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Jones BW, Song GJ, Greuber EK, Hinkle PM. Phosphorylation of the endogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor in pituitary GH3 cells and pituitary tissue revealed by phosphosite-specific antibodies. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12893-906. [PMID: 17329249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610854200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To study phosphorylation of the endogenous type I thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor in the anterior pituitary, we generated phosphosite-specific polyclonal antibodies. The major phosphorylation site of receptor endogenously expressed in pituitary GH3 cells was Thr(365) in the receptor tail; distal sites were more phosphorylated in some heterologous models. beta-Arrestin 2 reduced thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated inositol phosphate production and accelerated internalization of the wild type receptor but not receptor mutants where the critical phosphosites were mutated to Ala. Phosphorylation peaked within seconds and was maximal at 100 nm TRH. Based on dominant negative kinase and small interfering RNA approaches, phosphorylation was mediated primarily by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. Phosphorylated receptor, visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy, was initially at the plasma membrane, and over 5-30 min it moved to intracellular vesicles in GH3 cells. Dephosphorylation was rapid (t((1/2)) approximately 1 min) if agonist was removed while receptor was at the surface. Dephosphorylation was slower (t((1/2)) approximately 4 min) if agonist was withdrawn after receptor had internalized. After agonist removal and dephosphorylation, a second pulse of agonist caused extensive rephosphorylation, particularly if most receptor was still on the plasma membrane. Phosphorylated receptor staining was visible in prolactin- and thyrotropin-producing cells in rat pituitary tissue from untreated rats and much stronger in tissue from animals injected with TRH. Our results show that the TRH receptor can rapidly cycle between a phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated state in response to changing agonist concentrations and that phosphorylation can be used as an indicator of receptor activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Yu R, Hinkle PM. Effect of cell type on the subcellular localization of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 51:785-93. [PMID: 9145916 DOI: 10.1124/mol.51.5.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The localization of an epitope-tagged receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) expressed in different cell contexts was studied with immunofluorescence microscopy. In pituitary lactotrophs, which normally express TRH receptors, and in AtT20 pituitary corticotrophs, TRH receptor immunoreactivity was primarily confined to the plasma membrane. In HEK 293 and COS7 cells, TRH receptors were predominantly intracellular. In transiently transfected COS7 cells, the TRH receptor colocalized with endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi markers. The pattern of TRH receptor immunofluorescence was the same over a wide range of receptor expression in transiently transfected COS7 cells, and all cell lines bound similar amounts of 3H- and rhodamine-labeled TRH analogs, suggesting that cell-specific differences in TRH receptor localization were not simply the result of overexpression. In all cell contexts, TRH receptors on the plasma membrane underwent extensive ligand-driven endocytosis. Inhibitors of glycosylation did not alter the subcellular distribution of receptors. In HEK 293 cells expressing the transfected TRH receptor, protein synthesis inhibitors caused translocation of intracellular receptors to the cell surface, as shown by a marked increase in cell surface immunofluorescence and [3H][N3-methyl-His2]TRH binding. These results demonstrate that the subcellular localization of the TRH receptor depends on the cell context in which it is expressed and that intracellular receptors are capable of translocation to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642, USA
