1
|
Sineshchekov VA. Two Distinct Molecular Types of Phytochrome A in Plants: Evidence of Existence and Implications for Functioning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098139. [PMID: 37175844 PMCID: PMC10179679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome (phy) system in plants comprising a small number of phytochromes with phyA and phyB as major ones is responsible for acquiring light information in the red-far-red region of the solar spectrum. It provides optimal strategy for plant development under changing light conditions throughout all its life cycle beginning from seed germination and seedling establishment to fruiting and plant senescence. The phyA was shown to participate in the regulation of this cycle which is especially evident at its early stages. It mediates three modes of reactions-the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR) and the high irradiance responses (HIR). The phyA is the sole light receptor in the far-red spectral region responsible for plant's survival under a dense plant canopy where light is enriched with the far-red component. Its appearance is believed to be one of the main factors of plants' successful evolution. So far, it is widely accepted that one molecular phyA species is responsible for its complex functional manifestations. In this review, the evidence of the existence of two distinct phyA types-major, light-labile and soluble phyA' and minor, relatively light-stable and amphiphilic phyA″-is presented as what may account for the diverse modes of phyA action.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sineshchekov VA. Two Distinct Molecular Types of Phytochrome A in Plants: Evidence of Existence and Implications for Functioning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8139. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome (phy) system in plants comprising a small number of phytochromes with phyA and phyB as major ones is responsible for acquiring light information in the red—far-red region of the solar spectrum. It provides optimal strategy for plant development under changing light conditions throughout all its life cycle beginning from seed germination and seedling establishment to fruiting and plant senescence. The phyA was shown to participate in the regulation of this cycle which is especially evident at its early stages. It mediates three modes of reactions—the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR) and the high irradiance responses (HIR). The phyA is the sole light receptor in the far-red spectral region responsible for plant’s survival under a dense plant canopy where light is enriched with the far-red component. Its appearance is believed to be one of the main factors of plants′ successful evolution. So far, it is widely accepted that one molecular phyA species is responsible for its complex functional manifestations. In this review, the evidence of the existence of two distinct phyA types—major, light-labile and soluble phyA′ and minor, relatively light-stable and amphiphilic phyA″—is presented as what may account for the diverse modes of phyA action.
Collapse
|
3
|
Igamberdiev AU, Eprintsev AT, Fedorin DN, Popov VN. Phytochrome-mediated regulation of plant respiration and photorespiration. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:290-299. [PMID: 23772790 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The expression of genes encoding various enzymes participating in photosynthetic and respiratory metabolism is regulated by light via the phytochrome system. While many photosynthetic, photorespiratory and some respiratory enzymes, such as the rotenone-insensitive NADH and NADPH dehydrogenases and the alternative oxidase, are stimulated by light, succinate dehydrogenase, subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, cytochrome oxidase and fumarase are inhibited via the phytochrome mechanism. The effect of light, therefore, imposes limitations on the tricarboxylic acid cycle and on the mitochondrial electron transport coupled to ATP synthesis, while the non-coupled pathways become activated. Phytochrome-mediated regulation of gene expression also creates characteristic distribution patterns of photosynthetic, photorespiratory and respiratory enzymes across the leaf generating different populations of mitochondria, either enriched by glycine decarboxylase (in the upper part) or by succinate dehydrogenase (in the bottom part of the leaf).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, A1B 3X9
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiong TC, Bourque S, Lecourieux D, Amelot N, Grat S, Brière C, Mazars C, Pugin A, Ranjeva R. Calcium signaling in plant cell organelles delimited by a double membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1209-15. [PMID: 17052770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Increases in the concentration of free calcium in the cytosol are one of the general events that relay an external stimulus to the internal cellular machinery and allow eukaryotic organisms, including plants, to mount a specific biological response. Different lines of evidence have shown that other intracellular organelles contribute to the regulation of free calcium homeostasis in the cytosol. The vacuoles, the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell wall constitute storage compartments for mobilizable calcium. In contrast, the role of organelles surrounded by a double membrane (e.g. mitochondria, chloroplasts and nuclei) is more complex. Here, we review experimental data showing that these organelles harbor calcium-dependent biological processes. Mitochondria, chloroplasts as well as nuclei are equipped to generate calcium signal on their own. Changes in free calcium in a given organelle may also favor the relocalization of proteins and regulatory components and therefore have a profound influence on the integrated functioning of the cell. Studying, in time and space, the dynamics of different components of calcium signaling pathway will certainly give clues to understand the extraordinary flexibility of plants to respond to stimuli and mount adaptive responses. The availability of technical and biological resources should allow breaking new grounds by unveiling the contribution of signaling networks in integrative plant biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tou-Cheu Xiong
