1
|
Abstract
I have been fortunate and privileged to have participated in amazing breakthroughs in human genetics since the 1960s. I was lucky to have trained in medical school at Dartmouth and Johns Hopkins, in pediatrics at the University of Minnesota and Johns Hopkins, and in genetics and molecular biology with Dr. Barton Childs at Johns Hopkins and Dr. Harvey Itano at the National Institutes of Health. Later, the collaborative spirit at Johns Hopkins and the University of Pennsylvania were important to my career. Here, I describe the thrill of scientific discovery in two diverse areas of human genetics: DNA haplotypes and their role in solving the molecular basis of beta thalassemia and the role of retrotransposons (jumping genes) in human biology. I hope that this article may inspire others who love human genetics as much as I do.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haig H Kazazian
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Profile of Haig H. Kazazian Jr. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32185-32188. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023398117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
3
|
Viel A, De Pascale L, Toffoli G, Tumiotto L, Miotto E, Boiocchi M. Frequent Occurrence of Ha-rasl Allelic Deletion in Human Ovarian Adenocarcinomas. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 77:16-20. [PMID: 1708177 DOI: 10.1177/030089169107700104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen human adenocarcinoma specimens were analyzed for somatic abnormalities affecting genes of the ras family. No amplification of the 3 ras genes was detected. Allelic deletion of the Ha-rasl gene (11p15.5) was found to be a very common abnormality in human ovarian adenocarcinomas (4 out of 7 informative cases). However, in these neoplasm deletion of a presumed normal Ha-rasl allele is not a contributory factor in strengthening the tumorigenic effect of a mutated allele. More probably, Ha-rasl allelic losses are markers of larger chromosomal deletions. Analyses at γ globin loci (11p15.5) and int-2 locus (11q13) provided evidence that the deletions may extend from Ha-rasl locus towards the centromere but never involve loss of the entire chromosome 11. These findings may suggest that a putative tumor suppressor gene closely linked to Ha-rasl in 11p15.5 is involved in ovarian cancerogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Viel
- Division of Experimental Oncology 1, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Genotyping and Sequencing Technologies in Population Genetics and Genomics. POPULATION GENOMICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/13836_2017_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
5
|
Kazazian HH. Fifty years in human genetics--a career retrospective. FASEB J 2017; 31:3712-3718. [PMID: 28860307 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700502rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haig H Kazazian
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lambotte C. Biochemical polymorphism in man -- its relation to disease. ANIMAL BLOOD GROUPS AND BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS 2009; 12:149-66. [PMID: 6459044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1981.tb01545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Haig H Kazazian
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Steenman MJ, Rainier S, Dobry CJ, Grundy P, Horon IL, Feinberg AP. Loss of imprinting of IGF2 is linked to reduced expression and abnormal methylation of H19 in Wilms' tumour. Nat Genet 1994; 7:433-9. [PMID: 7920665 DOI: 10.1038/ng0794-433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF2) and H19 genes are imprinted in mouse and human, with expression of the paternal IGF2 and maternal H19 alleles. IGF2 undergoes loss of imprinting (LOI) in most Wilms' tumours (WT). We now show that: (i) LOI of IGF2 is associated with a 80-fold down regulation of H19 expression; (ii) these changes are associated with alterations in parental-origin-specific, tissue-independent sites of DNA methylation in the H19 promoter; and (iii) loss of heterozygosity is also associated with loss of H19 expression. Thus, imprinting of a large domain of the maternal chromosome results in a reversal to a paternal epigenotype. These data also suggest an epigenetic mechanism for inactivation of H19 as a tumour suppressor gene.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- DNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genomic Imprinting
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Male
- Methylation
- Organ Specificity
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Wilms Tumor/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Steenman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
At this time, the sole generally accepted use for DNA diagnosis in the hemoglobinopathies is for the prenatal detection of disease, which can be identified by these means early in the first trimester of pregnancy. By ascertaining genotype rather than phenotype, the confusion that results from diagnostic errors should be diminished. DNA diagnostics are the future of all genetic disease detection and this future will soon be upon us.
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Loss of allelic heterozygosity at a second locus on chromosome 11 in sporadic Wilms' tumor cells. Mol Cell Biol 1989. [PMID: 2542777 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.4.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with associated Wilms' tumor, aniridia, genitourinary malformations, and mental retardation (WAGR syndrome) frequently have a cytogenetically visible germ line deletion of chromosomal band 11p13. In accordance with the Knudson hypothesis of two-hit carcinogenesis, the absence of this chromosomal band suggests that loss of both alleles of a gene at 11p13 causes Wilms' tumor. Consistent with this model, chromosomes from sporadically occurring Wilms' tumor cells frequently show loss of allelic heterozygosity at polymorphic 11p15 loci, and therefore it has been assumed that allelic loss extends proximally to include 11p13. We report here that in samples from five sporadic Wilms' tumors, allelic loss occurred distal to the WAGR locus on 11p13. In cells from one tumor, mitotic recombination occurred distal to the gamma-globin gene on 11p15.5. Thus, allelic loss in sporadic Wilms' tumor cells may involve a second locus on 11p.
