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Titushin MS, Feng Y, Lee J, Vysotski ES, Liu ZJ. Protein-protein complexation in bioluminescence. Protein Cell 2012; 2:957-72. [PMID: 22231355 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we summarize the progress made towards understanding the role of protein-protein interactions in the function of various bioluminescence systems of marine organisms, including bacteria, jellyfish and soft corals, with particular focus on methodology used to detect and characterize these interactions. In some bioluminescence systems, protein-protein interactions involve an "accessory protein" whereby a stored substrate is efficiently delivered to the bioluminescent enzyme luciferase. Other types of complexation mediate energy transfer to an "antenna protein" altering the color and quantum yield of a bioluminescence reaction. Spatial structures of the complexes reveal an important role of electrostatic forces in governing the corresponding weak interactions and define the nature of the interaction surfaces. The most reliable structural model is available for the protein-protein complex of the Ca(2+)-regulated photoprotein clytin and green-fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Clytia gregaria, solved by means of Xray crystallography, NMR mapping and molecular docking. This provides an example of the potential strategies in studying the transient complexes involved in bioluminescence. It is emphasized that structural studies such as these can provide valuable insight into the detailed mechanism of bioluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim S Titushin
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Hori K, Cormier MJ. Structure and chemical synthesis of a biologically active form of renilla (sea pansy) luciferin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 70:120-3. [PMID: 16592045 PMCID: PMC433197 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.1.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of a biologically active form of Renilla (sea pansy) luciferin has been elucidated; this structure, confirmed by total chemical synthesis, is 3,7-dihydro-2-methyl-6-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-8-benzylimidazo [1,2-a] pyrazin-3-one. In the natural compound the methyl group at the 2 position is replaced by an unknown, more complex group. For this reason the synthetic compound is 10% as active as the natural compound in producing light with Renilla luciferase. However, the spectral properties of the two compounds are identical. In addition the rates of the luminescent reaction with both compounds are similar, and the color of the light produced is identical in each case.A compound isolated from the calcium-triggered photoprotein aequorin has been identified by Shimomura and Johnson [(1972) Biochemistry 11, 1602] to be 2-amino-3-benzyl-5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazine. This compound forms an integral part of the structure of Renilla luciferin. This, and other evidence, suggests that the structure elucidated for Renilla luciferin is a more general one associated with the luciferins of most, if not all, bioluminescent coelenterates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hori
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30601
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Shimomura O, Goto T, Johnson FH. Source of oxygen in the CO(2) produced in the bioluminescent oxidation of firefly luciferin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 74:2799-802. [PMID: 16592418 PMCID: PMC431296 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.7.2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of (18)O into the CO(2) produced in the bioluminescent oxidation of firefly luciferin was studied. In H(2) (16)O medium with (18)O(2) gas, the product CO(2) contained up to 75% C(16)O(18)O, showing that one O of the product CO(2) arose from the O(2) that oxidized luciferin. This result is consistent with a dioxetane mechanism. Analysis of the mass spectral data of the CO(2) obtained in high-enrichment H(2) (18)O medium with (16)O(2) gas indicated the presence of about 20% contaminating CO(2), which contributes approximately 70% of the total incorporated (18)O. Thus the values of incorporated (18)O in H(2) (18)O medium with (16)O(2) gas have no significance in the present context. Data obtained with luciferases of the American firefly Photinus and Japanese firefly Luciola were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Shimomura
- Department of Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
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Zhao H, Doyle TC, Wong RJ, Cao Y, Stevenson DK, Piwnica-Worms D, Contag CH. Characterization of Coelenterazine Analogs for Measurements of
Renilla
Luciferase Activity in Live Cells and Living Animals. Mol Imaging 2004; 3:43-54. [PMID: 15142411 DOI: 10.1162/15353500200403181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo imaging of bioluminescent reporters relies on expression of light-emitting enzymes, luciferases, and delivery of chemical substrates to expressing cells. Coelenterazine (CLZN) is the substrate for a group of bioluminescent enzymes obtained from marine organisms. At present, there are more than 10 commercially available CLZN analogs. To determine which analog is most suitable for activity measurements in live cells and living animals, we characterized 10 CLZN analogs using Renilla luciferase (Rluc) as the reporter enzyme. For each analog, we monitored enzyme activity, auto-oxidation, and efficiency of cellular uptake. All CLZN analogs tested showed higher auto-oxidation signals in serum than was observed in phosphate buffer or medium, mainly as a result of auto-oxidation by binding to albumin. CLZN-f, -h, and -e analogs showed 4- to 8-fold greater Rluc activity, relative to CLZN-native, in cells expressing the enzyme from a stable integrant. In studies using living mice expressing Rluc in hepatocytes, administration of CLZN-e and -native produced the highest signal. Furthermore, distinct temporal differences in signal for each analog were revealed following intravenous or intraperitoneal delivery. We conclude that the CLZN analogs that are presently available vary with respect to hRluc utilization in culture and in vivo, and that the effective use of CLZN-utilizing enzymes in living animals depends on the selection of an appropriate substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
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Greer LF, Szalay AA. Imaging of light emission from the expression of luciferases in living cells and organisms: a review. LUMINESCENCE 2002; 17:43-74. [PMID: 11816060 DOI: 10.1002/bio.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Luciferases are enzymes that emit light in the presence of oxygen and a substrate (luciferin) and which have been used for real-time, low-light imaging of gene expression in cell cultures, individual cells, whole organisms, and transgenic organisms. Such luciferin-luciferase systems include, among others, the bacterial lux genes of terrestrial Photorhabdus luminescens and marine Vibrio harveyi bacteria, as well as eukaryotic luciferase luc and ruc genes from firefly species (Photinus) and the sea pansy (Renilla reniformis), respectively. In various vectors and in fusion constructs with other gene products such as green fluorescence protein (GFP; from the jellyfish Aequorea), luciferases have served as reporters in a number of promoter search and targeted gene expression experiments over the last two decades. Luciferase imaging has also been used to trace bacterial and viral infection in vivo and to visualize the proliferation of tumour cells in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee F Greer
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Department of Natural Sciences-Biology Section, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Santhanam K, Haram N. Differential pulse volt bioluminescence of quenched cells of Lampito mauritii. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)85088-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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McCapra F. The chemistry of bioluminescence. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES B, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1982; 215:247-72. [PMID: 6127707 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1982.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The study of the mechanisms of bioluminescence is described from the standpoint of organic chemistry. An outline of the occurrence and function of the phenomenon is given, and the knowledge acquired by the organic chemist is set in this context.