- UMR CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier 5546, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville BP42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Hepler
- Department of Biology Plant Biology Graduate Program University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reina FG, Pascual LA, Fundora IA. Influence of a stationary magnetic field on water relations in lettuce seeds. Part II: experimental results. Bioelectromagnetics 2001; 22:596-602. [PMID: 11748678 DOI: 10.1002/bem.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An experimental study on water absorption by lettuce seeds previously treated in a stationary magnetic field of 0-10 mT is presented. A significant increase in the rate with which the seeds absorb water is observed in the interval 0-10 mT of magnetic treatment. An increment in the total mass of absorbed water in this interval is also observed. These results are consistent with the reports on the increase of germination rate of the seeds, and the theoretical calculation of the variations induced by magnetic fields in the ionic currents across the cellular membrane. The fields originate in changes in the ionic concentration and thus in the osmotic pressure which regulates the entrance of water to the seeds. The good correlation between the theoretical approach and experimental results provides strong evidence that the magnetic field alters the water relations in seeds, and this effect may be the explanation of the reported alterations in germination rate of seeds by the magnetic field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F G Reina
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Ciego de Avila, Carretera de Moron, Km. 9 Ciego de Avila, Cuba.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Edmunds LN, Carré IA, Tamponnet C, Tong J. The role of ions and second messengers in circadian clock function. Chronobiol Int 1992; 9:180-200. [PMID: 1319285 DOI: 10.3109/07420529209064529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The fact that single cells can exhibit circadian rhythmicity simultaneously in quite different processes, such as those of photosynthesis, bioluminescence, and cell division, suggests that membrane-bound compartmentalization is important for temporal organization. Since these rhythms, as well as others, are known to be affected by changes in the ionic environment and are probably membrane-bound systems, it is not surprising that transmembrane ion transport or flux has been proposed to be a key feature of the underlying circadian oscillator(s). Likewise, signal transduction along the entrainment pathway leading to the clock, among the elements, or "gears," of the timing loop itself, and within the output pathway between the oscillator and its "hands" likely is mediated by ions and second messengers. In this overview, we examine the theoretical and experimental evidence supporting the possible roles of intracellular free calcium and cyclic AMP in these capacities, particularly in view of the fact that oscillations in the concentrations of both species have been proposed to form the basis of pacemaker activity and other biological rhythms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L N Edmunds
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Palme K. Molecular analysis of plant signaling elements: relevance of eukaryotic signal transduction models. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1992; 132:223-83. [PMID: 1555920 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Palme
- Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzüchtung, Köln, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Romero LC, Sommer D, Gotor C, Song PS. G-proteins in etiolated Avena seedlings. Possible phytochrome regulation. FEBS Lett 1991; 282:341-6. [PMID: 1903719 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of light signal transduction in plants mediated by the photosensor phytochrome is not well understood. The possibility that phytochrome initiates the signal transduction chain by modulating a G-protein-like receptor is examined in the present work. Etiolated Avena seedlings contain G-proteins as examined in terms of the binding of GTP as well as by cross-reaction with mammalian G-protein antibodies. The binding of GTP was regulated in vivo by red/far-red light. The possible involvement of G-proteins in the phytochrome-mediated signal transduction in etiolated Avena seedlings has been implicated from the study of the light regulated expression of the Cab and phy genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Romero
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Photobiology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68588-0304
