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Coupled HOOP signature correlates with quantum yield of isorhodopsin and analog pigments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1858:118-125. [PMID: 27836700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With a quantum yield of 0.66±0.03 the photoisomerization efficiency of the visual pigment rhodopsin (11-cis⇒all-trans chromophore) is exceptionally high. This is currently explained by coherent coupling of the excited state electronic wavepacket with local vibrational nuclear modes, facilitating efficient cross-over at a conical intersection onto the photoproduct energy surface. The 9-cis counterpart of rhodopsin, dubbed isorhodopsin, has a much lower quantum yield (0.26±0.03), which, however, can be markedly enhanced by modification of the retinal chromophore (7,8-dihydro and 9-cyclopropyl derivatives). The coherent coupling in the excited state is promoted by torsional skeletal and coupled HOOP vibrational modes, in combination with a twisted conformation around the isomerization region. Since such torsion will strongly enhance the infrared intensity of coupled HOOP modes, we investigated FTIR difference spectra of rhodopsin, isorhodopsin and several analog pigments in the spectral range of isolated and coupled HCCH wags. As a result we propose that the coupled HOOP signature in these retinal pigments correlates with the distribution of torsion over counteracting segments in the retinylidene polyene chain. As such the HOOP signature can act as an indicator for the photoisomerization efficiency, and can explain the higher quantum yield of the 7,8-dihydro and 9-cyclopropyl-isorhodopsin analogs.
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2
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Ockenfels A, Schapiro I, Gärtner W. Rhodopsins carrying modified chromophores--the 'making of', structural modelling and their light-induced reactivity. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:297-308. [PMID: 26860474 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of vitamin-A aldehydes (retinals) with modified alkyl group substituents (9-demethyl-, 9-ethyl-, 9-isopropyl-, 10-methyl, 10-methyl-13-demethyl-, and 13-demethyl retinal) was synthesized and their 11-cis isomers were used as chromophores to reconstitute the visual pigment rhodopsin. Structural changes were selectively introduced around the photoisomerizing C11=C12 bond. The effect of these structural changes on rhodopsin formation and bleaching was determined. Global fit of assembly kinetics yielded lifetimes and spectral features of the assembly intermediates. Rhodopsin formation proceeds stepwise with prolonged lifetimes especially for 9-demethyl retinal (longest lifetime τ3 = 7500 s, cf., 3500 s for retinal), and for 10-methyl retinal (τ3 = 7850 s). These slowed-down processes are interpreted as either a loss of fixation (9dm) or an increased steric hindrance (10me) during the conformational adjustment within the protein. Combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations provided structural insight into the retinal analogues-assembled, full-length rhodopsins. Extinction coefficients, quantum yields and kinetics of the bleaching process (μs-to-ms time range) were determined. Global fit analysis yielded lifetimes and spectral features of bleaching intermediates, revealing remarkably altered kinetics: whereas the slowest process of wild-type rhodopsin and of bleached and 11-cis retinal assembled rhodopsin takes place with lifetimes of 7 and 3.8 s, respectively, this process for 10-methyl-13-demethyl retinal was nearly 10 h (34670 s), coming to completion only after ca. 50 h. The structural changes in retinal derivatives clearly identify the precise interactions between chromophore and protein during the light-induced changes that yield the outstanding efficiency of rhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ockenfels
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim, Germany.
