Physical basis of charge pairing in mitochondria

Chlorophyll photosensitized electron transfer reactions in lipid vesicles: enhancement in yield of vectorial electron transfer across the bilayer from reduced cytochrome c to oxidized ferredoxin by addition of valinomycin plus potassium ion

Chlorophyll photosensitized electron transfer across a vesicle bilayer from reduced cytochrome c in the inner compartment to oxidized ferredoxin in the outer compartment, using propylene diquat as a mediator, has been investigated using both steady-state and laser flash photolysis methods. One of the factors limiting the quantum yield is the transmembrane potential, which is formed during sample preparation and is increased by the electron transfer process across the membrane bilayer. This limitation can be diminished by the incorporation of valinomycin into the bilayer in the presence of potassium ion. The overall quantum yield can be approximately doubled (up to a total of 22% based on the chlorophyll triplet which is quenched, and 2.8% based on the absorbed quanta) by valinomycin addition. Another quantum yield limitation arises from the accumulation of oxidized cytochrome c in the inner aqueous compartment, which is formed as a consequence of the transbilayer electron transport process and can quench triplet chlorophyll on the inner side of the vesicle. The chlorophyll cation radical generated in this way can participate in the electron exchange equilibrium between chlorophyll molecules located within the bilayer, and thus inhibit electron flow from inside to outside. This acts to limit the extent of cytochrome c oxidation to less than or equal to 50% of the original amount.

Charge pair model of bioenergetics: redox enzymes

A model of electron transfer between redox enzymes is constructed on the assumption that the apoenzyme contains orientable units, which are tentatively identified with flipping amino acids. The model is based on the entatic state hypothesis, and the rate of electron transfer is derived.