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De Clercq E. Selected Milestones in Antiviral Drug Development. Viruses 2024; 16:169. [PMID: 38399945 PMCID: PMC10891914 DOI: 10.3390/v16020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article will describe the (wide) variety of approaches that I envisaged to develop a specific therapy for viral infections: (i) interferon and its inducers, (ii) HSV, VZV and CMV inhibitors, (iii) NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors), NtRTIs (nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors) and NNRTIs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) as HIV inhibitors, (iv) NtRTIs as HBV inhibitors, and finally, (v) the transition of an HIV inhibitor to a stem cell mobilizer, as exemplified by AMD-3100 (Mozobil®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Singh S, Kaye S, Gore ME, McClure MO, Bunker CB. The role of human endogenous retroviruses in melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161:1225-31. [PMID: 19785608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing of the human genome has established that our DNA harbours many endogenous retrovirus (ERV) sequences, remnants of ancestral exogenous retroviral infections fixed in the germline DNA. In recent years, human ERVs (HERVs) have been implicated in melanomagenesis. Retrovirus-like particles and the expression of HERV mRNA and proteins have been demonstrated in melanoma tissue. In addition, antibodies to HERV proteins have been observed in patients with melanoma. In vitro and mouse models have provided fascinating insights into the potential mechanisms of HERVs in melanomagenesis. This review considers the evidence associating HERVs with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Singh
- Department of Dermatology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, U.K.
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3
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Voisset C, Weiss RA, Griffiths DJ. Human RNA "rumor" viruses: the search for novel human retroviruses in chronic disease. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:157-96, table of contents. [PMID: 18322038 PMCID: PMC2268285 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00033-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are an important group of pathogens that cause a variety of diseases in humans and animals. Four human retroviruses are currently known, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1, which causes AIDS, and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, which causes cancer and inflammatory disease. For many years, there have been sporadic reports of additional human retroviral infections, particularly in cancer and other chronic diseases. Unfortunately, many of these putative viruses remain unproven and controversial, and some retrovirologists have dismissed them as merely "human rumor viruses." Work in this field was last reviewed in depth in 1984, and since then, the molecular techniques available for identifying and characterizing retroviruses have improved enormously in sensitivity. The advent of PCR in particular has dramatically enhanced our ability to detect novel viral sequences in human tissues. However, DNA amplification techniques have also increased the potential for false-positive detection due to contamination. In addition, the presence of many families of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) within our DNA can obstruct attempts to identify and validate novel human retroviruses. Here, we aim to bring together the data on "novel" retroviral infections in humans by critically examining the evidence for those putative viruses that have been linked with disease and the likelihood that they represent genuine human infections. We provide a background to the field and a discussion of potential confounding factors along with some technical guidelines. In addition, some of the difficulties associated with obtaining formal proof of causation for common or ubiquitous agents such as HERVs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Voisset
- CNRS-UMR8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille et Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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4
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Humer J, Waltenberger A, Grassauer A, Kurz M, Valencak J, Rapberger R, Hahn S, Löwer R, Wolff K, Bergmann M, Muster T, Mayer B, Pehamberger H. Identification of a Melanoma Marker Derived from Melanoma-Associated Endogenous Retroviruses. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1658-63. [PMID: 16452225 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously described the expression of melanoma-associated endogenous retrovirus (MERV) proteins and viral particles in human melanomas and metastases. The objective of the present study was to determine whether a humoral immune response to MERV proteins occurs in melanoma. Candidate B-cell epitopes on MERV proteins were predicted using bioinformatic screening. The reactivity of MERV peptides corresponding to the predicted epitopes with antibodies prevalent in sera of melanoma patients was analyzed. An immunodominant peptide located in the env protein of MERV was identified. Subsequent analyzes using 81 samples from stage I to stage IV melanoma patients and 95 sera from healthy subjects revealed statistically significant differences in seroprevalence of antibodies in melanoma sera samples when compared with reference samples from healthy subjects. The prevalence of anti-MERV antibodies in melanoma patient sera was confirmed by immunofluorescence on env-transfected cells. These data indicate the potential of this candidate peptide as target for diagnosis and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Humer
- Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology, Green Hills Biotechnology GmbH, Gersthoferstrasse 29-31, 1180 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Escobar MR. Oncogenic Viruses. THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF NEOPLASIA 1989:81-109. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5523-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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6
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Abstract
RHV, which is presumably a defective human retrovirus, has been recovered from the human melanoma cell line HMB2. In the presence of Moloney mouse leukemia virus (MLV), used as a helper, RHV is serially transmissible in mouse NIH-3T3 cells and can provide envelope antigens for vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype--VSV(RHV). This pseudotype is neutralizable with an inhibitor, present in all human sera tested; the inhibitory activity is resistant to heating at 100 degrees C. To detect whether any specific response to RHV is connected with the disease, we isolated IgG from 140 human sera (70 melanoma patients and 70 control group donors) and tested it for neutralization of VSV(RHV) pseudotype in a randomized, blind experiment. Sixteen samples of IgG from the sera of melanoma patients, but only one control IgG, neutralized the pseudotype; this difference was significant (p less than 0.001). RHV thus appears to be in some way associated with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Závada
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
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7
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Chanda JJ. The clinical recognition and prognostic factors of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. Med Clin North Am 1986; 70:39-55. [PMID: 3510348 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of melanoma continues to increase. In the absence of a defined and preventable etiology, early recognition and proper management offer the best hope for prolonged survival and cure. Clinically suspect lesions must be biopsied for diagnostic confirmation and histologic information. Reliable prognostic information can be gained from histologic and clinical parameters, which are described.