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- H H Kazazian
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Reeve AE, Sih SA, Raizis AM, Feinberg AP. Loss of allelic heterozygosity at a second locus on chromosome 11 in sporadic Wilms' tumor cells. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:1799-803. [PMID: 2542777 PMCID: PMC362601 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.4.1799-1803.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with associated Wilms' tumor, aniridia, genitourinary malformations, and mental retardation (WAGR syndrome) frequently have a cytogenetically visible germ line deletion of chromosomal band 11p13. In accordance with the Knudson hypothesis of two-hit carcinogenesis, the absence of this chromosomal band suggests that loss of both alleles of a gene at 11p13 causes Wilms' tumor. Consistent with this model, chromosomes from sporadically occurring Wilms' tumor cells frequently show loss of allelic heterozygosity at polymorphic 11p15 loci, and therefore it has been assumed that allelic loss extends proximally to include 11p13. We report here that in samples from five sporadic Wilms' tumors, allelic loss occurred distal to the WAGR locus on 11p13. In cells from one tumor, mitotic recombination occurred distal to the gamma-globin gene on 11p15.5. Thus, allelic loss in sporadic Wilms' tumor cells may involve a second locus on 11p.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Reeve
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0650
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schroeder WA, Powars DR, Kay LM, Chan LS, Huynh V, Shelton JB, Shelton JR. Beta-cluster haplotypes, alpha-gene status, and hematological data from SS, SC, and S-beta-thalassemia patients in southern California. Hemoglobin 1989; 13:325-53. [PMID: 2473969 DOI: 10.3109/03630268909003397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The beta-gene-cluster haplotype and alpha-gene status were determined for 221 patients with sickle cell anemia, 41 with SC disease, and 21 with S-beta-thalassemia. Among SS patients, eleven beta S haplotypes were found in 21 combinations. Three haplotypes--the Benin (Ben) [---+-], the Central African Republic (CAR) [+---+], and the Senegal (Sen) [+- ]--comprise 61%, 21%, and 10% of the chromosomes, respectively. Cleavage at the Xmn I site 5' to the G gamma gene was observed only when the Senegalese arrangement was present. The linear correlation which exists between the absolute value of the G gamma chains and the Hb F for each haplotype combination suggests a feed-back mechanism which controls the G gamma to A gamma ratio and thus the Hb F level (or vice versa). The A gamma T chain was present with specific haplotypes [++-++] and [++-+-]. Heterozygous or homozygous alpha-thalassemia-2 was present in 36% of the SS patients and was randomly distributed among beta S-gene-cluster haplotypes. The variable levels of hemoglobin, MCV, Hb F, G gamma chains, and Hb A2 are in response to the heterogeneous genetic mix of the beta S-gene-cluster haplotypes and alpha-thalassemia-2 in American patients with sickle cell anemia. The influence of alpha-thalassemia-2 on the level of Hb F is dependent on the beta S-cluster haplotype. Hb A2 levels increased with decrease in the number of alpha genes. Among SC and S-beta-thalassemia patients the beta-cluster polymorphisms on the beta S chromosome were those commonly associated with the African origins of beta S haplotype. The haplotype [+--+-] was present on the C chromosome in 90% of the cases. Most beta-thalassemia chromosomes had haplotypes that matched the common African polymorphisms. An alpha-gene deletion was found in 29% of the SC and S-beta-thalassemia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W A Schroeder
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Embury SH. Advances in the prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. West J Med 1987; 147:580-3. [PMID: 3321713 PMCID: PMC1025949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
These discussions are selected from the weekly staff conferences in the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Taken from transcriptions, they are prepared by Drs Homer A. Boushey, Professor of Medicine, and David G. Warnock, Associate Professor of Medicine, under the direction of Dr Lloyd H. Smith, Jr, Professor of Medicine and Associate Dean in the School of Medicine. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The use of restriction endonucleases and DNA probes to expand the range of informative polymorphisms should be of immense value in the study of human populations. To date, this approach has been only minimally used, but results are available for markers in the major histocompatibility complex and the globin gene clusters. In addition, isolated studies using other probes have been published. The ease of the techniques involved, the rate at which new DNA polymorphisms are being found and the range of information provided should ensure that use of this approach expands rapidly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Summers
- Department of Human Genetics, Australian National University, Canberra
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Helentjaris T, Slocum M, Wright S, Schaefer A, Nienhuis J. Construction of genetic linkage maps in maize and tomato using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1986; 72:761-9. [PMID: 24248197 DOI: 10.1007/bf00266542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/1986] [Accepted: 05/08/1986] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Genetic linkage maps were constructed for both maize and tomato, utilizing restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) as the source of genetic markers. In order to detect these RFLPs, unique DNA sequence clones were prepared from either maize or tomato tissue and hybridized to Southern blots containing restriction enzyme-digested genomic DNA from different homozygous lines. A subsequent comparison of the RFLP inheritance patterns in F2 populations from tomato and maize permitted arrangement of the loci detected by these clones into genetic linkage groups for both species.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