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tamponnet C, Edmunds LN. Entrainment and Phase-Shifting of the Circadian Rhythm of Cell Division by Calcium in Synchronous Cultures of the Wild-Type Z Strain and of the ZC Achlorophyllous Mutant of Euglena gracilis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1990; 93:425-31. [PMID: 16667483 PMCID: PMC1062529 DOI: 10.1104/pp.93.2.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell division in exponentially increasing populations of the wild-type, photosynthetic Z strain of Euglena gracilis Klebs cultured autotrophically on an aerated, magnetically stirred, minimal mineral medium (pH 7.0) in constant light (LL) or in a light-dark 1 hour:1 hour cycle (LD:1,1) at 25 degrees C could be synchronized by a 10-hour:10-hour low (2 micromolar):normal (200 micromolar) cycle in the concentration of external calcium. Similar results were obtained with the photosynthesis-deficient, achlorophyllous ZC mutant cultured in darkness at 16 degrees C on mineral medium supplemented with 0.1% ethanol as a carbon source; even a single low-Ca(2+) (2 micromolar) pulse was effective in eliciting synchrony. In contrast, whereas the 20-hour entrained rhythm of cell division in ZC then free-ran with a circadian period (tau = 26 hours) for many cycles after the imposed calcium regimen was discontinued, division rhythmicity did not persist in the Z strain in LL. The rhythm in wild-type cultures (free-running in LD:1,1) could be phase-shifted by a single 2-hour increase (from 200 micromolar to 10 millimolar; HiCa) or decrease (from 200-2 micromolar; LoCa) in external Ca(2+) concentration (varied by the addition of CaCl(2) or EDTA, respectively, to the medium). Pulses were terminated by returning the cells to medium containing 200 micromolar Ca(2+) (the normal concentration), and the steady-state phase-shifts engendered (if any) after transients had subsided were calculated with reference to an unperturbed culture. For both HiCa and LoCa pulses given at different circadian times, strong (type 0) phase-response curves (PRCs) were obtained, but although the LoCa PRC was the same as that obtained for light signals, the HiCa PRC was the opposite (a mirror image). These results implicate calcium in clock function, although it is likely that only a small portion of the total intracellular Ca(2+) ion is playing a role since the period of the division rhythm in cultures grown in the continuous presence of excess Ca(2+) or under LoCa was not altered significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Tamponnet
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schönbohm E, Meyer-Wegener J, Schönbohm E. No evidence for Ca2+ influx as an essential link in the signal transduction chains of either light-oriented chloroplast movements or Pfr-mediated chloroplast anchorage in Mougeotia. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(90)85049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
Characterization of phytochrome-regulated gene expression in a photoautotrophic cell suspension: possible role for calmodulin. Mol Cell Biol 1990. [PMID: 2689868 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.11.4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A photoautotrophic suspension culture of soybeans was found to exhibit light-dependent expression of the genes encoding the major chlorophyll a- and b-binding protein (CAB). The expression was mediated by phytochrome, since it was induced by red light and reversed by far-red light. The maximal level as well as the kinetics of the induction were comparable between the suspension culture and soybean seedlings. Using this cell culture, we addressed the question of whether a calcium- and/or calmodulin-mediated step is involved in the signal transduction process between phytochrome and CAB expression. We found that W-7, a potent calmodulin antagonist, severely attenuated the induction of CAB mRNA by light, whereas W-5, a weak calmodulin antagonist, had little effect. Control experiments demonstrated that W-7 treatment did not block the induction of hsp-75 by heat shock. The addition of ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, induced a low level of CAB mRNA accumulation in the dark which could be further enhanced by light treatment. We propose that calmodulin activation by light is necessary but not sufficient to induce maximal CAB expression.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lam E, Benedyk M, Chua NH. Characterization of phytochrome-regulated gene expression in a photoautotrophic cell suspension: possible role for calmodulin. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:4819-23. [PMID: 2689868 PMCID: PMC363631 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.11.4819-4823.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A photoautotrophic suspension culture of soybeans was found to exhibit light-dependent expression of the genes encoding the major chlorophyll a- and b-binding protein (CAB). The expression was mediated by phytochrome, since it was induced by red light and reversed by far-red light. The maximal level as well as the kinetics of the induction were comparable between the suspension culture and soybean seedlings. Using this cell culture, we addressed the question of whether a calcium- and/or calmodulin-mediated step is involved in the signal transduction process between phytochrome and CAB expression. We found that W-7, a potent calmodulin antagonist, severely attenuated the induction of CAB mRNA by light, whereas W-5, a weak calmodulin antagonist, had little effect. Control experiments demonstrated that W-7 treatment did not block the induction of hsp-75 by heat shock. The addition of ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, induced a low level of CAB mRNA accumulation in the dark which could be further enhanced by light treatment. We propose that calmodulin activation by light is necessary but not sufficient to induce maximal CAB expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Lam