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Gallagher RP, Elwood JM, Hill GB. Risk factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma: the Western Canada Melanoma Study. Recent Results Cancer Res 1986; 102:38-55. [PMID: 3738186 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-82641-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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9
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Ono A, Saito H, Kondo S, Yoshimatsu H, Tsuchiya M. RNA tumor virus in human thymomas and thymus hyperplasias. SEMINARS IN SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 1985; 1:139-52. [PMID: 2414838 DOI: 10.1002/ssu.2980010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human thymomas and thymus hyperplasias were examined for retroviruses. Most of these patients were complicated by systemic immunological diseases such as myasthenia gravis and pure red cell aplasia. The thymus cells were co-cultured with allogenic B cells or peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) pretreated with mitomycin C. Retrovirus-like particles were demonstrated in cultured thymus cells in all cases of thymomas and thymus hyperplasias examined by electron microscopy. In most cases, these particles were detected in thymus epithelial cells. Reverse transcriptase activity sedimenting at a density of 1.15-1.17 gm/cm3 in sucrose density gradients was eluted in the culture fluids. Retrovirus-like particles were demonstrated in human T cells infected with these particles. Antibodies to virus-infected T cells were detected in sera of the patients with thymoma and thymus hyperplasia. These results suggest that in thymomas and thymus hyperplasias, retroviruses that can be induced, following a proliferative stimulus, may be involved in the genesis of thymic disorders and in the pathogenesis of systemic immunological diseases.
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Demenais F, Cesarini JP, Daveau M, Cavelier B, Gony J, Feingold N, Hors J. A linkage study between HLA and cutaneous malignant melanoma or precursor lesions or both. J Med Genet 1984; 21:429-35. [PMID: 6595409 PMCID: PMC1049342 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.21.6.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In seven pedigrees displaying the familial atypical multiple mole-melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome, three successive linkage analyses were performed between HLA and an assumed dominant gene determining respectively each of the following affected phenotypes: (1) precursor lesions, (2) cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), and (3) precursor lesions or CMM or both. Close linkage could be excluded in (1) and (3). However, if the transmission of malignant melanoma itself were assumed to be due to a single gene different from the one responsible for precursor lesions, a maximum lod score of 1.64 was observed at a recombination fraction of 5%, assuming low penetrance values. These different results are discussed in respect to the possible mechanisms causing the familial distribution of these traits. Two alternative hypotheses were proposed. Either the FAMMM syndrome is a rare genetic entity not closely linked to HLA or the association and transmission of precursor lesions and CMM in families are due to several factors among which HLA might play a role.
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11
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Abstract
The incidence and mortality rates of malignant melanoma in Caucasians are increasing rapidly in many countries worldwide. Considerable circumstantial evidence suggests that exposure to solar radiation may play a role in this substantial rise in malignant melanoma. This evidence comes primarily from epidemiologic studies and from the identification of susceptible phenotypes. Despite the increasing data that implicate sunlight as an important factor in the development of certain types of malignant melanomas in humans, the role of solar electromagnetic radiation in the pathogenesis of human malignant melanomas is yet to be determined.