DNA mapping with the restriction endonucleases, Hpa I and Mst II, has been used to investigate beta-globin gene polymorphism in the Saudi Arab population. Using Hpa I digestion, 13.0 kb and 7.6 kb fragments were found in association with the beta A and beta S genes. The frequency of the polymorphic forms in two regions investigated vary significantly. In Al-Hafouf and the surrounding villages, situated in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, the frequencies of association of the beta A gene with the Hpa I 7.6 kb, 7.0 kb, and 13.0 kb fragments were 0.866, 0.043, and 0.071, respectively. The frequency of association of beta S with the 7.6 kb and 13.0 kb fragments resulting from the Hpa I digestion were 0.875 and 0.125. In Khaiber, Tehamat-Aseer, and surrounding villages, in the Western Province, the frequency of association of beta A with 7.6 kb, 7.0 kb, and 13.0 kb fragments were 0.836, 0.027, and 0.0136, respectively, while that of beta S was 0.250 and 0.750 with 7.0 kb and 13.0 kb Hpa I fragments, respectively. Using Mst II digestion, beta A was found to be linked to a 1.15 kb fragment, while beta S was linked to a 1.35 kb fragment. The normal (Hb AA), heterozygotes (Hb AS), and homozygotes (Hb SS) gave 1.15, 1.15/1.35, and 1.35 kb fragments, respectively. The results of this study show extensive polymorphism at the Hpa I restriction site of the beta A and beta S globin genes with the different polymorphic forms existing at a variable frequency in different regions of Saudi Arabia.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technology promises to make an important contribution to the analysis and diagnosis of inherited human disease. Direct detection and analysis of various genetic defects at the DNA level are now possible using cloned gene or oligonucleotide probes. In addition, the use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with linked DNA segments should permit not only the diagnosis of hitherto undetectable disease states but also the chromosomal localization of the loci responsible. The eventual isolation of disease loci should lead to a better understanding of the molecular basis of inherited disease.
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Helentjaris T, King G, Slocum M, Siedenstrang C, Wegman S. Restriction fragment polymorphisms as probes for plant diversity and their development as tools for applied plant breeding. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1985; 5:109-118. [PMID: 24306570 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/1985] [Accepted: 05/08/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Maize and tomato cDNA clones have been hybridized in Southern blotting experiments to plant genomic DNA prepared from different lines to detect restriction fragment polymorphisms (RFPs). In maize we have found that a high degree of genetic variability is present, even among domestic inbred lines. Most randomly chosen maize cDNA clones can be used to detect elements of this variability. Similar levels of polymorphism are observed when genomic DNA is digested with any of a number of different restriction enzymes and probed with individual clones. When a clone is hybridized to genomic DNAs prepared from several different maize lines, a number of different alleles are often detected at a single locus. At the same time one clone can often detect more than one independently segregating locus by cross hybridization to related sequences at other loci. As expected these markers are inherited as simple codominant Mendelian alleles from one generation to the next and colinkage of these markers can be demonstrated in the progeny from a heterozygous parent. In similar studies with tomato, remarkably different results were found. Few RFPs were demonstrable among domestic Lycopersicon esculentum lines although a higher level of variability could be detected when comparing esculentum with its wild Lycopersicon relatives. These results are discussed in relation to the applied uses of RFPs in plant breeding as well as the inherent variability of different plant genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Helentjaris
- NPI, 417 Wakara Way, 84108, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Studencki AB, Conner BJ, Impraim CC, Teplitz RL, Wallace RB. Discrimination among the human beta A, beta S, and beta C-globin genes using allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization probes. Am J Hum Genet 1985; 37:42-51. [PMID: 2983543 PMCID: PMC1684544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic nonadecanucleotides complementary to the human beta A-, beta S-, or beta C-globin sequences were used as hybridization probes to screen human genomic DNA samples for these genes. The oligonucleotides were 32P-labeled and used as probes to genotype restriction endonuclease digests of human genomic DNA. The data obtained show that hybridization with oligonucleotide probes, unlike restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis or direct restriction enzyme digestion, can be used to directly distinguish among the three alleles of beta-globin, beta A, beta S, and beta C, when present either in one (heterozygous) or two copies.
