1
|
Kalmakoff J, Lewandowski LJ, Black DR. Comparison of the ribonucleic Acid subunits of reovirus, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, and wound tumor virus. J Virol 2010; 4:851-6. [PMID: 16789117 PMCID: PMC375948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.6.851-856.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) from intact cytoplasmic polynedrosis virus (CPV) and wound tumor virus (WTV) was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using RNA from type 3 reovirus as a standard, it was calculated that CPV-RNA consisted of 9 subunits corresponding to a molecular weight of 12.7 x 10(6) and WTV-RNA consisted of 12 subunits corresponding to a molecular weight of 15.5 x 10(6).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kalmakoff
- Department of Molecular Biology and Virus Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Becker MM, Goral MI, Hazelton PR, Baer GS, Rodgers SE, Brown EG, Coombs KM, Dermody TS. Reovirus sigmaNS protein is required for nucleation of viral assembly complexes and formation of viral inclusions. J Virol 2001; 75:1459-75. [PMID: 11152519 PMCID: PMC114052 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.3.1459-1475.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2000] [Accepted: 10/26/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Progeny virions of mammalian reoviruses are assembled in the cytoplasm of infected cells at discrete sites termed viral inclusions. Studies of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant viruses indicate that nonstructural protein sigmaNS and core protein mu2 are required for synthesis of double-stranded (ds) RNA, a process that occurs at sites of viral assembly. We used confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and ts mutant reoviruses to define the roles of sigmaNS and mu2 in viral inclusion formation. In cells infected with wild-type (wt) reovirus, sigmaNS and mu2 colocalize to large, perinuclear structures that correspond to viral inclusions. In cells infected at a nonpermissive temperature with sigmaNS-mutant virus tsE320, sigmaNS is distributed diffusely in the cytoplasm and mu2 is contained in small, punctate foci that do not resemble viral inclusions. In cells infected at a nonpermissive temperature with mu2-mutant virus tsH11.2, mu2 is distributed diffusely in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. However, sigmaNS localizes to discrete structures in the cytoplasm that contain other viral proteins and are morphologically indistinguishable from viral inclusions seen in cells infected with wt reovirus. Examination of cells infected with wt reovirus over a time course demonstrates that sigmaNS precedes mu2 in localization to viral inclusions. These findings suggest that viral RNA-protein complexes containing sigmaNS nucleate sites of viral replication to which other viral proteins, including mu2, are recruited to commence dsRNA synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Becker
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Joklik WK, Roner MR. Molecular recognition in the assembly of the segmented reovirus genome. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 53:249-81. [PMID: 8650305 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W K Joklik
- Department of Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
|
6
|
Furuichi Y, Muthukrishnan S, Tomasz J, Shatkin AJ. Mechanism of formation of reovirus mRNA 5'-terminal blocked and methylated sequence, m7GpppGmpC. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
|
7
|
Furuichi Y. "Methylation-coupled" transcription by virus-associated transcriptase of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus containing double-stranded RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1974; 1:809-22. [PMID: 10793759 PMCID: PMC343382 DOI: 10.1093/nar/1.6.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) activated the virus-associated RNA polymerase of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in vitro. Synthesis of single-stranded viral RNA (mRNA) proceeded depending on the presence of SAM.A methyl residue of SAM was incorporated into an RNA molecule. A ribose moiety of adenylic acid in the 5'-terminal region of the nascent RNA was methylated in the very early stage of the transcription. The dependence of the viral transcription on the presence of SAM and the methylation of terminal nucleotide suggests that the transcription of CPV is a "methylation-coupled" reaction.
Collapse
|
8
|
Acs G, Levin DH, Schonberg M, Christman J. Regulation of the expression of the reovirus genome in vivo and in vitro. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1974; 44:265-89. [PMID: 4837683 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3246-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
9
|
Abstract
The ten double-stranded RNA segments of the reovirus genome are not transcribed at equal frequencies until later times during the course of infection. When an inhibitor of protein synthesis such as cycloheximide was added to infected cells at the beginning of infection, only four of the ten segments were transcribed. By two hr post infection, five and possibly seven of the segments were being transcribed. By four hr post infection all ten segments were being transcribed but not yet at equal relative frequencies. The transcription pattern at intermediate (4 hr) and late (10 hr) times were verified without using cycloheximide. A repressor present in the host cell may be responsible for controlling transcription of the reovirus genome.