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moysset L, Simon E. Role of Calcium in Phytochrome-Controlled Nyctinastic Movements of Albizzia lophantha Leaflets. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 90:1108-14. [PMID: 16666859 PMCID: PMC1061851 DOI: 10.1104/pp.90.3.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of Ca(2+) on phytochrome-controlled nyctinastic closure in Albizzia lophantha has been studied by testing the effect of the calcium ionophore 6S-[6alpha(2S(*),3S(*)),8beta(R(*)),9beta,11alpha]-5- methyl-amino)-2-[[3,9,11-trimethyl-8-[-1-methyl-2-oxo-2-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl) ethyl]-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]-undec-2yl] methyl]-4-benzoxazolecarboxylic acid (A23187) and the intracellular calcium antagonist 8-(diethylamino)octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride (TMB-8). An external supply of Ca(2+) or calcium ionophore A23187 to the Albizzia leaflets emulates the effect of red light irradiation and counteracts the inhibitory effect of far red light. The intracellular calcium antagonist TMB-8 supplied to Albizzia leaflets inhibits the effect of red light, but had no effect on far red irradiated plants. This suggests a dependence between phytochrome action and intracellular free Ca(2+). We suggest that calcium acts as a phytochrome messenger on control of ion fluxes that drive turgor changes in pulvinular motor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Moysset
- Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
CORDONNIER MARIEMICHÈLE. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: MOLECULAR PROBES FOR THE STUDY OF PHYTOCHROME. Photochem Photobiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb05579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
16
|
Takagi S, Nagai R. Light-affected ca fluxes in protoplasts from vallisneria mesophyll cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1988; 88:228-32. [PMID: 16666272 PMCID: PMC1055554 DOI: 10.1104/pp.88.1.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In Vallisneria gigantea Graebner mesophyll cells, red light irradiation induces cytoplasmic streaming by decreasing the Ca(2+) concentration in the cytoplasm, while far-red light irradiation inhibits it by increasing the concentration (S Takagi, R Nagai 1985 Plant Cell Physiol 26: 941-951). To examine the effects of light irradiation on Ca(2+) fluxes across the cell membrane, protoplasts are isolated from the mesophyll cells. Changes in Ca(2+) concentration in a solution bathing the protoplasts are monitored by spectrophotometry, using the Ca(2+) -sensitive dye murexide. Red light irradiation induces an increase in Ca(2+) concentration, which means an efflux of Ca(2+) from the protoplasts. Subsequent far-red light irradiation produces a rapid decrease in Ca(2+) concentration down to the dark control level; however, this is not observed in the presence of the Ca(2+) -channel blocker nifedipine. Vanadate inhibits both the streaming and the Ca(2+) efflux induced by red light irradiation. The results suggest that red light and far-red light control Ca(2+) movements across the cell membrane, which in turn regulate the streaming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Takagi
- Department of Biology, College of General Education, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Miernyk JA, Fang TK, Randall DD. Calmodulin antagonists inhibit the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
18
|
Roux SJ, Serlin BS. Cellular mechanisms controlling light-stimulated gravitropism: role of calcium. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES 1987; 5:205-236. [PMID: 11537645 DOI: 10.1080/07352688709382240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Roux
- Department of Botany, The University of Texas, Austin
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstracts. Photochem Photobiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1985.tb08912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Ferguson IB, Reid MS, Romani RJ. Effects of low temperature and respiratory inhibitors on calcium flux in plant mitochondria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1985; 77:877-80. [PMID: 16664154 PMCID: PMC1064623 DOI: 10.1104/pp.77.4.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of low temperature on uptake and release of (45)Ca(2+) were studied with sound, well-coupled mitochondria extracted at room temperature from avocado (Persea americana Mill, cv Fuerte) fruits. Low Ca(2+) concentrations (10 micromolar) were employed to simulate physiological conditions. At 25 degrees C, the rate of Ca(2+) uptake decreased with time, whereas at 5 degrees C the initial rate, though lower, remained linear. As a consequence total uptake at 5 degrees C was substantially greater than at 25 degrees C for periods greater than 5 min. Preincubation of mitochondria at 5 degrees C enhanced subsequent Ca(2+) uptake at 25 degrees C. Ca(2+) uptake was inhibited by carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and by ruthenium red, but neither KCN nor salicylhydroxamic acid separately or together had any major inhibitory effect. Preloaded mitochondria held for 60 min in a Ca-free medium lost little Ca(2+) at 25 degrees C and none at 5 degrees C, except in the presence of ruthenium red or CCCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I B Ferguson
