media.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wegkamp
- TI Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Nakamoto T. Evolution and the universality of the mechanism of initiation of protein synthesis. Gene 2008; 432:1-6. [PMID: 19056476 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main mechanisms advanced to account for the specificity of the initiation of protein synthesis are reviewed. A mechanism proposed by Shine and Dalgarno (SD), focused on the base pairing of a unique leader sequence in the initiation site--the SD sequence--with the 3' end of the 30S ribosomal RNA as the only step necessary for selecting the initiation site in prokaryotes. Studies showed, however, that the SD interaction is not obligatory and protein synthesis can occur even in its absence. In fact, comparison of a large number of initiation site sequences revealed that the sites are composed of diverse combinations of preferred bases, and, thus, the apparatus that is able to recognize all these sites is de facto a multisubstrate enzyme system. As such, it has the hallmarks of the cumulative specificity mechanism, and the SD interaction, when present, is only one of a number of contributing factors in the selection of the initiation site. The cumulative specificity mechanism proposed that secondary structure selectively interdicts access to most of the non-initiator methionine codons while leaving open the true initiation site and that the final recognition of the initiation site occurs by cooperativity and cumulative specificity of the several ligand recognition sites of the ribosomes, which confer broad substrate specificity to the system. This mechanism appears to be universal; it can encompass the initiation of all protein syntheses since it is consistent with all the salient observations on the initiation of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic protein syntheses. Studies of eukaryotic/prokaryotic hybrid systems further strengthen this conclusion: They show that the prokaryotic initiation signals are evolutionarily conserved in the eukaryotic mRNAs, since prokaryotic ribosomes are able to translate eukaryotic mRNAs. Conversely, eukaryotic ribosomes also recognize prokaryotic initiation signals and initiate synthesis, indicating that the eukaryotic ribosomes may have also conserved the prokaryotic initiation mechanism. The universality of a single process of protein synthesis in all kingdoms is also manifest in the conservation of a complex apparatus, consisting of ribosomes, mRNA's, tRNA's including an initiator methionyl-tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, and other protein factors. Thus, the mechanism of initiation of protein synthesis is conserved, and it is universal. The third initiation mechanism is the scanning mechanism for eukaryotes. It proposes that the 40S ribosome-methionyl-tRNA complex recognizes and binds to the 5'-end of the mRNA and the complex then scans the messenger for the initiator codon. Once it is located, the 80S ribosome initiation complex is formed with the 60S subunit and initiation is completed when a second aminoacyl-tRNA is bound and a peptide bond is formed. Exceptions to this mechanism were observed, where the ribosome bound directly to internal mRNA sites and initiated synthesis. Consideration of the conflicting observations in this review, however, has led to the conclusion that the primary eukaryotic mechanism is a conserved prokaryotic mechanism and that the "scanning process" involves two steps. The first step is an interaction of the initiation factors with the cap, which makes the IS accessible, and the second, initiation of translation by the conserved prokaryotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokumasa Nakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 5801 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Nakamoto T. The initiation of eukaryotic and prokaryotic protein synthesis: A selective accessibility and multisubstrate enzyme reaction. Gene 2007; 403:1-5. [PMID: 17869453 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An extension of our unique accessibility hypothesis for the initiation of protein synthesis is proposed following a review of the initiation of protein synthesis. The E. coli model initiation sequence generated by computer from 68 initiation sequences and the eukaryotic consensus initiation sequence derived by non-computer analysis of 211 initiation sequences do not contain a specific base in any position; they are only assigned preferred bases. The initiation site, in other words, is a varied sequence of preferred bases and its sequence is non-unique. This indicates that the ribosomal recognition of the initiation site may be the result of multiple interactions that are cooperative and cumulative and typical of multisubstrate enzymes. Because of this characteristic, the model of multisubstrate enzymes with broad substrate specificity is proposed as a paradigm for the initiation of protein synthesis. As predicted by this model, changes in the leader and downstream sequences that improve the agreement with the preferred base sequence do indeed enhance the rate of protein synthesis. The eukaryotic/prokaryotic hybrid studies show a considerable overlap in the specificities of the two groups of ribosomes. The scanning of the mRNA from the 5'-end postulated by the scanning hypothesis is not a necessary step since eukaryotic ribosomes are able to bind to internal mRNA sites and initiate synthesis. Our unique accessibility hypothesis, which is extended by coupling cooperative and cumulative specificity in ribosomal function, is referred to for brevity as the cumulative specificity hypothesis. The hypothesis actually postulates a selective accessibility and cooperative-cumulative specificity mechanism; it is able to account for the behavior of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic initiation of protein synthesis. From another perspective, the hypothesis can be regarded as providing a mechanism that enables ribosomes to recognize the IS in the absence of a unique initiation sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokumasa Nakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 5801 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Nakamoto T. A unified view of the initiation of protein synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:675-8. [PMID: 16438936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the initiation of protein synthesis is discussed in terms of two different hypotheses in which each emphasized a different possible element of the process: the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) hypothesis ascribed an essential role to recognition of the SD segment by the ribosomal RNA; it is supported by a variety of experiments but conflicting evidence negates its obligatory nature. In contrast, our hypothesis highlighted the role of the structure of the mRNA and proposes that the initiation codon is selected by virtue of its unique accessibility. The rationale for the importance of accessibility in the selection of the initiation site is discussed. An analysis and a recapitulation of the initiation process and ribosomal specificity are presented. The apparent conflicts with the SD hypothesis are resolved in a unified mechanism where accessibility is the dominant factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokumasa Nakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 5801 S. Ellis Av., IL 60637, USA.