Collapse
|
23
|
Fearon ER, Vogelstein B, Feinberg AP. Somatic deletion and duplication of genes on chromosome 11 in Wilms' tumours. Nature 1984; 309:176-8. [PMID: 6325939 DOI: 10.1038/309176a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the most provocative findings in tumour biology is the relationship between chromosomal changes and embryonal cancers in children. For example, children with the rare paediatric syndrome AGR triad (aniridia, genito-urinary abnormalities and mental retardation) often develop Wilms' tumours at a very early age and carry a germ-line deletion on the short arm of chromosome 11 (11p13). It has been suggested that the germ-line deletion 11p is the first of two or more steps to cancer in AGR children. If this were true, one might expect a similar deletion to arise somatically in the far more common isolated Wilms' tumours of children without AGR, as suggested by Knudson from epidemiological data. However, a chromosomal deletion on 11p was observed in only two of five such cases, while it was absent or seen inconsistently in others. We have now used a molecular genetic approach to determine whether Wilms' tumour cells possess somatic alterations at 11p loci. We have found somatic deletions of specific genes in four of six Wilms' tumours. Surprisingly, in all four cases, the deletions were associated with duplications leading to homozygosity of the non-deleted alleles in the tumour cells. As analogous observations were recently reported in retinoblastoma, the genetic events reported here may underlie the development of many such embryonal tumours in children.
Collapse
|
24
|
Horst J, Oehme R, Kleihauer E, Kohne E. Hemoglobin Köln: analysis of linkage relationships between the mutant gene and polymorphic restriction sites in the beta-globin gene cluster. BLUT 1984; 48:213-9. [PMID: 6324932 DOI: 10.1007/bf00319812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear DNA has been analyzed by means of restriction endonuclease mapping procedure to identify chromosomes that carry mutant Hb Köln beta-globin genes in a family with individuals heterozygous for this disease. Inherited DNA polymorphisms within the beta-globin gene cluster yielded a direct linkage of the Hb Köln mutation to haplotype constellations that are diagnostic for further offspring.
Collapse
|
25
|
Naylor SL, Sakaguchi AY, Barker D, White R, Shows TB. DNA polymorphic loci mapped to human chromosomes 3, 5, 9, 11, 17, 18, and 22. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:2447-51. [PMID: 6585809 PMCID: PMC345078 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.8.2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the techniques of Southern filter hybridization and somatic cell genetics, seven genomic DNA fragments recognizing DNA polymorphic loci were mapped to specific chromosomes and regions of chromosomes. The seven probes, isolated from human genomic libraries, lacked repetitive sequences and were hybridized to DNA isolated from a set of human-rodent somatic cell hybrids segregating human chromosomes. These probes detected DNA sequences on human chromosomes 3, 5, 9, 11, 17, 18, and 22. These DNA polymorphic sites, which occur in 10% or greater of the population, will serve as markers for linkage studies with known polymorphic loci as well as to establish linkage with disease loci.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromosomes, Human, 1-3
- Chromosomes, Human, 16-18
- Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y
- Chromosomes, Human, 4-5
- Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X
- Clone Cells
- DNA/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells/physiology
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- X Chromosome
Collapse
|
26
|
Cooper DN, Schmidtke J. DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms and heterozygosity in the human genome. Hum Genet 1984; 66:1-16. [PMID: 6321327 DOI: 10.1007/bf00275182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A list is presented of published reports of DNA polymorphisms found in the human genome by restriction enzyme analysis. While the list indicates the large number of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected to date, the information collated is insufficient to permit an estimate of heterozygosity for the genome as a whole. Data from our laboratory are therefore also presented on RFLPs detected using a random sample of cloned DNA segments. Such an analysis has permitted a first unbiassed estimate of heterozygosity for the human genome. Since this figure is an order of magnitude higher than previous estimates derived from protein data, the majority of polymorphic variation present in the human genome must, by implication, occur in noncoding sequences. In addition it was confirmed that enzymes containing the dinucleotide CpG in their recognition sequences detect more polymorphic variation than those that do not contain a CpG. Also presented are the clinical applications of DNA polymorphisms in the diagnosis of human genetic disease.
Collapse
|
27
|
Studencki AB, Wallace RB. Allele-specific hybridization using oligonucleotide probes of very high specific activity: discrimination of the human beta A- and beta S-globin genes. DNA (MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC.) 1984; 3:7-15. [PMID: 6365493 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1.1984.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The repair activity of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) was used to prepare nonadecanucleotide hybridization probes which were complementary either to the normal human beta-globin (beta A) or to the sickle cell human beta-globin (beta s) gene. Template-directed polymerization of highly radiolabeled alpha[32P]deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) onto nonamer and decamer primers produced probes with specific activities ranging from 1.0 X 10(10) to 2.0 X 10(10) dpm/micrograms. The extremely high specific activities of these probes made it possible to detect the beta A and beta S single-copy gene sequences in as little as 1 microgram of total human genomic DNA as well as to discriminate between the homozygous and heterozygous states.