Collapse
|
10
|
Collins BS, Bratt MA. Separation of the messenger RNAs of Newcastle disease virus by gel electrophoresis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:2544-8. [PMID: 4517668 PMCID: PMC427052 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.9.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We have separated the 18-22S putative messenger RNA of Newcastle disease virus into seven species ranging in molecular weight from 0.55 to 1.53 x 10(6) using sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide-gel electrophoresis at relatively high concentrations of acrylamide and for a relatively long time. Studies of the number and molecular weights of the proteins and the 18-22S RNAs of the virus suggests that these RNAs are in the right molecular weight range to code for the known proteins of Newcastle disease virus. In preliminary studies using this separation technique, we have demonstrated that: (a) there is no difference between the 18-22S RNA made during a normal infection and when genome replication is blocked; and (b) there is a strain-specific difference between the RNAs of Newcastle disease virus-AV and Newcastle disease virus-HP.
Collapse
|
11
|
Bukrinskaya A. Nucleocapsids of Large Rna Viruses as Functionally Active Units in Transcription. Adv Virus Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
After the incubation of reovirus replicase reaction mixtures (containing labeled ribonucleoside triphosphates), partially double-stranded ribonucleic acid (pdsRNA) products were isolated by cellulose column chromatography followed by precipitation with 2 m NaCl. The pulse-labeled reaction product contained a significantly large amount of pdsRNA that became complete dsRNA as reaction time increased, indicating that pdsRNA was an intermediate of the replicase reaction. The newly synthesized RNA strand ((3)H-labeled) of the pdsRNA was resistant to ribonuclease digestion, suggesting that single-stranded RNA regions were part of a preexistent unlabeled RNA template. These observations, together with the electrophoretic behavior of the pdsRNA in polyacrylamide gel, are consistent with the hypothesis that dsRNA is synthesized by the elongation of a complementary RNA strand upon a preexistent template of single-stranded RNA (i.e., messenger RNA). The direction of the RNA strand elongation was determined by carrying out the replicase reaction in the presence of (3)H-cytidine triphosphate (or (3)H-uridine triphosphate) and adenine triphosphate-alpha-(32)P followed by a chase with excess unlabeled cytidine triphosphate (or uridine triphosphate). The dsRNA product was digested with T1 ribonuclease and the resulting 3'-terminal fragments were isolated by chromatography on a dihydroxyboryl derivative of cellulose. Examination of the ratio of (3)H to (32)P in these fragments indicated that RNA synthesis proceeded from the 5' to 3' terminus.
Collapse
|
13
|
Nichols JL, Hay AJ, Joklik WK. 5'-terminal nucleotide sequence of reovirus mRNA synthesized in vitro. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 235:105-7. [PMID: 4501191 DOI: 10.1038/newbio235105a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
14
|
Campagnoni AT, Dutton GR, Mahler HR, Moore WJ. Fractionation of the RNA components of rat brain polysomes. J Neurochem 1971; 18:601-11. [PMID: 5581575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb11990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
15
|
Savage HE, Kuchler RJ. A versatile composite gel column for the electrophoretic separation of ribonucleic acid molecules. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 1:345-60. [PMID: 5170697 DOI: 10.1080/00327487108081949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
16
|
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Viral RNA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-470205-9.50010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Abstract
1. Highly purified mitochondria containing 3.0mug of RNA/mg of mitochondrial protein were prepared from rat liver by differential centrifugation. 2. RNA, labelled with [(32)P]P(i) or [(3)H]orotate, was isolated from these mitochondria by a phenol extraction method. The RNA sedimented at 15S and 13S on sucrose density gradients. Its nucleotide composition was 23% uridylate, 30% adenylate, 22% guanylate and 25% cytidylate. 3. RNA from mouse L cells was labelled with [(3)H]-uridine in the presence of 0.1mug of actinomycin D/ml to suppress the synthesis of cytoplasmic rRNA. The RNA isolated from crude L-cell mitochondria by a cold-phenol-sodium dodecyl sulphate method had components sedimenting at 15S and 12.5S. These components had an electrophoretic mobility on agarose-acrylamide gels of 21 and 12S(E) compared with 28 and 18S(E) for cytoplasmic rRNA. The nucleotide composition was 26% uridylate, 34% adenylate, 18% guanylate and 22% cytidylate. 4. RNA extracted from crude L-cell mitochondria by a hotphenol-sodium dodecyl sulphate method had an additional component sedimenting at 21S and having an electrophoretic mobility of 18S(E). It was probably DNA because of its sensitivity to deoxyribonuclease and its insensitivity to ribonuclease and alkali. It was present in nuclear fragments contaminating the crude mitochondrial fraction and could be removed by deoxyribonuclease or isopycnic-gradient centrifugation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Levin DH, Acs G, Silverstein SC. Chain initiation by reovirus RNA transcriptase in vitro. Nature 1970; 227:603-4. [PMID: 5429290 DOI: 10.1038/227603a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