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Blumberg BM, Nakamoto T, Kézdy FJ. Kinetics of initiation of bacterial protein synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:251-5. [PMID: 370825 PMCID: PMC382916 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.1.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 30S initiation complex, formed with the 30S ribosomal subunit, mRNA, and fMet-tRNA, has been shown by kinetic analysis with limiting concentrations of Escherichia coli ribosomes to be an obligatory intermediate in the formation of the 70S initiation complex. The formation of the 70S initiation complex began with an induction period and was proportional to the concentration of the 30S complex, which rapidly rose to a peak. The entire time course of the sequential pseudo-first-order, second-order reaction was reproduced accurately by the overall rate expression, in which we used rate constants that were determined by carrying out 30S and 70S complex formation separately. By using limiting concentrations of mRNA, we showed that phage MS2 RNA contained no specific signal that enhanced its rate of 30S complex formation with E. coli ribosomes and initiation factors; the pseudo-first-order rate constants obtained with poly(A3C9G1U1), poly(C15G1U4), and poly(G1U3) were 12-45 times higher than that with MS2 RNA. The observation that the rate constants for binding of fMet-tRNA and AcPhe-tRNA with a given synthetic RNA were comparable indicated that the initiator codon is recognized only indirectly through the initiator tRNA.
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Chen CS, Nakamoto T. Translational specificity of Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:167-71. [PMID: 343103 PMCID: PMC411206 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.1.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The translational specificity of Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomes was studied by determining the effectiveness of various synthetic RNAs as templates at 37 degrees and at higher temperatures. The effectiveness of poly(G,U) was maximal at a G:U ratio of 1:3; it declined with lower G content because of reduced ribosomal affinity for the RNA and, with higher G, because of interference by secondary structure. The effectiveness of poly(A,C,G,U) also declined when secondary structure was increased by increasing (G+C) content. Escherichia coli ribosomes exhibited a similar specificity for poly-(G,U), but had a lower sensitivity to interference by RNA secondary structure. In both bacterial species, sensitivity to secondary structure was determined by the 30S ribosomal subunit.
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Bernal SD, Blumberg BM, Nakamoto T. Requirement of initiation factor 3 in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis with N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:774-8. [PMID: 4522791 PMCID: PMC388096 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.3.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Initiation factor 3 is required, along with initiation factors 1 and 2, for the incorporation of N-acetylphenylalanine into polypeptides and the formation of N-acetylphenylalanylpuromycin. Initiation factor 3 also strongly stimulates the binding of N-acetylphenylalanyl transfer RNA to isolated 30S ribosomal subunits. Phosphocellulose fractions of initiation factor 3 were found to catalyze N-acetylphenylalanine incorporation differentially with different synthetic messenger RNAs not containing any codons for N-formylmethionine. The results suggest that ribosomes recognize the initiator codon only through the initiator transfer RNA.