Collapse
|
28
|
Giampaolo A, Mavilio F, Massa A, Gabbianelli M, Guerriero R, Sposi NM, Caré A, Cianciulli P, Tentori L, Marinucci M. Molecular heterogeneity of beta thalassaemia in the Italian population. Br J Haematol 1984; 56:79-85. [PMID: 6322833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1984.tb01273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-one subjects originating from Southern Italy and affected by Cooley's anaemia have been studied in order to define the degree of heterogeneity of beta thalassaemia mutations in this high incidence area. Restriction endonuclease mapping has been carried out on genomic DNA by the Southern blot technique both to exclude the existence of gross deletions or rearrangements and to establish the relative frequency of four polymorphic restriction sites (i.e. G gamma and A gamma Hind III, beta Ava II and beta Bam HI) within the gamma delta beta gene region. In 28 subjects unequivocal linkage of the four polymorphic sites has been determined leading to the identification of seven different chromosome haplotypes, six of which had previously been reported associated with specific beta(0) and beta(+) thalassaemia mutations. Globin chain synthesis studies on peripheral blood reticulocytes indicated that subjects carrying the same genotype may behave differently as far as the beta chain production is concerned relative to both the alpha and the non-alpha chains. Thus, beta thalassaemia turns out to be quite heterogeneous even in this limited geographical area. Beta(+) mutations appear to be predominant, particularly those affecting nuclear precursor RNA splicing to mature beta globin mRNA.
Collapse
|
29
|
Bruzdzinski CJ, Sisco KL, Ferrucci SJ, Rucknagel DL. The occurrence of the alpha G-Philadelphia-globin allele on a double-locus chromosome. Am J Hum Genet 1984; 36:101-9. [PMID: 6198906 PMCID: PMC1684377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hb G-Philadelphia, an alpha-globin allele, is expressed as either 20%, 30%, or 40% of the total hemoglobin. Restriction analyses published thus far have shown that among persons with 30% and 40% hemoglobin (Hb) G the alpha G allele is seen only in a single-locus haplotype. We now report the identification of a second haplotype in which the alpha G allele is found in tandem with an alpha A allele. This haplotype has been found present in DNA from the members of one family in which Hb G is expressed as 20% of the total hemoglobin, determined by both cellulose acetate electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Synthesis was balanced in all individuals. The identification of a variant alpha-globin allele in two distinct haplotypes presents the possibility of independent mutation. However, an alternative explanation cannot be ruled out; namely, that the original allele may have become distributed among the two haplotypes by unequal crossing-over.
Collapse
|
30
|
Beldjord C, Lapouméroulie C, Baird ML, Girot R, Adjrad L, Lenoir G, Benabadji M, Labie D. Four new haplotypes observed in Algerian beta-thalassemia patients. Hum Genet 1983; 65:204-6. [PMID: 6317540 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
beta-Thalassemia, a heterogeneous group of human anemias affecting the expression of beta-globin, is caused by a number of molecular defects. Restriction endonuclease mapping of ethnic populations has revealed many polymorphisms within and around the beta-like globin genes, combinations of which are assigned as haplotypes. Several haplotypes appear to be strongly linked with the molecular defects causing thalassemia in Greek and Italian patients (Orkin et al. 1982). We describe here haplotypes from 40 Algerian beta-thalassemic patients and eight normals determined by restriction endonuclease mapping at seven polymorphic sites. Four haplotypes previously unreported were observed in these thalassemic patients; this argues the existence in this population of undescribed beta-thalassemia alleles. The knowledge of the haplotypes in thalassemic families could be used for prenatal diagnosis of homozygote forms.
Collapse
|
31
|
Horst J, Oehme R, Kleihauer E, Kohne E. DNA restriction mapping identifies the chromosome carrying the mutant Hb Presbyterian beta-globin gene. Hum Genet 1983; 64:263-6. [PMID: 6309649 DOI: 10.1007/bf00279406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Restriction endonuclease mapping of cellular DNA has been used to identify chromosomes that carry the mutant Hb Presbyterian beta-globin genes in a family with individuals heterozygous for this disease. The presence of the polymorphic Hind III restriction site in the G gamma-globin gene and its absence in the A gamma-globin gene were shown to be in phase with the Hb Presbyterian mutation yielding a haplotype constellation that is diagnostic for any further affected offspring.
Collapse
|
32
|
Chakravarti A. Utility and efficiency of linked marker genes for genetic counseling. III. Proportion of informative families under linkage disequilibrium. Am J Hum Genet 1983; 35:592-610. [PMID: 6576632 PMCID: PMC1685725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A marker locus closely linked to a disease locus is often useful for genetic counseling provided that a counselee is heterozygous at both disease and marker loci. Furthermore, the linkage phase of these genes in the counselee must be known. When the linkage between the disease and marker loci is very close, one often finds linkage disequilibrium between the loci. To evaluate the effect of such nonrandom associations on the utility of linked marker genes for genetic counseling, the proportion of informative families is studied for X-linked recessive and autosomal dominant diseases. This proportion is higher for X-linked genes than for autosomal genes, if other factors are the same. In general, codominant markers are more useful than dominant markers. Also, under appropriate conditions, the proportion of informative families is higher when linkage disequilibrium is present. The results obtained in this paper are useful for evaluating the utility of polymorphic restriction endonuclease cleavage sites as markers in genetic counseling.