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Gaudriault G, Nouel D, Dal Farra C, Beaudet A, Vincent JP. Receptor-induced internalization of selective peptidic mu and delta opioid ligands. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:2880-8. [PMID: 9006932 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.5.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding and internalization of radioiodinated and fluorescent mu and delta opioid peptides in mammalian cells were quantitatively studied by biochemical techniques and directly visualized by confocal microscopy. The labeled peptides were prepared by inserting either a 125I-Bolton-Hunter group or a fluorescent probe into the C-terminal part of 5-aminopentylamide derivatives of deltorphin-I and [Lys7]dermorphin. The purified derivatives kept most of their specificity and selectivity toward delta and mu opioid receptors, respectively. Biochemical and confocal microscopy data showed that both mu and delta opioid peptides were internalized in mammalian cells transfected with the corresponding opioid receptor according to a receptor-mediated mechanism. The internalization process was time- and temperature-dependent and was completely blocked by the endocytosis inhibitor phenylarsine oxyde. Internalization of both delta and mu ligands occurred from a single large cap at one pole of the cell, indicating that polymerization of ligand-receptor complexes preceeded internalization. Finally, green and red fluorescent analogues of deltorphin-I and [Lys7]dermorphin, respectively, were found to internalize through partly distinct endocytic pathways in cells co-transfected with mu and delta receptors, suggesting that each of these receptors interacts with distinct proteins mediating intracellular sorting and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gaudriault
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UPR 411, 660, Route des lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France
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Ashworth R, Yu R, Nelson EJ, Dermer S, Gershengorn MC, Hinkle PM. Visualization of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor and its ligand during endocytosis and recycling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:512-6. [PMID: 7831321 PMCID: PMC42771 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.2.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis and recycling of both thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its G-protein-coupled receptor were visualized by conventional and confocal fluorescence microscopy in pituitary cells using a rhodamine-labeled TRH analog (Rhod-TRH) and indirect immunofluorescent staining of cells stably transfected with an epitope-tagged TRH receptor (TRHR). The epitope-tagged TRHR was confined to the cell surface prior to agonist treatment. Both Rhod-TRH and TRHR were also localized on the plasma membrane after agonist binding at 0 degrees C. Ligand binding at 37 degrees C resulted in rapid endocytosis, and both Rhod-TRH and the epitope-tagged TRHR appeared in cytoplasmic vesicles within 5 min. Fluorescently labeled TRH and transferrin colocalized in the same endocytotic vesicles, and internalization of Rhod-TRH and TRHR was inhibited by hypertonic medium, suggesting that endocytosis occurred by a clathrin-dependent mechanism. Internalized TRHRs returned to the membrane within 20 min after removal of TRH, and cycloheximide did not block receptor recycling. A mutant TRHR truncated at Cys335 signaled but did not internalize Rhod-TRH, confirming the importance of the carboxyl terminus of the TRHR in receptor-mediated endocytosis. Thus, the TRH-TRHR complex is endocytosed via clathrin-coated vesicles and the receptor is recycled to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ashworth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone activates Ca2+ efflux. Evidence suggesting that a plasma membrane Ca2+ pump is an effector for a G-protein-coupled Ca(2+)-mobilizing receptor. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Gershengorn MC. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor: cloning and regulation of its expression. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1993; 48:341-63. [PMID: 8382829 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571148-7.50016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Gershengorn
- Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York
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Brady KD, Tashjian AH. Synthesis and characterization of a high-affinity photoactivatable analogue of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Biochem J 1992; 281 ( Pt 1):179-84. [PMID: 1310004 PMCID: PMC1130658 DOI: 10.1042/bj2810179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An analogue of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, pGlu-His-ProNH2), i.e. pGlu-His-ProNH-(CH2)6-(4-azidosalicylamide) (TRH-ASA), has been synthesized and, in a radioiodinated form (TRH-IASA), characterized and used as a photoaffinity reagent to label the TRH receptor on rat pituitary GH4C1 cells. TRH-IASA bound to GH4C1 cells with high affinity (Kd = 8 nM), comparable with that of TRH binding. The