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wayne R, Hepler PK. Red Light Stimulates an Increase in Intracellular Calcium in the Spores of Onoclea sensibilis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1985; 77:8-11. [PMID: 16664033 PMCID: PMC1064446 DOI: 10.1104/pp.77.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Red light (R) stimulates an increase in the total concentration of intracellular calcium in the spores of Onoclea sensibilis L. as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Subsequent exposure to far-red light inhibits the R-induced increase in intracellular calcium. The majority of the increase occurs 5 minutes after the onset of irradiation. The calcium antagonist, La(3+), inhibits both germination and the R-induced increase in intracellular calcium. The R-induced increase in calcium is sufficient to account for an increase in the concentration of intracellular calcium ions from 0.1 micromolar to 1 to 10 micromolar. Large detectable changes in other elements tested are not required for germination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Wayne
- Department of Botany, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Serlin BS, Roux SJ. Modulation of chloroplast movement in the green alga Mougeotia by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and by calmodulin antagonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:6368-72. [PMID: 11536594 PMCID: PMC391925 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.20.6368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+ ionophore A23187 can induce chloroplast rotation within a single nonirradiated Mougeotia cell. The induced turning was dependent on the position of ionophore application and Ca2+ in the external medium. The role of calmodulin in mediating light-induced chloroplast rotation in the alga Mougeotia was investigated by using the paired calmodulin-antagonist drugs W5-W7 and W12-W13. In each pair, the antagonist with the greater affinity for calmodulin had the greater inhibitor effect on the phytochrome-controlled light response. These results support the hypothesis that calcium functions as a chemical messenger to couple the stimulus of phytochrome photoactivation with physiological responses in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Serlin
- Department of Botany, The University of Texas, Austin 78713, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yamaya T, Oaks A, Matsumoto H. Stimulation of Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake by Light during Growth of Corn Shoots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1984; 75:773-7. [PMID: 16663702 PMCID: PMC1066991 DOI: 10.1104/pp.75.3.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+) uptake in mitochondrial fractions, isolated on Percoll discontinuous density gradients, from light- and dark-grown corn (Zea mays L. var W64A x W182E) shoots was characterized by dual wavelength spectroscopy and the Ca(2+)-sensitive dye murexide. In light-grown seedlings, the rate of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake was about 40 nanomoles per minute per milligram of mitochondrial protein. A portion of the Ca(2+) uptake required an exogenous supply of ATP (65%) while the remaining 35% was the respiratory substrate-dependent reaction. Ruthenium red (2 micromolar) completely inhibited both ATP- and substrate-dependent reactions. There was no detectable Ca(2+) efflux from the mitochondria with the inhibitor. When the mitochondrial fraction was prepared from the dark-grown shoots, the rate of uptake, in particular the ATP-dependent reaction, was greatly reduced. The dark treatment caused a reduction in mitochondrial Ca content which is largely due to the reduction of Ca associated with the mitochondrial membrane rather than to a reduction of Ca in the soluble matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Yamaya
- Institute for Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Okayama 710, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Biro RL, Daye S, Serlin BS, Terry ME, Datta N, Sopory SK, Roux SJ. Characterization of oat calmodulin and radioimmunoassay of its subcellular distribution. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1984; 75:382-6. [PMID: 16663631 PMCID: PMC1066917 DOI: 10.1104/pp.75.2.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A protein identifiable as calmodulin has been isolated from oat (Avena sativa, var Garry) tissues. This protein is relatively heat stable, binds to hydrophobic gels, and phenothiazines in a calcium-dependent fashion, and binds to antibody to rat testes calmodulin. Based on its migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, ultraviolet absorption spectrum, and amino acid composition, oat calmodulin is essentially identical to calmodulin isolated from other higher plants. Radioimmunoassays indicate that calmodulin is associated with isolated oat protoplasts, mitochondria, etioplasts, and nuclei and also appears to be a component of oat cell wall fractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Biro
- Department of Botany, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Serlin BS, Sopory SK, Roux SJ. Modulation of oat mitochondrial ATPase activity by CA2+ and phytochrome. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1984; 74:827-833. [PMID: 11541960 PMCID: PMC1066776 DOI: 10.1104/pp.74.4.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The activity of a Mg(2+)-dependent ATPase present in highly purified preparations of Avena mitochondria was photoreversibly modulated by red/far-red light treatments. These results were obtained either with mitochondria isolated from plants irradiated with white light prior to the extraction or with mitochondria isolated from unirradiated plants only when purified phytochrome was exogenously added to the reaction mixture. Red light, which converts phytochrome to the far red-absorbing form (Pfr) depressed the ATPase activity, and far-red light reversed this effect. Addition of exogenous CaCl2 also depressed the ATPase activity, and the kinetics of inhibition were similar to the kinetics of the Pfr effects on the ATPase. The calcium chelator, ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-amino-ethyl ether)-N,N' -tetraacetic acid, blocked the effects of both CaCl2 and Pfr on the ATPase. These results are consistent with the interpretation that Pfr promotes a release of Ca2+ from the mitochondrial matrix, thereby inducing an increase in the concentration of intermembranal and extramitochondrial Ca2+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Serlin