Collapse
|
33
|
Prochownik EV, Antonarakis S, Bauer KA, Rosenberg RD, Fearon ER, Orkin SH. Molecular heterogeneity of inherited antithrombin III deficiency. N Engl J Med 1983; 308:1549-52. [PMID: 6304514 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198306303082601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inherited antithrombin III deficiency is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism. Using recombinant-DNA techniques, we isolated a molecular probe for the antithrombin III structural gene and identified a common DNA polymorphism within the gene. We found that there is genetic heterogeneity in this disorder. In one family, the antithrombin III gene was deleted in affected members, whereas in another no deletion occurred. Use of the DNA polymorphism should allow identification and further characterization of abnormal antithrombin III genes.
Collapse
|
34
|
Boehm CD, Antonarakis SE, Phillips JA, Stetten G, Kazazian HH. Prenatal diagnosis using DNA polymorphisms. Report on 95 pregnancies at risk for sickle-cell disease or beta-thalassemia. N Engl J Med 1983; 308:1054-8. [PMID: 6300677 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198305053081803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymorphisms are normal inherited variations in DNA that can often be used to document the inheritance of genes that produce disease. In this report we summarize our experience with prenatal diagnosis in 95 pregnancies in which the fetus was at risk for a hemoglobinopathy; the diagnosis was performed with use of DNA polymorphisms located so near the beta-globin gene that they are inherited along with that gene. Of the 95 pregnancies, 57 involved fetuses at risk for sickle-cell anemia, 32 fetuses at risk for beta-thalassemia, and 6 fetuses at risk for other beta-chain hemoglobinopathies. Diagnosis was achieved solely by analysis of DNA polymorphisms in cells recovered by amniocentesis in 82 cases (86 per cent) and was completed by fetoscopy and fetal-blood study in an additional 6 cases (6 per cent). Prenatal diagnosis was proved correct in all 78 cases that have been available for confirmation to date. Our experience demonstrates that DNA polymorphisms can be useful for the prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases in which the basic defect cannot be directly detected.
Collapse
|
35
|
Lange K, Boehnke M. Some combinatorial problems of DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Am J Hum Genet 1983; 35:177-92. [PMID: 6301267 PMCID: PMC1685541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant DNA techniques provide a means of defining new polymorphisms at the DNA sequence level. Polymorphisms arise when individuals differ in the location and number of sites where restriction endonucleases can cleave their DNA. Each such site exhibits two possible states: one for the presence of a specific endonuclease recognition sequence, the other for its absence. The states of a system of adjacent sites can be revealed experimentally by cleaving a person's DNA into a set of fragments. For experimentally well-understood systems of sites, we consider problems of counting numbers of possible fragments, haplotypes, genotypes, and phenotypes, and the means of resolving phenotype-genotype ambiguities. The degree of polymorphism generated by such systems and the importance to gene mapping are discussed.
Collapse
|
36
|
Kohen G, Philippe N, Godet J. Polymorphism of the Hinf I restriction site located 1 Kb 5' to the human beta-globin gene. Hum Genet 1982; 62:121-3. [PMID: 6298094 DOI: 10.1007/bf00282298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mapping of the DNA from 14 Mediterranean subjects indicates a genetic variation in an Hinf I recognition site located 1 kilobase 5' to the beta-globin gene. This Hinf I site was found associated with eight beta-thalassemic genes and 11 normal beta genes, and hence is not specifically linked to beta-thalassemia.
Collapse
|
37
|
Orkin SH, Little PF, Kazazian HH, Boehm CD. Improved detection of the sickle mutation by DNA analysis: application to prenatal diagnosis. N Engl J Med 1982; 307:32-6. [PMID: 6176867 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198207013070106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
38
|
Chakravarti A, Nei M. Utility and efficiency of linked marker genes for genetic counseling. II. Identification of linkage phase by offspring phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet 1982; 34:531-51. [PMID: 6954847 PMCID: PMC1685357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
For a linked marker locus to be useful for genetic counseling, the counselee must be heterozygous for both disease and marker loci and his or her linkage phase must be known. It is shown that when the phenotypes of the counselee's previous children for the disease and marker loci are known, the linkage phase can often be inferred with a high probability, and thus it is possible to conduct genetic counseling. To evaluate the utility of linked marker genes for genetic counseling, the accuracy of prediction of the risk for a prospective child with a given marker gene to develop the genetic disease and the proportion of families in which a particular marker locus can be used for genetic counseling are studied for X-linked recessive, autosomal dominant, and autosomal recessive diseases. In the case of X-linked genetic diseases, information from children is very useful for determining the linkage phase of the counselee and predicting the genetic disease. In the case of autosomal dominant diseases, not all children are informative, but if the number of children is large, the phenotypes of children are often more informative than the information from grandparents. In the case of autosomal recessive diseases, information from grandparents is usually useless, since they show a normal phenotype for the disease locus. If we use information on the phenotypes of children, however, the linkage phase of the counselee and the risk of a prospective child can be inferred with a high probability. The proportion of informative families depends on the dominance relationship and frequencies of marker alleles, and the number of children. In general, codominant markers are more useful than are dominant markers, and a locus with high heterozygosity is more useful than is a locus with low heterozygosity.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
We have summarized a number of different genetic disorders which can be diagnosed at the DNA level using restriction endonuclease fragment analysis. A whole spectrum of defects can be recognized: point mutations, deletions, additions, and crossing-over products or hybrid genes. These same restriction endonuclease techniques can enable different genes to be marked by polymorphism patterns. Thus, abnormal genes can be identified even if their exact DNA lesion is unknown or cannot be directly detected. The progress that has been made with the hemoglobinopathies and the experience from this group of single gene disorders should find application to other diseases as soon as specific probes become available.