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Hehlmann R, Schetters H, Kreeb G, Erfle V, Schmidt J, Luz A. RNA-tumorviruses, oncogenes, and their possible role in human carcinogenesis. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1983; 61:1217-31. [PMID: 6319800 DOI: 10.1007/bf01540470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The detection and characterization of oncogenes via RNA tumor viruses (or retroviruses) and the recognition of their location at breakpoints of chromosomal translocations which are frequently found in certain human neoplasms has promoted present understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis. Oncogenes are cellular genes which can be transduced by RNA tumorviruses and induce malignant transformation under experimental conditions in vivo and in vitro. A role of retroviruses in human leukemogenesis is suggested by epidemiological observations and by the isolation of such viruses from several human T-cell leukemias and lymphomas (human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus or HTLV) as well as by biochemical association of retroviral markers with human leukemias. A role of HTLV has been suggested also in a human immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In view of the well known role of many factors in carcinogenesis the concept of carcinogenesis as a multistep process as well as the concept of cocarcinogenesis and the role of cofactors other than viruses, such as radiation and chemicals, aging, hormones, graft vs host reaction, environmental factors etc., will have to be carefully considered.
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13
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Chandra P. Immunological characterization of reverse transcriptase from human tumor tissues. SURVEY OF IMMUNOLOGIC RESEARCH 1983; 2:170-177. [PMID: 6196826 DOI: 10.1007/bf02918577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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14
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Huleihel M, Aboud M. Effect of mouse interferon on cell transformation and virus production in rat cells exogenously infected with moloney murine sarcoma and leukemia viruses. Int J Cancer 1982; 29:471-6. [PMID: 6177647 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910290418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Foci of transformed cells, produced by MSV(124), appeared to result only from the primary infection, since this virus stock yielded a virus-nonproducing infection. On the other hand, the majority of foci scored in MSV/MLV-infected cultures, were generated by multiple secondary infections with the progenies of the primary infection. Mouse interferon (IF) was highly inhibitory for cell transformation by both virus stocks. However, this inhibition was apparent in MSV(124) infected cultures only if IF was added at least 12 h before infection, whereas in MSV/MLV-infected cultures IF was highly effective even if added 24 h after infection. The inhibition of focus formation by MSV(124) was irreversible after removal of IF, suggesting that IF inhibited an early step before provirus integration into the host genome. By contrast, in MSV/MLV-infected cultures focus formation was almost completely restored after recovery from the IF effect. Nevertheless, examination of virus production after IF removal proved that in MSV/MLV infection, too IF exerted and inhibitory effect before provirus integration.
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Abstract
The role of viruses as a cause of human cancer has been investigated by a variety of techniques in recent years. While no definitive answer exists at present, several lines of evidence indicating a viral role in human tumors and reviewed. These include the well-documented role of viruses in causing animal tumors; evidence for an association of certain viruses with human tumors; and virally induced animal models of human tumors, melanoma, retinoblastoma, and ocular malignant melanoma.
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Spiegelman S, Keydar I, Mesa-Tejada R, Ohno T, Ramanarayanan M, Nayak R, Bausch J, Fenoglio C. Possible diagnostic implications of a mammary tumor virus related protein in human breast cancer. Cancer 1980; 46:879-92. [PMID: 6156755 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19800815)46:4+<879::aid-cncr2820461306>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Kollinger G, Schwab M, Anders F. Virus-like particles induced by bromodeoxyuridine in melanoma and neuroblastoma of Xiphophorus. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1979; 95:239-46. [PMID: 528565 DOI: 10.1007/bf00410645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) injected into the muscular tissue of fish bearing melanoma or neuroblastoma induces the production of virus-like particles in these tumors. The particles in the melanoma are morphologically similar to papovaviruses of polyoma-type, those in the neuroblastoma resemble oncornaviruses of B- and C-type.
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18
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van der Loo EM, van Muijen GN, van Vloten WA, Beens W, Scheffer E, Meijer CJ. C-type virus-like particles specifically localized in Langerhans cells and related cells of skin and lymph nodes of patients with mycosis fungoides and Sezary's syndrome. A morphological and biochemical study. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1979; 31:193-203. [PMID: 42215 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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van Muijen GN, te Velde J, den Ottolander GJ, Brand A, Koopman-Broekhuyzen N, Schaberg A, Warnaar SO. On the presence of reverse transcriptase in myelo- and lymphoproliferative disorders. Cancer 1979; 43:1682-8. [PMID: 87254 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(197905)43:5<1682::aid-cncr2820430519>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Buffy coats from 31 patients with a diagnosis of leukemia and 16 normal donors were tested for the presence of a viral-like reverse transcriptase. Eighty-five percent of fresh leukemic buffy coats were positive. Also tested were spleens from 16 patients with hematological disorders and 5 spleens from patients without history of hematological malignancy. The 5 normal spleens were negative. Also negative were 4 spleens from patients with Hairy cell leukemia. From the remaining 12 spleens 7 were positive. Reverse transcriptase measurements can be used to distinguish leukemic from normal buffy coats.