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3
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Walczak E, Andruniów T. Impacts of retinal polyene (de)methylation on the photoisomerization mechanism and photon energy storage of rhodopsin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:17169-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01939g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Similar to native rhodopsin, a two-mode space-saving isomerization mechanism drives the photoreaction in (de)methylated rhodopsin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Walczak
- Department of Chemistry
- Wroclaw University of Technology
- 50-370 Wroclaw
- Poland
| | - Tadeusz Andruniów
- Department of Chemistry
- Wroclaw University of Technology
- 50-370 Wroclaw
- Poland
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4
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Walczak E, Szefczyk B, Andruniów T. Geometries and Vertical Excitation Energies in Retinal Analogues Resolved at the CASPT2 Level of Theory: Critical Assessment of the Performance of CASSCF, CC2, and DFT Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:4915-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ct400423u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Walczak
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Institute of Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Borys Szefczyk
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Institute of Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Andruniów
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Institute of Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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5
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Tang PH, Kono M, Koutalos Y, Ablonczy Z, Crouch RK. New insights into retinoid metabolism and cycling within the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 32:48-63. [PMID: 23063666 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The retinoid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions within the eye that is responsible for synthesizing the chromophore, 11-cis retinal, for visual function. The chromophore is bound to G-protein coupled receptors, opsins, within rod and cone photoreceptor cells forming the photosensitive visual pigments. Integral to the sustained function of photoreceptors is the continuous generation of chromophore by the retinoid cycle through two separate processes, one that supplies both rods and cones and another that exclusively supplies cones. Recent findings such as RPE65 localization within cones and the pattern of distribution of retinoid metabolites within mouse and human retinas have challenged previous proposed schemes. This review will focus on recent findings regarding the transport of retinoids, the mechanisms by which chromophore is supplied to both rods and cones, and the metabolism of retinoids within the posterior segment of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Tang
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Pardoen JA, Neijenesch HN, Mulder PPJ, Lugtenburg J. Synthesis of 10-, 11-, 19- and 20-mono-13C-retinal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19831020701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Smolensky E, Sheves M. Retinal−Salinixanthin Interactions in Xanthorodopsin: A Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectroscopy Study with Artificial Pigments. Biochemistry 2009; 48:8179-88. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900572b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Smolensky
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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9
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Corson D, Kefalov VJ, Cornwall MC, Crouch RK. Effect of 11-cis 13-demethylretinal on phototransduction in bleach-adapted rod and cone photoreceptors. J Gen Physiol 2000; 116:283-97. [PMID: 10919871 PMCID: PMC2229494 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.116.2.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used 11-cis 13-demethylretinal to examine the physiological consequences of retinal's noncovalent interaction with opsin in intact rod and cone photoreceptors during visual pigment regeneration. 11-Cis 13-demethylretinal is an analog of 11-cis retinal in which the 13 position methyl group has been removed. Biochemical experiments have shown that it is capable of binding in the chromophore pocket of opsin, forming a Schiff-base linkage with the protein to produce a pigment, but at a much slower rate than the native 11-cis retinal (Nelson, R., J. Kim deReil, and A. Kropf. 1970. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 66:531-538). Experimentally, this slow rate of pigment formation should allow separate physiological examination of the effects of the initial binding of retinal in the pocket and the subsequent formation of the protonated Schiff-base linkage. Currents from solitary rods and cones from the tiger salamander were recorded in darkness before and after bleaching and then after exposure to 11-cis 13-demethylretinal. In bleach-adapted rods, 11-cis 13-demethylretinal caused transient activation of phototransduction, as evidenced by a decrease of the dark current and sensitivity, acceleration of the dim flash responses, and activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase and guanylyl cyclase. The steady state of phototransduction activity was still higher than that of the bleach-adapted rod. In contrast, exposure of bleach-adapted cones to 11-cis 13-demethylretinal resulted in an immediate deactivation of transduction as measured by the same parameters. These results extend the validity of a model for the effects of the noncovalent binding of a retinoid in the chromophore pockets of rod and cone opsins to analogs capable of forming a Schiff-base and imply that the noncovalent binding by itself may play a role for the dark adaptation of photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.Wesley Corson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Vladimir J. Kefalov
- Department of Physiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - M. Carter Cornwall
- Department of Physiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Rosalie K. Crouch