Collapse
|
40
|
Wilson JT, Milner PF, Summer ME, Nallaseth FS, Fadel HE, Reindollar RH, McDonough PG, Wilson LB. Use of restriction endonucleases for mapping the allele for beta s-globin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:3628-31. [PMID: 6285354 PMCID: PMC346476 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.11.3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported the direct analysis of the allele for beta 2-globin by using restriction endonuclease Dde I coupled with blot-hybridization analysis. In that report we predicted that a major use of our analysis could be for the prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Here we present such an analysis. In addition, this report also describes the use of a new enzyme Mst II, which also distinguish the beta s allele from the normal beta-globin allele. Blot-hybridization analysis with restriction endonuclease Mst II shows the 5' end of the normal beta-globin gene to reside on a fragment of approximately 1.14 kilobases, whereas the 5' end of the beta s-globin gene resides on a fragment of approximately 1.34 kilobases. Because the fragment sizes generated by Mst II are significantly larger than those generated by Dde I, one can easily perform a prenatal diagnosis for sickle cell by standard blot hybridizations onto nitrocellulose filters.
Collapse
|
41
|
Hill ME, Davies KE, Harper P, Williamson R. The Mendelian inheritance of a human X chromosome-specific DNA sequence polymorphism and its use in linkage studies of genetic disease. Hum Genet 1982; 60:222-6. [PMID: 6286461 DOI: 10.1007/bf00303007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant DNA sequence, lambda RB6, was isolated from a human X chromosome library and shown to be X-specific by hybridisation to DNA from a human-mouse somatic cell hybrid containing X as the only human chromosome. The cloned sequence was located on the long arm distal to Xq13 using a human-mouse somatic cell hybrid containing a partial human X chromosome. DNA samples isolated from control human females were digested with the restriction enzyme MspI, and analysed by "blotting" and hybridisation to the radioactive cloned DNA. Eight of 14 individuals from a random population showed a single hybridising band 7.5 kilobase pairs (kb) in length, but six showed an additional band 10.1 kb in length. DNA from 12 members of a family with X-linked thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency was analysed for the segregation of this polymorphism. The results show that the polymorphism is inherited in a Mendelian fashion, and that the disease locus is not closely linked to the polymorphic site. Such polymorphisms will be useful as markers for chromosome mapping and for the antenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases.
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Antonarakis SE, Boehm CD, Giardina PJ, Kazazian HH. Nonrandom association of polymorphic restriction sites in the beta-globin gene cluster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:137-41. [PMID: 6275383 PMCID: PMC345677 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.1.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
By using probes for epsilon-, Psibeta(1)-, and beta-globin genes, we found four additional polymorphic restriction sites that have frequencies >0.1 in persons of Mediterranean area origin, Asian Indians, and American Blacks. Three of these (HincII sites) and the two previously described polymorphic HindIII sites [one in intervening sequence (IVS) II of each gamma-globin gene] are distributed over 32 kilobases (kb) of DNA located 5' to the delta-globin gene. This region of DNA comprises two-thirds of the beta-globin gene cluster. Since each of these five polymorphic sites can be present (+) or absent (-), in theory there exist 32 possible combinations of sites (haplotypes). However, in Italians, Greeks, Indians, and Turks, 3 of the 32 haplotypes, (+----), (-+-++), and (-++-+), account for 92% of 89 beta(A) chromosomes examined. The observed frequencies for these haplotypes are 0.64, 0.15, and 0.13 in the populations studied, in contrast to expected frequencies (based on the observed gene frequencies at each of the five sites) of 0.20, 0.006, and 0.005, respectively. In American Blacks, a fourth haplotype, (----+), which is rare in non-Black populations, has a frequency of 0.37 in contrast to its expected frequency of 0.05. These results suggest a nonrandom association of DNA sequences over 32 kb 5' to the delta-globin gene in all populations studied. Two other polymorphic sites 3' to the delta gene (the newly discovered Ava II site in IVS II of the beta-globin gene and the BamHI site 3' to it) are nonrandomly associated with each other but randomly distributed with respect to the above haplotypes. This suggests that randomization of sequences has occurred within 12 kb of DNA between these two nonrandomly associated sequence clusters. Nonrandom association of polymorphic restriction sites has practical consequences in that it limits the usefulness of these additional HincII sites for prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies by linkage analysis. These sites provide little additional information for detection of beta-thalassemia, while the polymorphic Ava II site, which lies outside the nonrandomly associated sequences 5' to the delta gene, improves the test applicability from 52% to 70% of couples at risk.