binding of TRH-IASA was competitive with binding of TRH, two TRH analogues and a TRH receptor antagonist, chlordiazepoxide. TRH-IASA did not bind to or label GH12C1 cells, which lack functional TRH receptors. Labelling of GH4C1 cells with TRH-IASA followed by SDS/PAGE and autoradiography of membrane proteins demonstrated labelling of a single polypeptide which ran as a diffuse band between 71 and 91 kDa, centred at 76 kDa. No change in this labelling pattern was observed as a function of the length of time (between 5 min and 2 h) that GH4C1 cells were incubated with 3 nM-TRH-IASA. Using either a very short (5 s) photolysis interval or low TRH-IASA concentrations, only the 76 kDa band was labelled. Minor bands appeared only after extended photolysis and use of high TRH-IASA concentrations. We conclude that the TRH receptor from rat pituitary GH4C1 cells is a single peptide with an apparent molecular mass of 76 kDa. Details of the chemical synthesis of TRH-ASA are given in Supplementary Publication SUP 50167 (5 pages), which has been deposited at the British Library Document Supply Centre, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1992) 281, 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Brady
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
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Gershengorn MC, Oron Y, Straub RE. Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with mammalian pituitary mRNA as a model system for study of thyrotropin-releasing hormone action. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT : PUBLISHED UNDER AUSPICES OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ZOOLOGISTS AND THE DIVISION OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 4:78-83. [PMID: 1974807 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402560414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Gershengorn
- Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York
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HINKLE PATRICIAM. Pituitary TRH Receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb54485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Hinkle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642
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Expression of Mammalian Plasma Membrane Receptors in Xenopus Oocytes: Studies of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Action. GENE PROBES 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-185251-1.50007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
The microworld was revealed to investigators through a glass bead or a hanging water droplet long before optics was understood. The cellular structure of plants was well resolved by such simple magnifying glasses, van Leeuwenhoek, the Dutch merchant and amateur microscopist, was the first to report to the English Royal Society his observations of bacteria with his single-lens microscope in 1665.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kam
- Polymer Research Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Jacobson KA, Ukena D, Padgett W, Kirk KL, Daly JW. Molecular probes for extracellular adenosine receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:1697-707. [PMID: 3036153 PMCID: PMC3388543 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Derivatives of adenosine receptor agonists (N6-phenyladenosines) and antagonists (1,3-dialkyl-8-phenylxanthines) bearing functionalized chains suitable for attachment to other molecules have been reported [Jacobson et al., J. med. Chem. 28, 1334 and 1341 (1985)]. The "functionalized congener" approach has been extended to the synthesis of spectroscopic and other probes for adenosine receptors that retain high affinity (Ki approximately 10(-9)-10(-8) M) in A1-receptor binding. The probes have been synthesized from an antagonist xanthine amine congener (XAC) and an adenosine amine congener (ADAC). [3H]ADAC has been synthesized and found to bind highly specifically to A1-adenosine receptors of rat and calf cerebral cortical membranes with KD values of 1.4 and 0.34 nM respectively. The higher affinity in the bovine brain, seen also with many of the probes derived from ADAC and XAC, is associated with phenyl substituents. The spectroscopic probes contain a reporter group attached at a distal site of the functionalized chain. These bifunctional ligands may contain a spin label (e.g. the nitroxyl radical TEMPO) for electron spin resonance spectroscopy, or a fluorescent dye, including fluorescein and 4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD), or labels for 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Potential applications of the spectroscopic probes in characterization of adenosine receptors are discussed.