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
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Lin SW, Groesbeek M, van der Hoef I, Verdegem P, Lugtenburg J, Mathies RA. Vibrational Assignment of Torsional Normal Modes of Rhodopsin: Probing Excited-State Isomerization Dynamics along the Reactive C11C12 Torsion Coordinate. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp972752u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Groesbeek
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke van der Hoef
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Verdegem
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Lugtenburg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A. Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Wang Q, Kochendoerfer GG, Schoenlein RW, Verdegem PJE, Lugtenburg J, Mathies RA, Shank CV. Femtosecond Spectroscopy of a 13-Demethylrhodopsin Visual Pigment Analogue: The Role of Nonbonded Interactions in the Isomerization Process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp961150s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerd G. Kochendoerfer
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert W. Schoenlein
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. E. Verdegem
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Lugtenburg
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A. Mathies
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Charles V. Shank
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Abstract
Rhodopsin is constrained in an inactive conformation by interactions with 11-cis-retinal including formation of a protonated Schiff base with Lys296. Upon photoisomerization, major structural rearrangements that involve protonation of the active site Glu113 and cytoplasmic acidic residues, including Glu134, lead to the formation of the active form of the receptor, metarhodopsin II b, which decays to opsin. However, an activated receptor may be generated without illumination by addition of all-trans-retinal or its analogues to opsin, as measured in this study by the increased phosphorylation of opsin by rhodopsin kinase. The potency of stimulation depended on the chemical and isomeric nature of the analogues and the length of the polyene chain with all-trans-C17 aldehyde and all-trans-retinal being the most active and trans-C12 aldehyde being the least active. Certain cis-isomers, 11-cis-13-demethyl-retinal and 9-cis-C17 aldehyde, were also active. Most of the retinal analogues tested did not regenerate a spectrally identifiable pigment, and many were incapable of Schiff base formation (ketone, stable oximes, and Schiff base-derivatives of retinal). Thus, receptor activation resulted from formation of non-covalent complexes with opsin. pH titrations suggested that an equilibrium exists between partially active (protonated) and inactive (deprotonated) forms of opsin. These findings are consistent with a model in which protonation of one or more cytoplasmic carboxyl groups of opsin is essential for activity. Upon addition of retinoids, the partially active conformation of opsin is converted to a more active intermediate similar to metarhodopsin II b. The model provides an understanding of the structural requirements for opsin activation and an interpretation of the observed activities of natural and experimental opsin mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Buczyłko
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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13
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Gärtner W, Ullrich D, Vogt K. Quantum yield of CHAPSO-solubilized rhodopsin and 3-hydroxy retinal containing bovine opsin. Photochem Photobiol 1991; 54:1047-55. [PMID: 1837929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb02128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The quantum yields of bleaching for two artificial pigments, bovine opsin combined with (3R)-3-hydroxy retinal or (3R,S)-3-methoxy retinal, were determined in comparison to the value for regenerated bovine rhodopsin. Regeneration of the visual pigments was performed by incubation of 3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-2-hydroxy-1- propanesulfonate (CHAPSO)-solubilized opsin with the 11-cis isomers of retinal and the respective retinal derivatives. The extinction coefficients of the pigments in CHAPSO were determined to 35,000 M-1 cm-1 (native rhodopsin), 35,300 M-1 cm-1 (regenerated rhodopsin) and 34,500 M-1 cm-1 (3-OH retinal opsin). With respect to rhodopsin (lambda max: 500 nm), the pigments carrying the substituted chromophores exhibit blue shifted absorbance maxima (3-hydroxy and 3-methoxy retinal opsin: 488 nm). In parallel experiments under absolutely identical conditions we find related to the value of CHAPSO solubilized rhodopsin (identical to 1) a quantum efficiency of bleaching for the 3-hydroxy pigment of 1.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gärtner
- Institut für Biologie I (Zoologie), Universität Freiburg, Fed. Rep. Germany
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14
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Colmenares LU, Liu RS. 11-Methyl-9-demethylretinal and 11-methyl-9,13-didemethylretinal. Effect of altered methyl substitution pattern on polyene conformation, photoisomerization and formation of visual pigment analogs. Tetrahedron 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)80897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Einterz CM, Hug SJ, Lewis JW, Kliger DS. Early photolysis intermediates of the artificial visual pigment 13-demethylrhodopsin. Biochemistry 1990; 29:1485-91. [PMID: 2334709 DOI: 10.1021/bi00458a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanosecond time-resolved absorption measurements are reported for the room temperature photolysis of a modified rhodopsin pigment, 13-demethylrhodopsin, which contains the chromophore 13-demethylretinal. The measurements are consistent with the formation of an equilibrium between a BA-THO-13-demethylrhodopsin species and a blue-shifted species (relative to the parent pigment), BSI-13-demethylrhodopsin. The results are compared to those acquired after photolysis of native bovine rhodopsin [Hug, S. J., Lewis, J. W., Einterz, C. M., Thorgeirsson, T. E., & Kliger, D. S. (1990) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)] and to results obtained after photolysis of several modified isorhodopsin pigments in which the BSI species was first observed. It is concluded that in all of the pigments the results are consistent with the formation of an equilibrium between BATHO and BSI, which subsequently decays on a nanosecond time scale at room temperature to a lumirhodopsin intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Einterz