20
|
Abstract
When purified preparations of stock reovirus, type 3, were digested with chymotrypsin, the virions were converted into two different types of particle. These new particles could be separated from each other by isopycnic centrifugation in cesium chloride gradients. One particle banded at a buoyant density of 1.43 g/cm(3), the other at a density of 1.415 g/cm(3). The former particle is termed the heavy (H) particle, the latter is the light (L) particle. The ratio of H/L particles varied between 0.5 and 0.25 in various purified preparations of virus. In electron micrographs, both H and L particles had the appearance and dimensions of viral cores. H particles were infectious for L cells. When plaques formed by stock virus, or by H particles, were picked and propagated in L cells, the majority of the clones gave rise only to H particles on chymotrypsin digestion. On continued serial passage of the clones, virions containing L particles again appeared in the progeny. The simplest explanation of these results was that stock virus was comprised of two populations of virions. One type of virion which contained H particles was infectious, whereas the other, which contained L particles, was not itself infectious and could replicate only in cells coinfected with an H particle virion. Added weight was given to this hypothesis by two observations. First, a small but definite separation of H and L virions could be achieved by isopycnic centrifugation in a gradient of cesium chloride. Second, L particles and virions containing L particles were both shown to lack the largest of the ten segments of double-stranded ribonucleic acid genome. Thus, L particle virions have defective genomes.
Collapse
|
21
|
Levin DH, Mendelsohn N, Schonberg M, Klett H, Silverstein S, Kapuler AM, Acs G. Properties of RNA transcriptase in reovirus subviral particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 66:890-7. [PMID: 5269250 PMCID: PMC283134 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.66.3.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Subviral particles containing reovirus RNA transcriptase have been isolated from extracts of virus-infected mouse fibroblast cells. The purified particles which lacked the outer protein capsomeres of the mature virion had a buoyant density of 1.43-1.44 g/ml in CsCl and contained all of the double-stranded RNA genome of the intact virus. The particles were free of nuclease activity. RNA synthesis required all four ribonucleoside triphosphates and was dependent on magnesium or manganese; optimal activity required potassium or ammonium ions. In the presence of a ribonucleoside triphosphate regenerating system, reaction rates were linear for 20 hr. RNA yields of 40-fold in excess of input template could be obtained. Completed RNA chains were released from the subviral particles. In the course of RNA synthesis, the double-stranded RNA template was fully conserved. The RNA products formed in vitro displayed profiles in sucrose gradients similar to those found for in vitro reovirus mRNA. The RNA products were single-stranded and did not self-anneal. Over 90 percent of the transcriptase products could be annealed with template double-stranded RNA. The annealed products migrated in acrylamide gels as double-stranded RNA, indicating efficient in vitro transcription.
Collapse
|
22
|
Banerjee AK, Shatkin AJ. Transcription in vitro by reovirus-associated ribonucleic acid-dependent polymerase. J Virol 1970; 6:1-11. [PMID: 5529847 PMCID: PMC376083 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.6.1.1-11.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Digestion of purified reovirus type 3 with chymotrypsin degrades 70% of the viral protein and converts the virions to subviral particles (SVP). The SVP contain 3 of the 6 viral structural proteins and all 10 double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome segments but not adenine-rich, single-stranded RNA. An RNA polymerase which is structurally associated with SVP transcribes one strand of each genome segment by a conservative mechanism in vitro. The single-stranded products include large (1.2 x 10(6) daltons), medium (0.7 x 10(6) daltons), and small (0.4 x 10(6) daltons) molecules which hybridize exclusively with the corresponding genome segments. The enzyme obtained by heating virions at 60 C synthesizes similar products. Kinetic and pulse-chase studies indicate that the different-sized products are synthesized simultaneously but at rates which are in the order: small > medium > large.