Collapse
|
44
|
Boehm CD, Phillips JA, Antonarakis S, Kazazian HH. PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES BY RESTRICTION ANALYSIS: METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIENCE. Clin Genet 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-751860-2.50008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
45
|
Shows TB, Sakaguchi AY, Naylor SL. Mapping the human genome, cloned genes, DNA polymorphisms, and inherited disease. ADVANCES IN HUMAN GENETICS 1982; 12:341-452. [PMID: 6957143 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8315-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
46
|
|
47
|
Whitney JB, Martinell J, Popp RA, Russell LB, Anderson WF. Deletions in the alpha-globin gene complex in alpha-thalassemic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:7644-7. [PMID: 6950407 PMCID: PMC349325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.12.7644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Three induced, heritable mutations in the mouse cause alpha-thalassemias. The adult alpha-globin genes on each mutant chromosome are no longer expressed. Embryos heterozygous for one normal and any of the three mutant chromosomes also seem to be deficient in embryonic alpha-globin-like x-globin, suggesting that the x-globin gene is nearby and also inactivated. A normal genetic polymorphism for a specific EcoRI site in or around the mouse alpha-globin gene complex has been used here to show that each of the three mutated chromosomes has a deletion that includes the segment of a 12-kilobase EcoRI band which normally carries one of the two adult alpha-globin genes. The deletion of the comparable part of the second alpha-globin gene site is also inferred. Nonetheless, a 4.7-kilobase EcoRI segment which carries a characterized alpha-globin-like pseudogene is still present in each mutant. These mutations were recovered after triethylenemelamine or x-ray treatments.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Sickle cell anemia was detected antenatally by restriction analysis with the enzyme Dde I, which cleaves normal human DNA at the position corresponding to aminoacid number 6 of the beta-globin chain. This site is abolished by the mutation in sickle cell disease, and hence different-sized fragments are generated on digestion of normal and sickle genes with this enzyme. In a pregnancy at risk for sickle cell anaemia, digestion of DNA from cultured amniotic fluid cells revealed a pattern indicating the haemoglobin AA genotype. The diagnosis was later confirmed by fetal blood analysis. The test proved applicable to the sickle gene from Africa, Asia, The Middle East, and two Mediterranean countries.
Collapse
|
49
|
Ruddle FH. A new era in mammalian gene mapping: somatic cell genetics and recombinant DNA methodologies. Nature 1981; 294:115-20. [PMID: 6272118 DOI: 10.1038/294115a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian gene mapping techniques are now sufficiently advanced to contribute significantly to prenatal diagnosis and to human molecular genetics. Restriction fragment mapping can be used to place polymorphic genetic markers at random sites within the genome, and these sites used to assign genes responsible for disease conditions to a chromosomal region. Somatic cell genetic techniques can then be applied to saturate that region with additional restriction fragment markers, some of which will be closely linked to the disease gene. Closely linked restriction fragment markers, especially flanking pairs of markers, can act as predictors for the transmission of defective genes to offspring. A series of tightly linked flanking restriction markers might in addition contribute to the eventual isolation and cloning of the disease gene itself.
Collapse
|
50
|
Driscoll MC, Baird M, Bank A, Rachmilewitz EA. A new polymorphism in the human beta-globin gene useful in antenatal diagnosis. J Clin Invest 1981; 68:915-9. [PMID: 6270195 PMCID: PMC370878 DOI: 10.1172/jci110346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new polymorphism in the beta-globin is described, using the restriction enzyme Asu I. A radioactive probe specifically representing the large intervening sequence (IVS 2) of the beta-globin gene has been used to detect this polymorphism. Normally, a 0.8-kilobase fragment containing beta-IVS 2 is generated by Asu I; however, a 1.0-kilobase fragment is seen in association with 18% of beta A-genes, and 38% of beta-thalassemia genes in an Israeli population studied. By contrast, the Asu I polymorphism has rarely been seen in blacks examined to date. An additional Asu I change is seen the the delta-globin gene with a delta-IVS probe. The beta-Asu I polymorphism is shown to be useful in the antenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia.
Collapse
|