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064
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16
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Crescitelli F, Liu RS. The spectral properties and photosensitivities of analogue photopigments regenerated with 10- and 14-substituted retinal analogues. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES B, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1988; 233:55-76. [PMID: 2895933 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1988.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Analogues of 11-cis- and 9-cis-retinal with substitutions at positions 10 and 14 were used to regenerate analogue photopigments with two opsins: that of the transmuted (cone-like) 521-pigment of Gekko gekko and that of the rhodopsin of Porichthys notatus. The spectral absorbances and photosensitivities of the regenerated photopigments were determined and compared, first, between the two systems of analogue photopigments, and second, in the responses to the two opsins. Unlike the 10-fluoropigments, the comparable 14-compounds were significantly red-shifted by 19-30 nm and their sensitivity to light was similar to that of the parent 11-cis- and 9-cis-pigments. These were the results for both analogue pigments. In contrast, the 10-pigments were spectrally located close to the wavelengths of the parent compounds and the photosensitivity was significantly reduced, especially in the case of the 9-cis-analogues. Evidence was obtained for a steric hindrance effect at position 14, for no regeneration was obtained when methyl or ethyl groups were at this carbon. In the 10-substituted retinals, steric hindrance was noted only for the gecko; only the fluorosubstituted, but not the chloro-, the methyl- or the ethyl-substituted, retinals reacted. With the fish opsin, pigments were regenerated with all but the ethyl-substituted retinal. The gecko opsin appears to have a more restricted binding site. Another feature of the gecko was related to the chloride bathochromic and hyperchromic effects, in which the 521-pigment prepared in a chloride-deficient state has a blue-shifted spectrum compared with the spectrum obtained after the addition of chloride, and its extinction is raised by the addition of chloride to give a mean ratio of 1.23 for the two extinctions, one with, the other without, added chloride. The 11-cis-10-F-analogue pigment gave both chloride effects and the hyperchromic ratio was the same as that recorded for the native visual pigment. In contrast, the pigment formed with 11-cis-14-F-retinal gave a hyperchromic ratio significantly greater than 1.23. A similar contrast in the responses to chloride was obtained with the analogue photopigments regenerated with the 9-cis-10-F- and 9-cis-14-F-chromophores. This difference between the two systems is interpreted as the result of a specific configurational feature of the gecko opsin when in the chloride-deficient state that is relevant to the binding of the retinal analogue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F Crescitelli
- Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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17
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WADDELL WALTERH, LECOMTE JULIETTE, WEST JOHNL, YOUNES USAMAE. QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF THE LOW TEMPERATURE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF RHODOPSIN AND RELATED PIGMENTS. Photochem Photobiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1984.tb03430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Crescitelli F, Karvaly B. The gecko visual pigment: its photosensitivity and the effects of chloride and nitrate ions. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES B, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1983; 220:69-87. [PMID: 6140683 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1983.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
By use of the method of photometric curves, the photosensitivity of the major and ion-sensitive pigment of Gekko gekko has been determined and compared with that of rhodopsins of the frog (Rana pipiens) and of the fish (Porichthys notatus). In the presence of Cl- (or Br-), the gecko pigment has the same photosensitivity as the other A1 rod pigments, but unlike these, the addition of NH2OH does not lead to a Dartnall effect, i.e. an enhancement in the measured rate of photic bleaching. This is because the gecko pigment has no meta-III intermediate. In the Cl- -deficient state the gecko pigment has a photosensitivity 0.8 times that of the Cl- -provided system. The increase in photosensitivity brought on by Cl- is quantitatively accounted for by the Cl- -induced hyperchromic effect. The addition of NH2OH to the system without added Cl- leads to a small increase in measured rate of photic bleaching with an apparent 13% increment in photosensitivity. This is not a classical Dartnall effect for here again no meta-III is involved. The possibility is raised of an additional, yet undiscovered, action of NH2OH on the opsin moiety. Nitrate ions (NO3-) are known to produce an increase in extinction coefficient similar to that of Cl- and a hypochromic shift in the spectral absorbance. Despite the hyperchromic action, NO3- produces a reduction in the measured rate of photic bleaching, an effect explained by the appearance of a meta-III type intermediate absorbing at about 470 nm. While Cl- is able to antagonize the NO3- -induced hypochromic shift, it is unable to reverse the NO3- -induction of meta-III. This, along with other differences in responses of the gecko pigment to these two ions, suggests that Cl- and NO3- act at two different sites and produce unique conformational changes in the protein molecule.