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Neering IR, Prendergast FG. Uses and Physicochemical Properties of the Photoprotein Aequorin. Bioelectrochemistry 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3117-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shimomura O, Johnson FH. ELIMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF CONTAMINATING CO2IN THE18O-LABELING OF THE CO2PRODUCED IN BIOLUMINESCENT REACTIONS. Photochem Photobiol 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1979.tb07119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ward WW, Cormier MJ. Extraction of Renilla-type luciferin from the calcium-activated photoproteins aequorin, mnemiopsin, and berovin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:2530-4. [PMID: 241074 PMCID: PMC432802 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.7.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoproteins, which emit light in an oxygen-independent intramolecular reaction initiated by calcium ions, have been isolated from several bioluminescent organisms, including the hydrozoan jellyfish Aequorea and the ctenophore Mnemiopsis. The system of a related anthozoan coelenterate, the sea pansy Renilla reniformis, however, is oxygen dependent, requiring two organic components, luciferin and luciferase. Previously published indirect evidence indicates that photoproteins may contain a Renilla-type luciferin. We have now extracted in high yield a Renilla-type luciferin from three photoproteins, aequorin (45% yield), mnemiopsin (98% yield), and berovin (85% yield). Photoprotein luciferin, released from the holoprotein by mercaptoethanol treatment and separated from apo-photoprotein by gel filtration, no longer responds to calcium but now requires luciferase and O2 for light production. Photoprotein luciferin is identical to Renilla luciferin with respect to reaction kinetics and bioluminescence spectral distribution. In view of these results, the generally accepted hypothesis that the photoprotein chromophore is a protein-stabilized hydroperoxide of luciferin must be modified. We believe, instead, that the chromophore is free luciferin and that oxygen is bound as an oxygenated derivative of an amino-acid side chain of the protein. We propose the general term "coelenterate luciferin" to describe the light-producing chromophore from all bioluminescent coelenterates and ctenophores.
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Hori K, Anderson JM, Ward WW, Cormier MJ. Renilla luciferin as the substrate for calcium induced photoprotein bioluminescence. Assignment of luciferin tautomers in aequorin and mnemiopsin. Biochemistry 1975; 14:2371-6. [PMID: 237531 DOI: 10.1021/bi00682a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A study was made of the effects of pH and protic and aprotic solvents on the spectral properties of Renilla (sea pansy) luciferin and a number of its analogs. The results have made possible the assignment of two tautomeric forms of Renilla luciferin, one which absorbs maximally at 435 nm and another which exhibits an absorption maximum at 454 nm. Furthermore the results provide an explanation for the visible absorption characteristics of the photoproteins aequorin (lambda-max 454 nm) and mnemiopsin (lambda-max 435 nm). In addition a Renilla-like luciferin can be extracted from both of these photoproteins. This luciferin produces light with Renilla luciferase, at a rate dependent upon the concentration of dissolved oxygen, and in other respects is indistinguishable from Renilla luciferin in this bioluminescent reaction. The results suggest that the native chromophore in both photoproteins is Renilla luciferin (or a nearly identical derivative). The results also suggest that a hydroperoxide intermediate probably exists in photoproteins, on energetic grounds, and to account for the oxygen concentration independency of the rate of photoprotein reactions. This hydroperoxide may be attached initially to an amino-acid side chain (possibly indolyl-OOH, imidazoyl-OOH, or -SOOH) rather than to the luciferin chromophore.
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Cormier MJ, Hori K, Karkhanis YD, Anderson JM, Wampler JE, Morin JG, Hastings JW. Evidence for similar biochemical requirements for bioluminescence among the coelenterates. J Cell Physiol 1973; 81:291-7. [PMID: 4144397 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040810218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Cormier MJ, Wampler JE, Hori K. Bioluminescence: Chemical Aspects. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1973; 30:1-60. [PMID: 4156520 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-7102-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Adam W, Steinmetzer HC. (1-Adamantyl)-α-peroxylacton: Systhese, Kinetik und Lumineszenz. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1972. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19720841215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Adam W, Steinmetzer HC. (1-Adamantyl)-?-peroxylactone: Synthesis, Kinetics, and Luminescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.197205401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nealson KH, Hastings JW. The Inhibition of Bacterial Luciferase by Mixed Function Oxidase Inhibitors. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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