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Ochoa S, Mazumder R. 1. Polypeptide Chain Initiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Harvey RJ. Growth and initiation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli in the presence of trimethoprim. J Bacteriol 1973; 114:309-22. [PMID: 4572717 PMCID: PMC251769 DOI: 10.1128/jb.114.1.309-322.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli grew exponentially at a reduced rate in the presence of 50 or 100 mug of trimethoprim/ml if the low-molecular-weight products of folate metabolism or their precursors (thymidine, purines, methionine, glycine, and pantothenate) were supplied in the medium. Folate metabolism was inhibited 99.9% by these concentrations of trimethoprim, but a low level of formylation of methionyl transfer ribonucleic acid (met-tRNA(F)) could be detected. However, in a medium containing all major amino acids, nucleosides, and vitamins, formylation of met-tRNA(F) was undetectable in the presence of trimethoprim. No other amino-masked amino acids were detected, and methionine remained a major amino-terminal amino acid of mature proteins. met-tRNA(F) was rapidly labeled with exogenous methionine and was associated with 30s ribosomal subunits and 70s ribosomes. It was concluded that initiation of protein synthesis can occur with unformylated met-tRNA(F) in E. coli. Changes in macromolecular composition were associated with the lack of formylation, in particular a fourfold increase in both met-tRNA(F) and ribosomal subunits. These changes would tend to compensate for the low specific rate of initiation with unformylated met-tRNA(F).
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Samuel CE, Murray CL, Rabinowitz JC. Methionine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid from Folate-sufficient and Folate-deficient Streptococcus faecalis R. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Fuchs E, Fuchs CM. In vitro synthesis of T3 AND T7 RNA polymerase at low magnesium concentration. FEBS Lett 1971; 19:159-162. [PMID: 11946201 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(71)80503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Fuchs
- Molekulare Genetik der Universität, D 69 Heidelberg,. 15, Berlinerstr, W. Germany
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Hunter AR, Jackson RJ. The origin and nature of the methionine residue initiating the synthesis of haemoglobin in vivo and in vitro. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 19:316-22. [PMID: 5554226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Evidence against the Folate-mediated Formylation of Formyl-accepting Methionyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid in Streptococcus faecalis R. J Biol Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62825-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Migita LK, Doi RH. The Amino-terminal Residues of Bacillus subtilis Proteins Made in Vitro. J Biol Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Kaji H. Intraribosomal environment of the nascent peptide chain. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1970; 29:169-211. [PMID: 4928380 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Traub P. Structure, function and in vitro reconstitution of escherichia coli ribosomes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1970; 52:1-93. [PMID: 4915756 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-95130-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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The Initiation of T4 Deoxyribonucleic Acid-dependent β-Glucosyltransferase Synthesis in Vitro. J Biol Chem 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
The reactions between serine and transfer RNA from baker's yeast and from Escherichia coli have been investigated. Results obtained from in vitro, in vivo, and chemical syntheses and from electrophoretic, chromatographic, and radioautographic analyses demonstrate that N-formylseryl-transfer RNA is formed in these systems.
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The Lack of Messenger Activity of Ribonucleic Acid Complementary to the Viral Ribonucleic Acid of Bacteriophage R17. J Biol Chem 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Klem EB, Nakamoto T. The initiation of polyphenylalanine synthesis with N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 61:1349-55. [PMID: 4884683 PMCID: PMC225262 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.61.4.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Takeishi K, Ukita T, Nishimura S. Characterization of Two Species of Methionine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid from Bakers' Yeast. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)91930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Ochoa S. Translation of the genetic message. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1968; 55:505-14. [PMID: 4882370 DOI: 10.1007/bf00660121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Stimulation of Phage Ribonucleic Acid-dependent Incorporation of Amino Acids by 5 S Ribonucleic Acid. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)91955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Miovic M, Pizer LI. Protein initiation following virulent bacteriophage infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 61:192-9. [PMID: 4235239 PMCID: PMC285922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.61.1.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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The Genetic Code After The Excitement. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Reaction of Ribosome-bound Peptidyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid with Aminoacyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid or Puromycin. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ohta T, Sarkar S, Thach RE. The role of guanosine 5'-triphosphate in the initiation of peptide synthesis. 3. Binding of formylmethionyl-tRNA to ribosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 58:1638-44. [PMID: 4867668 PMCID: PMC223972 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.58.4.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Economou AE, Nakamoto T. Further studies on the initiation of protein synthesis with N-formylmethionine in E. coli extracts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 58:1033-9. [PMID: 4861303 PMCID: PMC335743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.58.3.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Salas M, Miller MJ, Wahba AJ, Ochoa S. Translation of the genetic message. V. Effect of Mg++ and formylation of methionine in protein synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 57:1865-9. [PMID: 5340638 PMCID: PMC224558 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.57.6.1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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