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19
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Yoshizawa T, Fukada Y. Activation of phosphodiesterase by rhodopsin and its analogues. BIOPHYSICS OF STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM 1983; 9:245-58. [PMID: 6303466 DOI: 10.1007/bf00535660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activation of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.35.) in frog rod outer segment membrane by rhodopsin and its analogues was investigated. The Schiff-base linkage between opsin and retinal in rhodopsin was not always necessary for the phosphodiesterase activation. The binding of beta-ionone ring of retinal to a hydrophobic region of opsin was not enough to induce the enzyme activation. A striking photo-activation of the enzyme was induced by photo-isomerization of rhodopsin analogues from cis to trans form. It seems probable that an "expanded" conformation of opsin around the retinylidene chromophore induced by the cis to trans isomerization may be the trigger for the activation of phosphodiesterase. On the other hand, the phosphodiesterase in frog rod outer segment was activated by warming of bathorhodopsin to -12 degrees C and then incubating it at the same temperature. Thus, metarhodopsin II or an earlier intermediate than metarhodopsin II should be a direct intermediate for the enzyme activation.
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21
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Shichida Y, Kropf A, Yoshizawa T. Photochemical reactions of 13-demethyl visual pigment analogues at low temperatures. Biochemistry 1981; 20:1962-8. [PMID: 6452903 DOI: 10.1021/bi00510a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The photobleaching reaction of 13-demethylisorhodopsin (hereafter designated as 9-cis- 13-dm-rhodopsin), which was synthesized from 9-cis- 13-demethylretinal and cattle opsin, was investigated by low-temperature spectrophotometry in order to elucidate the role of the 13-methyl group of retinal in photobleaching. When 9-cis- 13-dm-rhodopsin was irradiated at-190 degrees C, batho-13-dm-rhodopsin was produced. Its absorption maximum lay at 532 nm, 11 nm shorter than that of cattle bathorhodopsin (gamma max 543 nm), and batho-13-dm-rhodopsin had an extinction coefficient about 0.6 times that of bathorhodopsin. Batho-13-dm-rhodopsin was thermally unstable. Above-180 degrees C, it converted to a new intermediate, BL-13-dm-rhodopsin, which in turn changed to lumi-13-dm-rhodopsin- above -140 degrees C. BL-13-dm-rhodopsin was "photosensitive" at temperatures around -188 degrees C, though batho-13-dm-rhodopsin and lumi-13-dm-rhodopsin was "photosensitive" at the same temperature. In the photobleaching process, lumi-13-dm-rhodopsin and meta-I-13-dm-rhodopsin were observed. Their thermostabilities were very similar to those of lumirhodopsin and metarhodopsin I, but each dm intermediate differed from its methylated counterpart in its value of gamma max and extinction coefficient.
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Ebrey T, Tsuda M, Sassenrath G, West JL, Waddell WH. Light activation of bovine rod phosphodiesterase by non-physiological visual pigments. FEBS Lett 1980; 116:217-9. [PMID: 6250883 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Gärtner W, Hopf H, Hull WE, Oesterhelt D, Scheutzow D, Towner P. On the photoisomerisation of 13-desmethyl-retinal. Tetrahedron Lett 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)85469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Waddell WH, West JL. Observation of high photoisomerization quantum yields for 11-CIS retinal analogs having 12-s-trans geometries. Chem Phys Lett 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(79)80735-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kakitani T, Kakitani H. Molecular mechanism for the initial process of visual excitation. III. Theoretical studies of optical spectra and conformations of chromophores in visual pigments, their analogues and intermdiates based on the torsion model. BIOPHYSICS OF STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM 1979; 5:55-73. [PMID: 427253 DOI: 10.1007/bf00535773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The torsion model with which we proposed to interpret the specific properties of the photoisomerization reaction of rhodopsin has been developed to apply to isorhodopsin I, isorhodopsin II and some intermediates. Based on this model, optical absorption wavelengths and oscillator strengths, as well as rotational strengths of visual pigments, analogues and intermediates at low temperatures are analyzed by varying twisted conformations of the chromophores. As a result, it was found that most of the optical data could be very well accounted for quantitatively by the torsion model. The twisting characters in the chromophore of rhodopsin are very similar to those of isorhodopsin. The obtained conformations of the chromophores are very similar in rhodopsin and its analogues, and in isorhodopsin and its analogues. Those of the chromophores of bathorhodopsin, lumirhodopsin and metarhodopsin I are similar to one another except that the conjugated chain of metarhodopsin I bends considerably when compared with the other intermediates.
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Matsumoto H, Yoshizawa T. Existence of a beta-ionone ring-binding site in the rhodopsin molecule. Nature 1975; 258:523-6. [PMID: 1196384 DOI: 10.1038/258523a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abrahamson EW, Wiesenfeld JR. The Structure, Spectra, and Reactivity of Visual Pigments. PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF VISION 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-65066-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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