- Department of Botany, The University of Texas at Austin 78712, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wayne R, Hepler PK. The role of calcium ions in phytochrome-mediated germination of spores of Onoclea sensibilis L. PLANTA 1984; 160:12-20. [PMID: 24258366 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/1983] [Accepted: 09/26/1983] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome is confirmed to be the photoreceptor pigment in the germination response of Onoclea sensibilis L. by demonstrating red-far-red (R-FR) photoreversibility. External Ca(2+) is required for this response with a threshold at a submicromolar concentration. Ethylene glycol-bis(β-amino-ethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, La(3+) and Co(2+) reversibly inhibit germination. Lanthanum only inhibits germination when applied before or during irradiation, indicating that the external Ca(2+) requirement is transient, although in the absence of Ca(2+) the R-stimulated system remains maximally poised to accept the ion for over 4 h after irradiation. The ability to respond to Ca(2+) 4.1 h after R-irradiation is not reversed by FR-irradiation, indicating that Ca(2+) transport has been uncoupled from phytochrome. Barium and Sr(2+), but not Mg(2+) can substitute for Ca(2+). Artificially increasing the concentration of intracellular free Ca(2+) with the ionophore A 23187 stimulates germination in the dark. The Ca(2+)-calmodulin antagonists, trifluoperizine and chlorpromazine, reversibly inhibit germination. Calcium is required in phytochrome-mediated fern spore germination; it may be acting as a second messenger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Wayne
- Department of Botany, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Elliott DC, Batchelor SM, Cassar RA, Marinos NG. Calmodulin-binding drugs affect responses to cytokinin, auxin, and gibberellic Acid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1983; 72:219-24. [PMID: 16662964 PMCID: PMC1066199 DOI: 10.1104/pp.72.1.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Trifluoperazine, a phenothiazine tranquilizer, and tetracaine, a local anesthetic, have been found to inhibit a variety of plant hormone responses at concentrations compatible with their known inhibition of Ca(2+)-calmod-ulin-dependent enzyme activities. Among these responses are cytokinin-dependent betacyanin synthesis and increase in fresh weight in Amaranthus tricolor cotyledons, auxin-dependent increase in length of wheat coleoptile segments and gibberellic acid-dependent induction of alpha-amylase synthesis in barley aleurone layers. The reversibility of some of these inhibitory effects has been demonstrated, indicating that, up to a point, a generalized membrane destruction can be ruled out. The evidence, taken in conjunction with numerous examples from the literature showing calcium involvement in the action of all of the plant hormones, support a unifying theory of hormone action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Elliott
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Georgevich G, Roux SJ. PERMEABILITY AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES INDUCED BY PHYTOCHROME IN LIPID VESICLES. Photochem Photobiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1982.tb09487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
29
|
Cooke TJ, Racusen RH. Cell expansion in the filamentous gametophyte of the fernOnoclea sensibilis L. PLANTA 1982; 155:449-458. [PMID: 24272109 DOI: 10.1007/bf01607567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/1981] [Accepted: 05/22/1982] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous gametophytes of the fernO. sensibilis were exposed to paired combinations of light of different qualities, hormones and cations in the attempt to elucidate the underlying processes that regulate cell expansion. Simultaneous treatments with high-pH buffers or the auxin antagonistp-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid abolished blue-light-mediated expansion but did not influence growth in red light. In contrast, the red-light response was preferentially altered by the ethylene absorbant KMnO4 or the Ca(2+) chelator ethyleneglycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid. The Ca(2+) ionophore A23187 caused a significant reduction in cell expansion under both blue and red irradiation. A marked promotion of expansion was mediated by high concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid, but this effect was dependent on the presence of low-pH buffers. The ethylene-generating agent 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid decreased the magnitudes of both photoresponses; this inhibition was further enhanced by high Ca(2+) concentrations. These findings and those with other plants are interpreted in terms of two independent control mechanisms for cell expansion: 1) a blue light photoreceptor-auxin-hydrogen ion system, and 2) a phytochrome-ethylene-calcium ion system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Cooke
- Department of Botany, University of Maryland, 20742, College Park, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|