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20
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Albert DM. The association of viruses with urveal melanoma. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1979; 77:367-421. [PMID: 545833 PMCID: PMC1311713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopic examination of 57 ocular melanomas (54 human, two feline and one canine) revealed the presence of viral particles in six specimens. Herpesviruses particles were observed in one human specimen and were passed in human fibroblasts (WI-38), where they gave rise to intranuclear inclusions. A-type oncornavirus particles (oncogenic RNA virus) were observed in a second case, both in cells of tumor directly removed from an enucleated eye as well as in cells grown in tissue culture. In three human specimens and one feline specimen, togavirus particles were observed. Rubella is a member of this group, and the possibility that the presence of togavirus in these tumors is the result of latent ocular infection by rubella virus is raised. Herpes virus and RNA tumor viruses are widely considered as having a possible etiologic role for certain human cancers. The observation of togavirus is unexpected, as this virus has not been previously implicated in human or animal tumors. Injection of an RNA tumor virus (Gardner strain feline sarcoma virus) into the anterior chamber of newborn kittens resulted in the development of iris and ciliary body melanomas, many of which showed invasion and, in one instance, metastasis. This is the first animal model of a viral-induced uveal melanoma, and the histology and ultrastructure are described. These results emphasize the need for the continued investigation of the role of these viruses in uveal melanoma.
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21
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Hehlmann R, Erfle V. Biochemical studies on RNA tumor virus information and its transmission in B16 murine melanoma. Int J Cancer 1978; 22:630-8. [PMID: 82543 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910220519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mouse melanoma B16 contains particles encapsulating a high molecular weight RNA of 60--70S size associated with a reverse transcriptase. The particles possess a density of 1.14--1.18 g/cm3. The RNA shares sequences with the 70S RNAs of several mammalian C-type RNA tumor viruses. The nuclear DNA of the mouse melanoma B16 possesses particle-related sequences not present in the genome of normal C57BL mice.
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22
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Hehlmann R, Balda BR, Spiegelman S. Particles from mouse melanoma B16 containing reverse transcriptase and 70S RNA related to human melanoma cytoplasmic RNA. Arch Dermatol Res 1978; 262:157-65. [PMID: 80158 DOI: 10.1007/bf00455385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mouse melanoma B16 contains particles encapsulating high molecular weight RNA of 60--70S size associated with a reverse transcriptase. The [3H]DNA synthesized by these particles possesses homology with RNA isolated from a hamster melanoma and from three human malignant melanomas.
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23
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Hehlmann R, Balda BR, Spiegelman S. Murine and human melanomas containing a high molecular weight RNA associated with an RNA-instructed DNA polymerase. Int J Dermatol 1978; 17:115-22. [PMID: 77259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1978.tb06120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Clark WH, Mastrangelo MJ, Ainsworth AM, Berd D, Bellet RE, Bernardino EA. Current concepts of the biology of human cutaneous malignant melanoma. Adv Cancer Res 1977; 24:267-338. [PMID: 322460 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)61017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Parsons PG, Klucis E, Goss PD, Pope JH, Little JH, Davis NC. Oncornavirus-like particles in malignant melanoma and control biopsies. Int J Cancer 1976; 18:757-63. [PMID: 992906 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910180606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tests for the presence of oncornavirus-like particles in human biopsies were made by the Spiegelman simultaneous assay for 70S RNA and RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and by detection of 600-900S particles, incorporating 3H-uridine, produced by cultured biopsy cells. Thirty-one malignant melanoma biopsies from 29 patients were studied. Using the simultaneous assay, evidence of virus-like particles was found in 15/26 (58%) of melanoma biopsies, 0/3 naevi pools, 1/4 samples of skin adjacent to melanoma, 0/3 samples of normal adult skin and 0/3 prepuces. The velocity sedimentation technique was shown to be a useful screening test for oncornaviruses in studies of two virus-producing mouse cell lines (TKL-5 and WEHI-22), and was positive with 7/9 melanoma biopsies. Overall, these results are compatible with the earlier findings of similar virus-like particles in malignant melanoma cell lines, but the exact nature of the particles remains to be defined.
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Spiegelman S. Molecular evidence for the association of RNA tumor viruses with human mesenchymal malignancies. HAMATOLOGIE UND BLUTTRANSFUSION 1976; 19:391-429. [PMID: 64383 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-87524-3_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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