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Sagar SM, Martin JB. Hypothalamohypophysiotropic Peptide Systems. Compr Physiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp010408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Martin TF, Bajjalieh SM, Lucas DO, Kowalchyk JA. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in GH3 cell membranes is GTP dependent but insensitive to cholera or pertussis toxin. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Shull JD, Gorski J. The hormonal regulation of prolactin gene expression: an examination of mechanisms controlling prolactin synthesis and the possible relationship of estrogen to these mechanisms. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1986; 43:197-249. [PMID: 2431543 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Drust DS, Martin TF. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone rapidly activates protein phosphorylation in GH3 pituitary cells by a lipid-linked, protein kinase C-mediated pathway. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hinkle PM, Phillips WJ. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates GTP hydrolysis by membranes from GH4C1 rat pituitary tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:6183-7. [PMID: 6148753 PMCID: PMC391884 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.19.6183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates prolactin production by GH4C1 rat pituitary tumor cells, which possess high-affinity membrane receptors for the peptide. TRH caused up to a 50% increase in the activity of a low-Km GTPase in membranes from GH4C1 cells. The TRH stimulatory effect was maximal at GTP concentrations of 1 microM or lower. TRH caused an increase in GTPase activity of between 0.2 and 20 pmol of GTP hydrolyzed per mg of protein per min, depending on GTP concentration, while TRH binding was 0.3 pmol/mg of protein. TRH did not stimulate GTPase activity in membranes from GH12C1, or GH-Y cells, two pituitary lines lacking TRH receptors. Stimulation of GTPase depended on occupancy of the TRH receptor; half-maximal increases in GTPase activity required 46 nM TRH and 25 nM [N3-methyl-His]TRH, but the TRH free acid was inactive. The apparent Kds of these peptides for receptors were similar when measured under the same conditions. The fact that TRH binding to receptors is regulated by guanyl nucleotides, together with the demonstration of TRH stimulation of low-Km GTPase activity, suggests that the TRH receptor is associated with a guanyl nucleotide regulatory protein in the lactotroph membrane.
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Martin TF. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone rapidly activates the phosphodiester hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides in GH3 pituitary cells. Evidence for the role of a polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C in hormone action. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Sklar LA, Finney DA. Analysis of ligand-receptor interactions with the fluorescence activated cell sorter. CYTOMETRY 1982; 3:161-5. [PMID: 6293787 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The binding of a fluorescent peptide to human neutrophils is analyzed with a fluorescence activated cell sorter. We examine steady-state and kinetic features of the ligand-receptor interaction (in the presence of unbound ligand) and we show tht the number of receptors may be estimated without resorting to any external references for calibration. These methods are applicable to other fluorescent ligands with affinities greater than 10(8) M-1.
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Ronning SA, Heatley GA, Martin TF. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone mobilizes Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of GH3 pituitary cells: characterization of cellular Ca2+ pools by a method based on digitonin permeabilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:6294-8. [PMID: 6815650 PMCID: PMC347107 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.20.6294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of 45Ca2+-loaded GH3 pituitary cells with various concentrations of digitonin revealed discrete pools (I and II) of cellular 45Ca2+ defined by differing detergent sensitivities. Markers for cytosol and intracellular organelles indicated that the two 45Ca2+ pools were correlated with the two major cellular Ca2+-sequestering organelles, endoplasmic reticulum (I) and mitochondria (II). Studies with various inhibitors were consistent with these assignments. Mitochondrial uncouplers preferentially depleted 45Ca2+ pool II while trifluoperazine selectively depleted 45Ca2+ pool I. Control experiments indicated that translocation of in situ organellar 45Ca2+ during and after permeabilization was negligible. We used the digitonin-permeabilization method to examine the effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) treatment on intracellular Ca2+ pools of GH3 pituitary cells. TRH was found to rapidly deplete both endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial exchangeable Ca2+ by 25-30%. The 45Ca2+ loss from both pools was maximal by 1 min after TRH addition and was followed by a recovery phase; mitochondrial 45Ca2+ content returned to control levels by 30 min. Previous treatment of cells with the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone blocked TRH-induced 45Ca2+ efflux from mitochondria, while previous treatment with valinomycin, an agent that depleted both 45Ca2+ pools, blocked any additional effect of TRH on these pools. We conclude that TRH rapidly promotes a net loss of exchangeable Ca2+ from GH3 cells as a result of hormone-induced mobilization of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
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Gershengorn MC. Thyrotropin releasing hormone. A review of the mechanisms of acute stimulation of pituitary hormone release. Mol Cell Biochem 1982; 45:163-79. [PMID: 6181387 DOI: 10.1007/bf00230085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hinkle PM, Kinsella PA. Rapid temperature-dependent transformation of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone-receptor complex in rat pituitary tumor cells. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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