Collapse
|
23
|
Millward S, Graham AF. Structural studies on reovirus: discontinuities in the genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 65:422-9. [PMID: 4313198 PMCID: PMC282920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.65.2.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The double-stranded RNA genome of reovirus breaks reproducibly into ten segments upon extraction from purified virions. Reovirus-induced messenger RNA's formed in infected cells correspond in length to these ten genomic segments and some real structural and biological implication must be accorded to the ready manner in which the genome is fragmented on attempted isolation. In the present work we have posed the question whether the reovirus genome is a continuous, double-stranded molecule or whether there are discontinuities in the complementary strands of RNA that might constitute "weak points" in the structure. To answer this question, a method was developed to estimate the 3'-terminal nucleosides of RNA within intact virions. Approximately as many 3'-ends are free inside the virion as in RNA extracted from purified virus. Thus, the viral genome exists as a discontinuous structure inside the virus particle and both strands of the duplex are interrupted at intervals.
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
|
26
|
|
27
|
Abstract
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the solubilized proteins from the three serotypes of reovirus revealed that each contained three major and four minor components. Subviral particles were prepared by brief treatment of complete virions with urea. Electron microscopy, density-gradient centrifugation, and chemical analyses of these particles indicated that their outer capsid structure had been selectively removed. They contained only two proteins, but their ribonucleic acid composition was similar to that of complete virions. The subviral particles were not infectious.
Collapse
|
28
|
Shatkin AJ, Sipe JD, Loh P. Separation of ten reovirus genome segments by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J Virol 1968; 2:986-91. [PMID: 5723704 PMCID: PMC375428 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.10.986-991.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracted from purified reoviruses of all three serotypes and from type 3 virus-infected cells was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was calculated that each RNA includes 10 segments: 3 large, 3 intermediate, and 4 small fragments corresponding to molecular weights of about 2.5, 1.4, and 0.8 x 10(6) daltons, respectively, or a total of 15 x 10(6) daltons.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
A virus-induced ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase activity was found in L cells infected with type 3 reovirus. Most of the enzyme is associated with the "large particle" fraction of the infected cells. The enzyme first appeared at 3 to 5 hr after infection and increased in amount until 7 to 9 hr. All four ribonucleoside triphosphates are incorporated in vitro into an acid-insoluble form by the enzyme. The major part of the product formed in vitro is a double-stranded RNA indistinguishable from viral RNA by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Approximately 40% of the product is a single-stranded RNA of relatively small molecular weight. More than 95% of the nucleotides incorporated into double-stranded RNA by the enzyme are bound in internal 3'-5'-phosphodiester linkages extending back from both 3'- and 5'-termini of the RNA strands.
Collapse
|
30
|
Sänger HL. Characteristics of tobacco rattle virus. I. Evidence that its two particles are functionally defective and mutually complementing. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1968; 101:346-67. [PMID: 5684819 DOI: 10.1007/bf00436232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
31
|
Prevec L, Watanabe Y, Gauntt CJ, Graham AF. Transcription of the genomes of type 1 and type 3 reoviruses. J Virol 1968; 2:289-97. [PMID: 5742038 PMCID: PMC375613 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.4.289-297.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome of type 1 reovirus was fragmented into three size classes on extraction, as has already been shown for reovirus type 3. The relative amounts and molecular weights of the three classes were the same for the two viruses. Cells infected with type 1 virus synthesized three classes of messenger RNA. Each class of messenger RNA hybridized exclusively with a denatured double-stranded RNA fragment of equivalent length, as had also been found for type 3 reovirus. The double-stranded RNA segments thus act as specific units for transcription of messenger RNA in the infected cells. In cells infected with type 3 reovirus, the three classes of messenger RNA are made in equal amounts throughout the course of multiplication. In contrast, cells infected with type 1 virus produced only half as much of the largest messenger RNA as they did of the other two classes at all times during the replicative cycle. This finding suggests that transcription of the largest segments of type 1 viral genome is restricted.
Collapse
|